Understanding Music with AI

Date: Sat, 25 Jul 92 10:42:21 -0400
From: laske@edu.bu.cs (Otto Laske)

Dear Colleagues,

	UMAI, "Understanding Music with AI" has appeared at the
AAAI Press, distributed by The MIT Press. Its ISBN is 0-262-52170-9
Ballup. It has a foreword by Marvin Minsky, and comprises 21 
chapters on music cognition and cognitive musicology.
	
	Otto Laske
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Machine Models of Music, From Minsky to Mozart,
edited by Stephan Schwanauer and David Levitt
Cambridge: MIT Press, 1993
ISBN 0-262-19319-1 $45

Machine Models of Music brings together representative models ranging from
Mozart's "Musical Dice Game" to a classical article by Marvin Minksy and
current research to illustrate the rich impact that artificial intelligence
has had on the understanding and composition of traditional music and to
demonstrate the ways in which music can push the boundaries of traditional AI
research.

The authors include prominent figures in linguistics (Johan Sundberg,
Ray Jackendoff), computer science and AI (Fred Brooks, Marvin Minsky,
Terry Winograd, Herbert Simon, Peter Neumann), music theory (Allen
Forte), composition (Fred Lerdahl, Charles Ames), psychoacoustics
(Christopher Longuet-Higgins, Jamshed Bharucha), and the odd middle
ground of "computer music" (James Moorer, Hiller and Isaacson).

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------- CD-ROMS -----------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Computer Music: an Interactive Documentary
A new CD-ROM for Macintosh and Windows. Announcing the availability of an
exciting new CD-ROM designed for use by introductory college students and
in many schools in secondary and middle school courses in music and
technology--as well as by home music enthusiasts.

Featuring:

* Performers * Researchers * Sound Designers * Engineers * Sampling
* MIDI * Synthesis * Composition * Recording * Digital Recording &
Editing.  $49.95.

e-mail: nolan@cyberlearn.com

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------- MAGAZINES ----------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Title: Electronic musician.
Publisher: [Oklahoma City, OK : Polyphony Pub. Co., c1985-
 Subjects: Electronic music--Periodicals.
Previous Title: Polyphony 0163-4534 (DLC)sn 78002183 (OCoLC)4380626
     ISSN: 0884-4720
Internet:   emeditorial@pan.com 
For subscription requests, magazine contributions, and letters to the editor.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Title: Keyboard.
Publisher: [Tunbridge Wells, Kent, Music Industry Publications]
 Subjects: Keyboard instruments--Periodicals.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Title: Keyboard.
Publisher: [Cupertino, Calif. : GPI Publications], c1981-
Publisher: Vol. 7, no. 7 (July 1981)-
Previous Title: Contemporary keyboard 0361-5820 (DLC)   76641315
	    (OCoLC)2246955
     ISSN: 0730-0158
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Title:   Computer music journal
 IMPR.:   Cambridge, MA
 ISBN:    0148-9267

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------- DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING --------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------


"Discrete-Time Signal Processing"
Allan V. Oppenheim, Ronald W. Schafer
Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall, 1989
 SERIES:  Prentice Hall signal processing series
 ISBN:    0-13-216771-9
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C LANGUAGE ALGORITHMS FOR DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
Paul M. Embree and Bruce Kimble
Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1990
xvi + 456 pp. + diskette.  Price $44.00, 480pp.
ISBN 13-133406-9

The book includes introductory chapters into DSP, programming tips for
style and efficiency, chapters on filtering, FFT, image processing.
All code in the text is included on the diskette (MS-DOS).
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Introductory Digital Signal Processing
with Computer Applications
by Paul A. Lynn & Wolfgang Fuerst

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Copyright 1989, latest reprint January 1992
ISBN 0-471-91564-5
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
First Principles of Discrete Systems and Digital Signal Processing
by Robert D. Strum and Donald E. Kirk

ISBN: 0-201-09518-1
Addison-Wesley 1988
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"PC-DSP" by Oktay Alkin (Prentice-Hall
1990, ISBN 0-13-655200-5).

This book is essentially a user's manual for the accompanying software
package.

Here is an interactive software package for performing common digital
signal processing design and analysis calculations quickly and easily.
Within PC-DSP's menu-driven environment, you can generate, analyze, and
process data without needing to remember command syntax.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   Title: Digital processing of signals / Bernard Gold and Charles M.
          Rader, with chapters by Alan V. Oppenheim and Thomas G.
          Stockham, Jr.
    Publ: Malabar, Fla. : Krieger, 1983, c1969.
   Notes: Reprint. Originally published: New York : McGraw-Hill,
          1969. (Lincoln Laboratory publications)
Subjects: Signal processing--Digital techniques.
    ISBN: 0-89874-548-9
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   Title: An introduction to digital signal processing / John H. Karl.
    Publ: San Diego : Academic Press, c1989.
Subjects: Signal processing--Digital techniques.
    ISBN: 0-12-398420-3
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   Title: Multirate digital signal processing / Ronald E. Crochiere,
           Lawrence R. Rabiner.
    Publ: Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall, c1983.
  Series: Prentice-Hall signal processing series
    ISBN: 0-13-605162-6
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 AUTH:    MacNally, G. W.
 Title:   Digital audio : recursive digital filtering for high quality audio
          signals / [by] G. W. McNally
 IMPR.:   [S.l.] : Research Department, Engineering Division, The Brithish
          Broadcasting Corporation, 1981 * IV, 29 p. ; 30 cm
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Title:   Numerical recipes in C : the art of scientific computing / [by]
          William H. Press, Brian P. Flannery, Saul A. Teukolsky [and] William
          T. Vetterling
 IMPR.:   Cambridge [etc.] : Cambridge U.P., 1988 * 2 dl.  ; 25 cm
 ISBN:    0-521-35465-X m * 0-521-35746-2 m

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Blesser, Barry and J. Kates. "Digital Processing in Audio Signals." In A. V.
Oppenheim, ed. Applications of Digital Signal Processing. Englewood Cliffs,
NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1978.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Digital Signal Processing Committee of IEEE Acoustics, Speech, and Signal
Processing Society, ed. Programs for Digital Signal Processing. New York:
IEEE Press, 1979.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Title: Digital audio engineering : an anthology / John Strawn,
                editor ; with contributions by James F. McGill ... [et al.].
Publisher: Los Altos, Calif. : W. Kaufmann, c1985.
   Series: The Computer music and digital audio series, vol 3.
 Subjects: Sound--Recording and reproducing--Digital techniques.
 Subjects: Synthesizer (Musical instrument)
 Contents: An introduction to digital recording and reproduction / J. F.
                   McGill -- Limitations on the dynamic range of digitalized
                   audio / R. Talambiras -- Architectural issues in the design
                   of the systems concepts digital synthesizer / P. Samson --
                   The FRMbox, a modular digital music synthesizer / F. R.
                   Moore -- The Lucasfilm digital audio facility / J. A.
                   Moorer.
     ISBN: 0-86576-087-X
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Title: The Science of Sound 2nd ed. / Thomas D. Rossing
Publisher: Addison Wesley 1990
 Contents: A book starting with the fundamentals of sound and hearing,
           contains in depth discussion of the acoustics of the various
           families of musical instruments plus a chapter about electronic
           instruments and synthesis. Includes some math but is generally
           readable on a "popular science" level.
     ISBN: 0201-15727-6
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Title: Digital audio signal processing : an anthology / John
                      Strawn, editor ; with contributions by F. Richard Moore
                      ... [et al.].
Publisher: Los Altos, Calif. : W. Kaufmann, c1985.
   Series: The Computer music and digital audio series, vol 1.
 Subjects: Electronic music--Instruction and study.
 Subjects: Signal processing--Digital techniques.
     ISBN: 0-86576-082-9

I called the publisher (W. Kaufmann) about _Digital Audio Signal
Processing_ and they referred me to A-R Editions, who shipped the book
the next day!  I had it in my grasp in well under a week, via UPS surface.
The shipping charge was $2.50 if I recall correctly.

	A-R Editions
	801 Deming Way
	Madison, Wisconsin 53717
	608-836-9000 (They accept VISA orders)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Title: Synthesizer performance and real-time techniques / Jeff
              Pressing.
Publisher: Madison, Wis. : A-R Editions, c1992.
 Subjects: Synthesizer (Musical instrument)
   Series: The Computer music and digital audio series ; v. 8
     ISBN: 0-89579-257-5 : $49.95

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"Interpolation and Decimation of Digital Signals - A Tutorial Review"
by Ronald E. Crochiere and Lawrence R. Rabiner.

This paper is in Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 69, No. 3, 1981, pp.
300-331.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------- OTHER ------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Computing in Musicology: A Directory of Research

ed. Walter B. Hewlett and Eleanor Selfridge-Field

Center for Computer Assisted Research in the Humanities
525 Middlefield Road, Suite 120
Menlo Park, CA 94025
(415) 322-7050
XB.L36@stanford.bitnet
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Tuning In - Microtonality in Electronic Music, Scott R.
  Wilkinson. 1988. Hal Leonard Books. ISBN 0-88188-633-5.

Contents:
   1. Music, Mathematics and Microtuning
   2. Acoustics and Psychoacoustics
   3. The History of Tuning and Temperament
   4. Using Tunings
   5. Alternate Tunings and Scales
   6. Tuning Electronic Instruments

Foreword by Wendy Carlos. Bibliography, discography, etc.
Includes details on tuning such instruments as DX7, EPS, etc.

Hal Leonard Books
8112 W. Bluemound Road
Milwaukee, WI 53213
$14.95
120 pgs., illustrated
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Well-Tempered Object
	Musical Applications of Object-Oriented Software Technology

	A Structured Anthology on Software Science and Systems
	based on Articles from Computer Music Journal 1980-89

	Compiled and edited by Stephen Travis Pope
	Published by MIT Press, 1991

The Well-Tempered Object is based on a collection of articles
that appeared in Computer Music Journal over the space of ten years
relating to the application of object-oriented (OO) software
technology--the most important new software engineering technology
of the 1980s--to various musical applications. It consists of
articles from Computer Music Journal 4(4), 8(5), 10(4) and 13(2)
along with new chapters and updates to the original texts as
addenda. The authors describe the application of OO technology to
a wide range of areas of computer music and digital audio signal
processing including music representation and composition, real-
time performance, and digital signal processing (DSP). A number of
popular OO programming languages are represented, including Lisp,
Smalltalk-80, and ObjectiveC.

Keywords/Topics

Music software, object-oriented programming, object-oriented
software design, music representation, composition and
performance, graphical user interfaces, DSP programming, single
and multiple inheritance, Actors, OO user interface systems.

Flavors Band, FORMES, Kyma, Platypus, SoundKit, MusicKit, MODE,
HyperScore ToolKit, CreationStation, Javelina, VDSP, TTrees,
Nutation.

NeXT, Macintosh, Sun SPARCstation, LISP, Smalltalk-76 & -80,
ObjectiveC, ACT-1, and DSP languages.

Language and methodology introductions, tool and application
reports, extensive bibliographies, tutorials on OO programming
and OO design.

Outline
	Introduction
	Part 1--OO Machine Tongues
	Part 2--Languages and Systems
	Part 3--OO DSP Tools and Systems
	Author Contact Addresses

Table of Contents
Introduction--Stephen Travis Pope

Part 1: Tutorials and Technology
    Machine Tongues VIII: The Design of a Smalltalk Music System--
        Glenn Krasner

    Machine Tongues IX: Object-Oriented Programming--Henry Lieberman

    Machine Tongues XI: Object-Oriented Software Design--Stephen
Travis Pope

Part 2: Music Representation and Processing Tools
    Flavors Band: A Language for Specifying Musical Style--C. Fry

    FORMES: Composition and Scheduling of Processes--Xavier Rodet and
        Pierre Cointe

    Introduction to MODE: The Musical Object Development Environment--
        Stephen Travis Pope

    An Overview of the Sound and Music Kits for the NeXT Computer--
        David Jaffe and Lee Boynton
    Addendum: Sound and Music Kits Version 1.0

Part 3: Composition Systems
    The Kyma/Platypus Computer Music Workstation--Carla Scaletti
    Addendum: A Kyma Update

    An Introduction to the Creation Station--Henry Flurry
    Addendum: An Update on the Creation Station

    TTrees: A Tool for the Compositional Environment--Glendon Diener
    Addendum: A Hierarchical Approach to Music Notation
Part 4: Signal Processing Systems
    Javelina: An Environment for Digital Signal Processor Software
        Development--Kurt J. Hebel
    Addendum: Filter Design and Optimization Examples

    Virtual Digital Signal Processing in an Object-Oriented System--
        David K. Mellinger, G. E. Garnett and Bernard Mont-Reynaud

Addresses of Authors

Details

Compiled and Edited by Stephen Travis Pope (Editor of Computer
Music Journal)

ISBN 0-262-16126-5, 200 pages, hardcover, US$ 30.00

Available from:
MIT Press, 55 Hayward St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142 USA
Call (617) 625-8569 to order

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 TITLE:   The language of electroacoustic music / ed. by Simon Emmerson
 IMPRINT: Basingstoke [etc.] : MacMillan Press, 1986 * VIII, 231 p. ; 24 cm
 NAMES:   Emmerson, Simon
 ISBN:    0-333-39759-2 m * 0-333-39760-6 v p
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Title: Composers and the computer / Curtis Roads, editor.
Publisher: Los Altos, Calif. : W. Kaufmann, c1985.
   Series: The Computer music and digital audio series
 Subjects: Computer music--History and criticism.
 Subjects: Computer composition.
     ISBN: 0-86576-085-3
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Title: Principles of digital audio / Ken C. Pohlmann.
Publisher: Indianapolis, Ind., USA : H.W. Sams, 1989.
   Series: Howard W. Sams & Company audio library
 Subjects: sampling, quantizing, CD-I, DAT.
     ISBN: 0-672-22634-0 : $29.95, 474pp.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Title: Advanced digital audio / Ken Pohlmann, editor-in-chief.
Publisher: Carmel, Ind., USA : Howard W. SAMS, c1991.
 Subjects: Sound--Recording and reproducing--Digital techniques, DSP, HDTV.
     ISBN: 0-672-22768-1, 500pp.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Title: Handbook for Sound Engineers, The New Audio Encyclopedia /
		Glen M. Ballou, editor-in-chief
Publisher: Carmel, Ind., USA : Howard W. SAMS, c1991.
 Subjects: MIDI, sound, compact disks, sound system design
     ISBN: 0-672-22752-2, 1500pp.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Title: Modern Recording Techniques, 3rd ed. / D. M. Huber & R. A. Runstein
Publisher: Carmel, Ind., USA : Howard W. SAMS,
 Subjects: digital audio, recording
     ISBN: 0-672-22682-0, 400pp.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Title: Sound recording Handbook / John W. Woram
Publisher: Carmel, Ind., USA : Howard W. SAMS,
 Subjects: sound effects, noise reduction, SMPTE
     ISBN: 0-672-22583-2, 600pp.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Title: The compact disc : a handbook of theory and use / Ken C.
                      Pohlmann.
   Series: The Computer music and digital audio series ; v. 5
 Subjects: Compact discs.
     ISBN: 0-89579-228-1  $29.95 (paper)
     ISBN: 0-89579-234-6  $45.95 (cloth)
           288 pages

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dexter Morrill and Rick Taube, _A Little Book of Computer Music
Instruments_

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Title: Introduction to computer music / Wayne Bateman.
Publisher: New York : J. Wiley, c1980.
 Subjects: Computer music--Instruction and study.
 Subjects: Computer composition.
     ISBN: 0-471-05266-3 : $20.00 (est.)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                MUSIC, SOUND and TECHNOLOGY,
                by John M. Eargle. (A mini-review)
is published by Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, copyright 1990. Its Library
of Congress number is ML3805.E2 1990.

        This little book turned up on the New Titles shelf in the Physics
and Planetary Science Library at Pitt recently, and I've just finished going
through it. It was a worthwhile enough bit of reading matter that I thought
I'd bring it to the List's attention. This ain't no formal book review, but
then again you all probably knew that already, knowing me, right?

        MS&T is a fairly technical treatment of the acoustics of musical
instruments, almost exlcusively focussing on acoustic instruments that are
featured in the modern orchestral format (hence including a lot of unusual
jazz instruments and percussion devices). It has fairly little math in it,
and requires little or no math background to read, but it does not skimp
on the ideas it brings across-- a novice who knew something about music,
having read this book carefully, would come away with a better understanding
of music and acoustics than many professional sound engineers probably have.
(Based on my own experiences in the field, that is.) The style is a trifle
dry, but is never so technical as to be unreadable. Examples from the public
domain are liberally sprinkled throughout the book, and every chapter ends
with a small bibliography and reference list, often including phonorecords.

        The book begins with a brief review of the physical principles
underlying the creation of sound: waves, sound pressure, units like the
decibel, and so on. Virtually all of the math in the book is contained here,
and it's on the high-school level, not too daunting. Some of the stuff is
quite simple (masses on springs, pendula), but the reader suddenly finds
himself absorbing stuff like "Relations between Direct and Reverberant Fields"
--and understanding it clearly! The organization is clear, and every concept
is prefaced with an explanation of why and where it's important. The next
two chapters complete what Eargle considers the introductory part of the book;
one is on the physiology of hearing and psychoacoustics, ranging from the
localization of sound by the ears and head to the cultural biases inherent in
judging what constitutes "consonance" and "dissonance," and the other is a
brief but relatively well-thought-out review of temperament and tuning scales.

        Chapters 4 through 9 are explanations of the physics of the usual
sorts of sound generators one would find in orchestral of jazz music, and
comparative studies of their pitch and loudness ranges, harmonic structure,
and expressive characteristics in relation to the player's abilities. Strings,
woodwinds, brasses, and percussion devices are given their own chapters, and
keyboards are lumped together in one chapter, despite their differences in
sound creation (which Eargle acknowledges but views as less important than
their similarities). There are all sorts of little gems here-- how to change
the speaking length of a trumpet, what happens to the frequency response of
a piano when you close the lid, how a vibraphone differs from a marimba, etc.
These chapters alone make the book worth a look.

        Chapter 10 explains the philosophy behind the physical organization of
musical ensembles. Why the first and second violins are sometimes seated
together on the left, other times separated, and so on. Chapter 11 is a long
and occasionally quite technical discussion of performance space design, and
of the engineering of suitable halls for speech, music, and worship (there's
a big section on church design). Chapters 12 and 13 discuss the principles of
sound reinforcement and sound recording, with diagrams of speaker placements
and microphone patterns abounding; this is getting into the sort of stuff that
we tend to deal with regularly in EMUSIC-L, and we may have seen it elsewhere,
but at this point we're used to Eargle's delivery and it's more clear than the
usual drek in Home and Studio Recording. Some of the discussion is quite
fascinating (is it better to be shamefully accurate or to correct for acoustic
weaknesses when recording a symphony?), and the material is quite modern in
its presentation: Eargle notes "with nostalgia" the passing of the vinyl LP
from the scene. Overdubbing, Digital recording, and signal processing are
touched on in a straightforward manner, from quad sound systems to delay and
digital reverb. Chapter 14 is a primer on home audio, with explanations of
the LP, cassette, and CD as playback media and commentary on speaker systems.

        Chapter 15 is what you've all been waiting for, the "Overview of Music
Synthesis." It covers the acoustics of transients, steady-state conditions,
and tonal decay, ensemble considerations, working in the frequency vs. the
time domain, and mentions modern developments such as sampling and MIDI. The
entire section is only eight pages long, half of which are figures, but for
the acoustic musician who's unfamiliar with and a bit scared of synthesizers
it's a very easily digestible introduction. The acoustic musician sighs with
relief and says, "So THAT'S all there is to it!" (Of course, it isn't, but it
serves to keep the musician's mind open and unafraid of future learning.) The
author seems to regard these instruments with some degree of wide-eyed wonder,
and perhaps some nervous condescention as well, but he never fails to
recognize them as instruments in their own right, deserving of attention
beside the violins and piccolos. His only classicist comment, which is
probably forgivable under the circumstances, is that "Electronically generated
sounds do not necessarily have to imitate those of traditional instruments,
but the sounds do have to fit into musical contexts." (We'll shelve arguments
on that point for other posts, ok?) The last chapter is a brief touch upon
active noise reduction principles and techniques, and probably should have
been placed between chapters 13 and 14, but at least it's there, if only for
six pages.

        The book weighs in at 290 pages with a reasonably thorough index, and
is published by Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, copyright 1990. Its Library
of Congress number is ML3805.E2 1990. I consider it a refreshing change from
the constant jabber about whether the Amiga can beat the Mac in the MIDI world
or what goes into Differential Loop Modulation in the D-70. It's clear,
readable, and has a lot of worthwhile data that can be put to good use by a
clever musician, electronic or otherwise. Metlay says, check it out.

metlay

metlay@pittvms.BITNET
metlay@vms.cis.pitt.EDU
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The July 1991 issue of _Computer_, (Vol 24, #7, ISSN 0018-9162),
published by
the IEEE Computer Society, has the title "Computer Generated Music", and a
whole bunch of neat articles.

Titles of articles, are followed by Authors, then a description.
(taken from the table of contents)

_Guest Editor's Introduction: Computer Generated Music_
	Denis L. Baggi

_Formula: A Programming Language for Expressive Computer Music_
	David P. Anderson and Ron Kuivila

	Formula, a language for controlling synthesizers, can model the
	expressiveness of a human performance.  It supports algorithmic
	composition, interactive performance, and programmed interpretation
	of traditional scores.

_Recombinant Music: Using the Computer to Explore Musical Style_
	David Cope

	A Computer program that creates new but stylistically recognizable
	music from existing works offers insights into the elusive
	phenomenon of musical style.

_Toward an Expert System for Expressive Musical Performance_
	Margaret L. Johnson


	An expert system processes the melodies of Bach fugues using a model
	that recognizes rhythmic patterns.  It outputs instructions that
	tell performers how to articulate the melodies.


_Fugue: A Functional Language for Sound Synthesis_
	Roger B. Dannenberg, Christopher Lee Fraley, and Peter Velikonja

	Fugue provides functions to create and manipulate sounds as abstract,
	immutable objects.  The interactive language supports behavioral
	abstraction, so composers can manage complex musical structures.

_A Computer Music System that Follows a Human Conductor_
	Hideyuki Morita, Shuji Hashimoto, and Sadamu Ohteru

	An electronic orchestra with a complex performance database and
	MIDI controllers responds to the gestures of a conductor through
	a CCD camera and a sensor glove.

_Project Overviews: Current Research in Computer Generated Music_
	Stephen W. Smoliar, Goffredo Haus, Alberto Sametti, Denis L. Baggi,
	Antonio Camurri, Corrado Canepa, Marcello Frixione, Renato Zaccaria,
	Yap Siong Chua, and Robert Keefe

	Six overviews reflect varied ongoing research.  Reporting from
	such diverse locales as Singapore, Europe, and the US, the authors
	explore the spheres of computer-aided composition, synthesis of
	musical scores, computer simulation, and composing by musical
	analog.

The six overviews look more interesting than the description.  Of course,
all of the above articles have references, so you can go look up more
information.

_Standards_
	Standard Music Description Language


Also, Coming Fall 1991:

_Readings in Computer-Generated Music_
	edited by Denis Baggi

	This new tutorial is a collection of 11 important articles, reprinted
	from the July 1991 special issue of _Computer_ on computer-
	generated music, plus a number of important articles omitted due
	to space limitations.  These papers include all the articles from
	this issue either in their entirety or in an expanded version.  A
	companion CD and audiocassette will also be available for sale.

	250 pages, November. 1991, hardbound, catalog No. 2367


------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Title: The Byte book of computer music / edited by Christopher P.
	    Morgan.
Publisher: Peterborough, N.H. : Byte Books, c1979.
 Subjects: Computer music--Instruction and study.
           Computer composition.
     ISBN: 0-931718-11-2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Title: Electronic music / Andy Mackay.
Publisher: Minneapolis, Minn. : Control Data Publishing, 1981.
Series Name: The Covent Garden music guides ; No. 2
 Subjects: Musical instruments, Electronic.
           Electronic music--History and criticism.
     ISBN: 0-89893-504-0 : $19.95
     ISBN: 0-89893-302-1 (pbk.) : $10.95
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Title: Electronic music : systems, techniques, and controls /
	    Allen Strange ; forward by Gordon Mumma.
Publisher: Dubuque, Iowa : W.C. Brown Co., c1983.
 Subjects: Electronic music--Instruction and study.
           Electronic composition.
     ISBN: 0-697-03602-2 (pbk.)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Title: Electronic music dictionary : a glossary of the specialized
	    terms relating to the music and sound technology of today
	    / by Bo Tomlyn & Steve Leonard.
Publisher: Milwaukee, WI, U.S.A. : H. Leonard Books, c1988.
 Subjects: Electronic music--Dictionaries.
     ISBN: 0-88188-904-0 : $5.95
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Title: The electronic music dictionary / by W.D. Coakley.
Publisher: Lantana, Fla. (315 North Lake Drive, Suite 16, Lantana,
	    Florida 33462) : W.D. Coakley, c1988.
 Subjects: Electronic music--Dictionaries.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Title: A Dictionary of electronic and computer music technology : 
                instruments, terms, techniques / Richard Dobson.
Publisher: Oxford University Press, 1992
 Subjects: Electronic music --Dictionaries.
	   Computer music --Dictionaries.
     ISBN: 0193113449
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Title: Dictionary of musical technology / Tristram Cary.
Publisher: Greenwood Press, New York 1992.
 Subjects: Electronic music --Dictionaries.
           Computer music --Dictionaries.
     ISBN: 0313286949 (alk. paper)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Title: Electronic music production / by Alan Douglas.
Publisher: Blue Ridge Summit, Pa. : Tab Books, c1982.
 Subjects: Musical instruments, Electronic.
           Electronic music--History and criticism.
     ISBN: 0-8306-1418-4 (pbk.) : $7.95
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Title: The electronic musician's dictionary / Craig Anderton.
Publisher: New York : Amsco Publications : Exclusive distributors
	    Music Sales Corp., c1988.
 Subjects: Electronic music--Dictionaries.
     ISBN: 0-8256-1125-3
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Title: Multi-track recording / edited by Dominic Milano from the
	    pages of Keyboard magazine.
Publisher: Milwaukee, WI : H. Leonard Books, c1988.
   Series: The Keyboard magazine basic library
	   (Keyboard synthesizer library)
 Subjects: Sound--Recording and reproducing.
     ISBN: 0-88188-552-5 (pbk.) : $12.95
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Title:   Electronic music reports / Institute of Sonology at Utrecht
          University
 IMPR.:   Utrecht University
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Title: Electronic music synthesis; concepts, facilities,
                      techniques [by] Hubert S. Howe, Jr.
Publisher: New York, W. W. Norton [1975]
 Subjects: Electronic music--Instruction and study.
 Subjects: Music--Acoustics and physics.
 Subjects: Musical instruments, Electronic.
 Subjects: Computer composition.
     ISBN: 0-393-09257-3
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Title: Electronic music : a listener's guide / Elliott Schwartz
Publisher: New York : Da Capo Press, 1989, c1975.
   Series: Da Capo Press music reprint series
 Subjects: Electronic music--History and criticism.
     ISBN: 0-306-76260-9 : $29.50

================================= END ====================================

Piet van Oostrum, Dept of Computer Science, Utrecht University
Padualaan 14, P.O. Box 80.089, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Telephone: +31 30 2531806 Fax: +31 30 2513791 Email: piet@cs.ruu.nl 
<A HREF="http://www.cs.ruu.nl/~piet/">my WWW home page</A>
--
Piet van Oostrum <piet@cs.ruu.nl>
URL: http://www.cs.ruu.nl/~piet [PGP]