Top Document: Comp.os.research: Frequently answered questions [2/3: l/m 13 Aug 1996] Previous Document: [2.3.2] Block sizes Next Document: [3] Papers, reports, and bibliographies See reader questions & answers on this topic! - Help others by sharing your knowledge From: Performance and workload studies The BSD FFS statically allocates inodes. By default one inode is allocated for every 2K of disk space. Since an inode consumes 128 bytes this means that by default 6.25% of disk space is consumed by inodes. It is important not to run out of inodes since any remaining disk space is then effectively wasted. Despite this allocating 1 inode for every 2K is excessive. For each file system studied I worked out the minimum sized disk it could be placed on. Most disks needed to be only marginally larger than the size of their files, but a few disks, having much smaller files than average, needed a much larger disk---a small disk had insufficient inodes. bytes per overhead inode (%) 1024 12.5 2048 6.3 3072 4.5 4096 4.2 5120 4.4 6144 4.9 7168 5.5 8192 6.3 9216 7.2 10240 8.3 11264 9.5 12288 10.9 13312 12.7 14336 14.6 15360 16.7 16384 19.1 17408 21.7 18432 24.4 19456 27.4 20480 30.5 Clearly, the current default of one inode for every 2K of data is too small. Earlier results suggested that allocating one inode for every 5-6k was in some sense optimal, and allocating one inode for every 8k would only be 0.4% worse. The new data suggests one inode for every 4k is optimal, and allocating one inode for every 8k would be 2.1% worse. The analysis technique I used is very sensitive to even a few file systems with very small files. The main source of file systems with lots of small files would appear to be netnews servers. The typical Usenet message would appear to be 1-2k in length. Ignoring such file systems would drastically alter the conclusions I reach. If, as I believe might already be the case, news servers are manually tuned to have a lower than normal bytes per inode ratio, it would then be possible to justify setting the default ratio much higher. Clearly it is best if the file system dynamically allocate inodes; I believe AIX does this for instance. Systems that statically allocate inodes should probably increase the bytes per inode ratio, but it is not clear to exactly what value. The engineer in me says `it is important to play this one conservatively: stick to 6k', the artist goes `as Chris Torek says: aesthetics, 8k'. User Contributions: 1 UoowNen ⚠ Sep 24, 2021 @ 7:07 am buy zithromax online https://zithromaxazitromycin.com/ - buy zithromax online zithromax online https://zithromaxazitromycin.com/ - buy zithromax Comment about this article, ask questions, or add new information about this topic:Top Document: Comp.os.research: Frequently answered questions [2/3: l/m 13 Aug 1996] Previous Document: [2.3.2] Block sizes Next Document: [3] Papers, reports, and bibliographies Part1 - Part2 - Part3 - Single Page [ Usenet FAQs | Web FAQs | Documents | RFC Index ] Send corrections/additions to the FAQ Maintainer: os-faq@cse.ucsc.edu
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