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why did world war 2 start?

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Question by kaikx
Submitted on 2/4/2004
Related FAQ: [soc.history.war.world-war-ii] Frequently Asked Questions
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why did world war 2 start?


Answer by Sylvia
Submitted on 2/16/2004
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Does anyone know my father, James (JA) Womack?  He was a sailor and cooked for officers.

 

Answer by 786AA
Submitted on 2/18/2004
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WHY DID WORLD WAR 2 START AND WHEN

 

Answer by kayla
Submitted on 2/19/2004
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At the end of World War I, the victorious nations formed the League of Nations for the purpose of airing international disputes, and of mobilizing its members for a collective effort to keep the peace in the event of aggression by any nation against another or of a breach of the peace treaties. The United States, imbued with isolationism, did not become a member.
The League failed in its first test. In 1931, the Japanese, using as an excuse the explosion of a small bomb under a section of track of the South Manchuria Railroad (over which they had virtual control), initiated military operations designed to conquer all of Manchuria. After receiving the report of its commission of inquiry, the League adopted a resolution in 1933 calling on the Japanese to withdraw. Thereupon, Japan resigned from the League. Meanwhile, Manchuria had been overrun and transformed into a Japanese puppet state under the name of Manchukuo. Beset by friction and dissension among its members, the League took no further action.
Also in 1933, Adolf Hitler came to power as dictator of Germany and began to rearm the country in contravention of the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles. He denounced the provisions of that treaty that limited German armament and in 1935 reinstituted compulsory military service.
That same year the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini began his long-contemplated invasion of Ethiopia, which he desired as an economic colony. The League voted minor sanctions against Italy, but these had slight practical effect. British and French efforts to effect a compromise settlement failed, and Ethiopia was completely occupied by the Italians in 1936.
Alarmed by German rearmament, France sought an alliance with the USSR. Under the pretext that this endangered Germany, Hitler remilitarized the Rhineland in 1936. It was a dangerous venture, for Britain and France could have overwhelmed Germany, but, resolved to keep the peace, they took no action.
Emboldened by this success, Hitler intensified his campaign for Lebensraum (space for living) for the German people. He forcibly annexed Austria in March 1938, and then, charging abuse of German minorities, threatened Czechoslovakia.
In September, as Hitler increased his demands on the Czechs and war seemed imminent, the British and French arranged a conference with Hitler and Mussolini. At the Munich Conference they agreed to German occupation of the Sudetenland, Hitler's asserted last claim, in the hope of maintaining peace.
This hope was short lived, for in March 1939, Hitler took over the rest of Czechoslovakia and seized the former German port of Memel from Lithuania. There followed demands on Poland with regard to Danzig (Gdansk) and the Polish Corridor. The Poles remained adamant, and it became clear to Hitler that he could attain his objectives only by force. After surprising the world with the announcement of a nonaggression pact with his sworn foe, the Soviet Union, he sent his armies across the Polish border on Sept. 1, 1939.
Britain and France, pledged to support Poland in the event of aggression, declared war on Germany two days later.
As the Germans ravaged Poland, the Russians moved into the eastern part of the country and began the process that was to lead to the absorption in 1940 of Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania. They also made demands on Finland. The recalcitrant Finns were subdued in the Winter War of 1939-1940, but only after dealing the Russians several humiliating military reverses.
Meanwhile, Japan had undertaken military operations for the subjugation of China proper, and was making preparations for the expansion of its empire into Southeast Asia and the rich island groups of the Southwest Pacific. Mussolini watched the progress of his fellow dictator, Hitler, while preparing to join in the war at a propitious moment.

 

Answer by amy
Submitted on 2/24/2004
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it started because hitler wanted everyone perfect and he wanted to rule england he image of the perfect person had blond hair and blue eyes

 

Answer by jonno69696
Submitted on 2/26/2004
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the treaty of versailles made hitler angry, he couldn't have and he couldn't have an army, he wanted to make germany pure with germans only getting rid of jews, gays and gypsies.  Hilter started taking over land, once he got to poland he pulled the last straw thats when war started

 

Answer by mtm
Submitted on 2/26/2004
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I think it starts because of 3 things
1 Appeasement of nations
2 Pacifism and Isolationism
3 the failure of League of Nations.

Appeasement:
      Many natinos didn't want another war after what happened to them in WWI
so they weren't doing any thing strong to stop Hitler.  So Hitler were saying let me have this country then they will say ok but after you get this one no more then he will say ok but dosen'treally do what he said
Pacifism and Isolationism;
  It's similar to Appeasmet but the only difference it that those country didn't want to get involved in anther war after seeing what happened in WWI. so they Isolated themselves.
The failure of League of Nation

  League of nation didn't enfore the law that were suppose to be enforce for example Germay wasn't suppose to have military force and any thing that is connected to war. but they didn't really enforce those laws.  Also whe ETHIOPIA got invaded by Italy and when the Emperor of ETHIOPA Hhile Selisse I went and addressed them to do something about that they didn't do anything.

 

Answer by mtm
Submitted on 2/26/2004
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I think it starts because of 3 things
1 Appeasement of nations
2 Pacifism and Isolationism
3 the failure of League of Nations.

Appeasement:
      Many natinos didn't want another war after what happened to them in WWI
so they weren't doing any thing strong to stop Hitler.  So Hitler were saying let me have this country then they will say ok but after you get this one no more then he will say ok but dosen'treally do what he said
Pacifism and Isolationism;
  It's similar to Appeasmet but the only difference it that those country didn't want to get involved in anther war after seeing what happened in WWI. so they Isolated themselves.
The failure of League of Nation

  League of nation didn't enfore the law that were suppose to be enforce for example Germay wasn't suppose to have military force and any thing that is connected to war. but they didn't really enforce those laws.  Also whe ETHIOPIA got invaded by Italy and when the Emperor of ETHIOPA Hhile Selisse I went and addressed them to do something about that they didn't do anything.

 

Answer by U guys r stupid
Submitted on 2/26/2004
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world war 2 started becuz germany invaded poland. the whole hitler thing was the cause of that.

 

Answer by me
Submitted on 2/26/2004
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i agree with U guys r stupid

 

Answer by omg
Submitted on 3/4/2004
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kayla seems to be the only one who passed junior school.

 

Answer by lol
Submitted on 3/4/2004
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hi Dan!

 

Answer by HUH?
Submitted on 3/7/2004
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I think it started because Germany wanted to expand and Hitler became their leader.He gave them hope that it wouldn't be like World War 2.The Germans believed him.

 

Answer by mxc
Submitted on 3/8/2004
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i think you did it

 

Answer by whatever
Submitted on 3/9/2004
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you guys are dumb to be talking about thin unless it has to do with school

 

Answer by weird
Submitted on 3/9/2004
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i agree with u guys are stupid..he seems to know what he is talking about

 

Answer by Bob -the- builder
Submitted on 3/9/2004
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I agree with you guys R stupid

 

Answer by jojo
Submitted on 3/12/2004
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oh my god the people who thinks  hitler was cool R stupid

 

Answer by 11111111
Submitted on 3/12/2004
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why should i answer this?

 

Answer by kitty
Submitted on 3/14/2004
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because Hitler invaded Germany duh!

 

Answer by chris lika ta do da cha cha
Submitted on 3/17/2004
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ok- u r  nerds and this will be great in my paper-lololololololololol--- yes it will be biblified- not

 

Answer by j money
Submitted on 3/22/2004
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u are all losers for waisting your time on this stupid thing. especially the girl who wrote the novel on it

 

Answer by donavon
Submitted on 3/25/2004
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how did world war 2 start

 

Answer by donavon
Submitted on 3/25/2004
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how did world war 2 start how won

 

Answer by meow
Submitted on 3/25/2004
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This is such as lame topic!

 

Answer by foxy
Submitted on 3/28/2004
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kitty u r a thick twat

 

Answer by YOURONCRACK
Submitted on 3/29/2004
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YO YO gimme sum answers!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

 

Answer by Smart
Submitted on 3/30/2004
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Hitler ruled Germany, not invaded it. Kitty your stupid, and this site tells me nothing!

 

Answer by padfoot
Submitted on 3/31/2004
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why don't you just goto google and typt in the answer? well good luck at get info HEHEHEHEHEHE

 

Answer by help!!!
Submitted on 4/3/2004
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does any1 do ncea????help me coz im doing history, and its on world war 2

 

Answer by BOB
Submitted on 4/5/2004
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Uz r all pathetic!!!!!!!!

 

Answer by Captain Communist
Submitted on 4/13/2004
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I want to touch you where you poo

 

Answer by KiKi
Submitted on 4/15/2004
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u guys r really dum it b/c of HITLER estupidas!!

 

Answer by madhatter13
Submitted on 4/15/2004
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Wow, you guys are ReALLy not taking a serious subject seriously. Course, it was the for the obvious Brown Coats reasons... But World War 2 didn't become a WORLD WAR until the Japanese brought the U.S. into it through Pearl Harbor. Then the allies had multiple reasons to fight for and it was a full blown world war.

 

Answer by geniuskid
Submitted on 4/20/2004
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this site is pretty lame you guys are obviously not in high school except for the chick who wrote the huge answer (which I didn't bother to read) and the one who actually knew what he was talking about, mtm, though that answer was kind of lacking. FINALLY remember this kids, DON'T SUCK!!! and ROWLAND OWNS YOU!!!

 

Answer by steph
Submitted on 4/21/2004
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wot is it with u guys r stupid. so what if we r!! u don't have to tell us

 

Answer by TheMan
Submitted on 4/24/2004
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kitty what the hell! you are blonde, are you.
Donovan take a guess at who won.  do you start school every day with a goose stepping to class, and hailing Hitler.
Kudos to Kayla for the great answer.  you others are useless go back under the rock you crawled out from.

 

Answer by PeChEs
Submitted on 5/3/2004
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I think the world war 2 started over Hilter and them thinking that they can win anything. How long did the war go on?

 

Answer by nikki
Submitted on 5/5/2004
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the world war 2 started when Hilter came into power and he wanted everyone to look like he wanted them to look and he wanted to elimate a major race in Germany which was the Jews but the war did not start for us until Japan bambed Pearl Harbor that is what brought us into the war 4 days after Japan bombed Pearl Harbor and we declared war Hilter Declered war upon us to help his friends.  

 

Answer by idiots
Submitted on 5/10/2004
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look, stop all ya whining, world war 2 was only declared a world war when japan invaded pearl harbor, just like madhatter13 said, Hitler was a poof. there was fighting between japan and china before Hitler even realized he loved men. anyway then the soviet union thought it be best to stop the Japanese but instead they formed a truce, there was hardly any fighting between them, anyway as japan grew as a world superpower Germany saw this as a threat thus Hitler tried to gain an advantage by taking over Poland. all of this is what started WWII u idiots. the only reason i know this crap is coz of this stupid assignment I'm doin. AND IT BORES ME TO DEATH SO STOP WHINING ABOUT CRAP THAT IS IN THE PAST AND  FOCUS ON THE FUTURE!!

 

Answer by MO
Submitted on 5/12/2004
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YYYYYYYOOOOOOOUUUUUURRRRRRR




GGGGGGGGGGAAAAAAAAAAYYYYYYYYYY

 

Answer by idiots
Submitted on 5/12/2004
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just cose i know what I'm talking about and u love ya mum in the sexual way

 

Answer by Bobwhite
Submitted on 8/31/2004
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Germany wanted to turn Russia into a colony for their personal benefit for exploitation of its industrial/financial complex. Japan wanted China and Italy wanted Ethiopia. The USA, France and England were playing cute and were laying back, waiting for the spoils of war. Japan and Germany were not geeks and took the offensive. Germany attacked Poland then out of surprise nailed France. Italy invaded Ethiopia. The Japs bombed Pearl Harbor and the war was on.

 

Answer by WEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE or MEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
Submitted on 9/8/2004
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HAHAHAHAHAHAHA you guys are stupid!!! its because hitler went to the moon and blew the earth up! ooo by the way mo hope you dunt look in n e mirrors might break them u ugly bastard! and by the the way "idiots" how can he love his mom hes a retard gay fag! he wouldnt love his mom if he were gay jesus....and mo yourrrrrrr gayyyyyy as in you are gay!

 

Answer by legend_stud
Submitted on 9/17/2004
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so the failure of the league of nations started wwII. The failure of the UN started the Iraq war. no difference. these groups need to be strong before war starts. If dictators do not listen to resolutions, talking doesn't help, war starts.

 

Answer by Crime
Submitted on 9/22/2004
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You guys are all idiots! first of all, you guys don't know how to spell and don't make sense at all on what you're saying. You guys should just give up and go back to Elementary...Oh and Kitty, I agree with you!

 

Answer by lovepuppy
Submitted on 10/20/2004
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world war two lasted for about 5 years. and the reason why it started was because he wanted to take away there land and stuff and he also wanted to exterminate the Jew's because he thought they were better

 

Answer by weirdo
Submitted on 11/4/2004
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why didn't anyone stop Hitler?

 

Answer by I don't know mcuh
Submitted on 11/7/2004
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It started when China took an airplane and flew over something than bombed it for Germany an than thats how it started oh YA I BABY

 

Answer by Dragongrl
Submitted on 11/10/2004
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hey TheMan
u are an @$$!!! dont be such a jerk!!!!!!!!!!

 

Answer by Cheng
Submitted on 11/14/2004
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hahaha

 

Answer by Stumpy
Submitted on 11/28/2004
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Hitler loved his people and wanted to show how good he was at wining wars. But thats my opinion.

 

Answer by ass guy
Submitted on 12/15/2004
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You are all gays dudes

 

Answer by benbab
Submitted on 1/6/2005
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hello my names kelly[i am preety]

 

Answer by Melissa
Submitted on 2/3/2005
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Hitler needed to blame someone for Germans problems, so he blamed Jewish people. He eventually invaded poland and Poland's allies declared war on Germany. United States remained nuetral throughout the beginning of the war but in 1941 when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor(the president knew the attack was going to take place but he allowed it to happen because he needed away to get involved in the war rather than have the United States remain neutral)

 

Answer by fart
Submitted on 2/14/2005
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i think ww2 happpened b/c hittler just flat out had major issues. hittler thought the reason why Germany lost the first world war is b/c of the jewish race however he was rong he then thought with his crazyness that he needed to get a perfect race blue eyes blond hair hitler thought thet they were the most best people even though he was part jewish and did not have blue eyes and  blond hair

 

Answer by starshak
Submitted on 3/8/2005
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i think ur all really dumb and u have no life so go get one o and if ur fat hahaha ur fat loser hahaha

 

Answer by Gunner23
Submitted on 3/30/2005
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Kayla is right all of you other people are way off base.
World war two began when Hitler invaded Poland in order to reconnect with Prussia. The invasion is rooted back to the treaty of Versailles which caused the Germans to forfeit the vast majority of their land, and disband most of their military, as well as pay repression and so forth. Although the U.S. would not have joined as soon as they did if the Japanese had not attacked them, because at the time America also hated the other races of people. They overall liked Hitler's ideals. The only reason they got involved with Germany is because Germany was forced to declare war on them by being aligned with the Japanese. The Germans did not want to create the ideal race but the perfect race consisting only of all white societies.

 

Answer by Rixx
Submitted on 4/3/2005
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I think coz of the bad man appeasement fing, and da league of nations. And of cors the treaty of versailles.

 

Answer by me, who else?
Submitted on 4/4/2005
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You people are freaks and idiots. fullstop.

 

Answer by IamJesushearmeroar
Submitted on 4/5/2005
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wow. just wow.

ARe you people British?

 

Answer by a cat
Submitted on 4/5/2005
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Meow, HISS HISS!!! ....Paw paw, fruit, MEOW!!! growl in a kitty type of way. Purr, purr, Purr. HISS!!! Claw and scratch and purr. Meow

 

Answer by bn
Submitted on 4/20/2005
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that hitler wanted to

 

Answer by kisses
Submitted on 4/25/2005
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Hitler didn't start the war. The bombing of pearl harbor made it a big thing. almost everybody on this site is stupid

 

Answer by baby cheeks
Submitted on 4/28/2005
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all of u guys r dumasses xcept the girl who wrote the rele long one!!!! all yall r is a bunch of complaining and rguing losers

 

Answer by u all suck
Submitted on 4/29/2005
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Hitler started the war because everyone was mean to him when he was little

 

Answer by Kitten
Submitted on 4/30/2005
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World war 2 started because 1 of polands ships attaced the Amricans ships and our presadint got mad and declared war agents Germany,and Japane

 

Answer by shut up
Submitted on 5/3/2005
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It was early morning, December 7,1941. As the sun was just beginning to rise in Oahu, Hawaii, a fleet of Japanese naval air forces were taking off from their respective aircraft carriers in various locations in the Pacific Ocean. Just as many of the islanders were waking up for breakfast, it happened. The Japanese air fleet had arrived with a vengeance. No one was prepared for what was occurring. Pearl Harbor, the United States' center for military action in the Pacific Ocean, was almost completely destroyed. Anger toward the Japanese spread quickly throughout the entire country, and this anger led to the United States' entry into World War II.

EVENTS LEADING UP TO THE BOMBING
Before entering World War II, Japan had many other problems to deal with. It had begun to rely more and more for raw materials (especially oil) from outside sources because their land was so lacking in these. Despite these difficulties, Japan began to build a successful empire with a solid industrial foundation and a good army and navy. The military became highly involved in the government, and this began to get them into trouble. In the early 1930's, the Japanese Army had many small, isolated battles with the Chinese in Manchuria. The Japanese Army prevailed in the series of battles, and Manchuria became a part of the Japanese political system. In 1937, the conflicts began again with the Chinese in the area near Beijing'sMarco Polo Bridge. Whether or not these conflicts began inadvertently or whether they were planned is unknown. These led to a full-scale war known as the second Sino-Japanese War. This was one of the bloodiest wars in world history and continued until the final defeat of Japan in 1945.

In 1939, World War II was beginning with a string of victories by German forces. Germany's success included defeats of Poland and France along with bombings of England. Many of the European nations that Germany now controlled had control over important colonial empires such as the East Indies and Singapore in Southeast Asia. These Southeast Asian countries contained many of the natural resources that Japan so desperately needed. Now that these countries were worried about matters over in Europe, Japan felt that it should seize the opportunity to take over some of them.

At the same time in the United States, President Franklin D. Roosevelt wanted to halt the expansion of Germany and Japan, but many others in the government wanted to leave the situation alone. The United States began to supply materials to the countries at war with Germany and Japan, but it wanted to remain neutral to prevent and overseas war. Meanwhile, Germany, Italy, and Japan formed the Axis Alliance in September of 1940. Japan was becoming desperate for more natural resources. In July of 1941, Japan made the decision to secure access to the abundance of the much needed resources in Southeast Asia. It was afraid that it could not defeat the larger and stronger Western powers. It needed to build up its armies in order to stay in the war. It also had to worry, though. about the United States' reaction to their plans to seize Southeast Asia.

Japan began their seizure with southern Indochina. (They already controlled northern Indochina.) The United States was in strict opposition to Japan's plans, and began their reaction with an embargo on the shipment of oil to Japan. Oil was necessary to keep Japan's technology and military progressing. Without it, Japan's industrial and military forces would come to a stop in only a short time. Japan's government viewed the oil embargo as an act of war.

Throughout the next few months of 1941, the United States tried to come to some kind of resolve with Japan to settle their differences. Japan wanted the United States to lift the oil embargo and allow them to attempt a takeover of China. The United States refused to lift the embargo until Japan would back off of their aggression with China. Neither country would budge on their demands, and war seemed to be inescapable.

The United States regarded Japan's adamant refusal to budge on their stance as a sign of hostility. They too realized that war was inevitable. They responded to this potential war with Japan by adding to the military forces stationed in the Pacific. General Douglas MacArthur and his ground forces in the Philippines began to organize into a formidable army. The B-17 was just arriving at many air force bases throughout the country, and was a great confidence to MacArthur upon its arrival. MacArthur became so confident in his forces stationed in the Philippines that on December 5,1941, he said, "Nothing would please me better than if they would give me three months and then attack here."

The most powerful and most crucial part of American defense in the Pacific Ocean was that of the U.S. Pacific Fleet. Usually, this fleet was stationed somewhere along the west coast of the United States, and made a training cruise to Hawaii each year. With war looming, the U.S. Pacific Fleet was moved to the Pearl Harbor naval base in Hawaii. This was the perfect location for the American forces in the Pacific because of its location, halfway between the United States west coast and the Japanese military bases in the Marshall Islands. The Pacific Fleet first arrived at Pearl Harbor naval base on April 2, 1940, and were scheduled to return to the United States mainland around May 9, 1940. This plan was drastically changed because of the increasing activity of Italy in Europe and Japan's attempt at expansion in Southeast Asia. President Roosevelt felt that the presence of the Pacific Fleet in Hawaii would retard any Japanese attempt at a strike on the United States. Admiral James O. Richardson of the Pacific Fleet was in full opposition to the long stay at Pearl Harbor. He felt that the facilities were inadequate to maintain the ships or crews. Admiral Harold R. Stark, Chief of Naval Operations, was the one who originally made the decision to extend the crew's stay in Hawaii; and, in spite of Admiral Richardson's complaints, he maintained that the Pacific Fleet must stay there to keep the Japanese from entering the East Indies. Richardson felt that the Japanese would realize the military disadvantages of being stationed at Pearl Harbor, and would be quick to act on the situation. All of Richardson's objections, in meetings with both the Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox and the President, got him nothing but a dismissal shortly thereafter.

On November 12,1940, British torpedo bombers launched an attack on the Taranto harbor in Italy. This sent worry into United States government officials who were afraid that the same thing could happen to Pearl Harbor. On November 22, Admiral Stark suggested to Richardson the idea of placing anti-torpedo nets in Pearl Harbor. Richardson replied that they were neither necessary nor practical. On February 1,1941, Richardson was officially replaced by Admiral Husband E. Kimmel. Kimmel also did not like the idea of his fleet at Pearl Harbor; but, after seeing what had happened to Richardson, he was very quiet about his objections. The Pacific Fleet was to be used as a defensive measure to direct Japan's attention away from Southeast Asia by: (a) capturing the Caroline and Marshall Islands, (b) disrupting Japanese trade routes, and (c) defending Guam, Hawaii, and the United States mainland. Kimmel was supposed to prepare his fleet for war with Japan.

Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, commander-in-chief of Japan's Combined Fleet, had to be careful of his country's position in the Pacific. If he concentrated his forces too much in the Pacific islands, then the mainland would be more susceptible to attack from Europe and even the United States. Yamamoto devised a plan that involved an opening blow to the United States Pacific Fleet at the same time as their offensive against British, American, and Dutch forces in Southeast Asia. He planned to cripple the United States while he quickly conquered much of Southeast Asia and gathered their natural resources. He hoped that his attack against the Pacific Fleet would demoralize the American forces and get them to sign a peace settlement allowing Japan to remain as the power in the Pacific. A month after the British attack on Taranto harbor, Yamamoto decided that if war with the United States was unavoidable he would launch a carrier attack on Pearl Harbor. In January of 1941, Yamamoto first began to commit to this strategy by planning out his attack and showing it to other Japanese officials. Yamamoto developed the following eight guidelines for the attack: (1) surprise was crucial, (2) American aircraft carriers there should be the primary targets, (3) U.S. aircraft there must be destroyed to prevent aerial opposition, (4) all Japanese aircraft carriers available should be used, (5) all types of bombing should be used in the attack, (6) a strong fighter element should be included in the attack for air cover for the fleet, (7) refueling at sea would be necessary, and (8) a daylight attack promised best results, especially in the sunrise hours. Many of Japan's Navy General Staff were in opposition to Yamamoto'splan, but they continued to prepare for the attack. All of the necessary training was given to troops, and all of the fighters and submarines were prepared.

THE BOMBING BEGINS    
There were peace talks occurring up until about November 27, 1941. At that time, negotiations had come to a halt. The United States put its troops on alert. On December 6, 1941, President Roosevelt made an appeal for peace to the Emperor of Japan. Not until late that day did the U.S. decode thirteen parts of a fourteen part message that presented the possibility of a Japanese attack. Approximately 9 a.m.(Washington time) on December 7,1941, the last part of the fourteen part message was decoded stating a severance of ties with the United States. An hour later, a message from Japan was decoded as instructing the Japanese embassy to deliver the fourteen part message at 1 p.m. (Washington time). The U.S., upon receiving this message sent a commercial telegraph to Pearl Harbor because radio communication had been down.

At 6 a.m.(Hawaiian time) on December 7,1941, the first Japanese attack fleet of 183 planes took off from aircraft carriers 230 miles north of Oahu. At 7:02 a.m., two Army operators at a radar station on Oahu's north shore picked up Japanese fighters approaching on radar. They contacted a junior officer who disregarded their sighting, thinking that it was B-17 bombers from the United States west coast. The first Japanese bomb was dropped at 7:55 a.m. on Wheeler Field, eight miles from Pearl Harbor. The crews at Pearl Harbor were on the decks of their ships for morning colors and the singing of The Star-Spangled Banner. Even though the band was interrupted in their song by Japanese planes gunfire, the crews did not move until the last note was sung. The telegraph from Washington had been too late. It arrived at headquarters in Oahu around noon (Hawaiian time), four long hours after the first bombs were dropped.

AFTERMATHS OF THE BOMBING
Of the approximately 100 U.S. Navy ships present in the harbor that day, eight battleships were damaged with five sunk. Eleven smaller ships including cruisers and destroyers were also badly damaged. Among those killed were 2,335 servicemen and 68 civilians. The wounded included 1,178 people. The U.S.S. Arizona was dealt the worst blow of the attack. A 1,760-pound bomb struck it, and the ammunition on board exploded killing 1,177 servicemen. Today, there is a memorial spanning the sunken remains of the Arizona dedicated to the memory of all those lost in the bombing.

News of the attack was a shock to the entire nation. The bombing rallied the United States behind the President in declaring war on Japan. On December 11, Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S., bringing about a global conflict. The United States would later drop two atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, bringing Japan to complete surrender on August 14, 1945

 

Answer by BO
Submitted on 5/4/2005
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You guyz r cute :)!!

 

Answer by datflychick14
Submitted on 5/11/2005
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madhatter 13 answer was off the chang and she was right after all madhatter 13 i used your answer on one of my school papers and you were right. good lookin out fo this gurl.

 

Answer by aliesha
Submitted on 5/18/2005
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the world war 2 started because Hitler wouldn't pull his army away from Poland then the Germany attack hitter and it didn't stop until 1949 i think

 

Answer by some person
Submitted on 5/26/2005
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ww2 started in 1939 when the poof Hitler invaded Poland.  then a load of craup happened and people shoot each other and have showers with other men.
then the japs bomb pearl harbor (the movie sucks!!) and the land of McDonalds enters the war.  after some things happen
(who'd wanna know about all the battles and craup??) some idiot let loose and a hiroshima was thrown eighty miles in the air.  that was how ww2 ended in like 1945, on september 2.  
now no one start a topic like this again.  
by the way, i only know this craup coz im doing a gai assignment on it and its killin me.

well, im off to do some jacking.

 

Answer by Gunners
Submitted on 6/2/2005
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What's World War 2 then ? Never heard of it.

I thought Hitler was some kind of rock star.

 

Answer by caz
Submitted on 6/21/2005
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i have no idea why this srtupid war started in the first place. i think hitler is so pethetic with no pubes and only one BALL!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
SO WAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAP.S HITLER SLEEPS WIT HIS MUMMY

 

Answer by Robert
Submitted on 6/29/2005
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The main reason WWII started was that some nation like England were trying to teach the world that they are the best and if you want to progress, make England the Empire of the World.But as you know, this world can't be run on that idealogy.England was unethically and i n a tyrant manner was sucking the blood of other countries in the world.Hitler knew this is not correct. If it was not Hitler, it would have been somebody else.But it was bound to happen that way.Trust me, no one wants or can be leaded unless he himself dedicates for the cause.

 

Answer by rozalsmartass
Submitted on 7/28/2005
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the treaty of Versailles made another war with Germany.The Treaty of Versailles made Germany pay reparations. Is this why there was so much anger about Versailles in Germany. The Treaty of Versailles was intended to be a peace agreement between the Allies and the Germans instead it created political and economic chaos in Germany
Germany had surrendered and signed a peace agreement.Germany had the guilt of the entire war, and the huge reparations of 132 billion. Germany also lost one eighth of its land, all of its colonies, all of its overseas financial assets and limiting their once powerful military.thanx
                              

 

Answer by jen
Submitted on 9/3/2005
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it is not known by many, but adolfe hitler was once a man who was always teased about his sexually. of corse his poofy mustache didnt help the situation as her grew older, and he got fed up with all the teasing. so 2 let out his anger, he took it out on the whole world and he was forgotten as the fagot and well known as a mad man.... true story!!!

 

Answer by strongy
Submitted on 9/9/2005
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igerly oogerly argggggggggggggggggggggg

 

Answer by D
Submitted on 10/5/2005
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everybody on this website is lame no matter who you are. every last one of ya is stupid lame and nerds.

 

Answer by D
Submitted on 10/5/2005
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everybody on this website is lame no matter who you are. every last one of ya is stupid lame and nerds.

 

Answer by *Sweet_Wizard*
Submitted on 11/6/2005
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WHY WAS THE WORLD WAR 3 START?????????

 

Answer by youguyssuck
Submitted on 11/8/2005
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Smart your a retard this site does teach you something. it teaches you how many retards there are in this world.

 

Answer by everyonesdumbbutpplfromnz
Submitted on 11/16/2005
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Most of the crap thats written here wouldnt hold up in an exam.
WW II started because of a number of reasons.
For starters... In WW I, France was almost destroyed by Germany through constant invasion, because of this when the Germans lost France felt no sympathy for Germany. The Treaty of Versailles was put in place to oppress Germany so that a similar event could not happen. In this treaty Germany suffered 13% land loss including a passage for poland (a newly formed nation) to port Danzig (the polish corridor). Germanys army was greatly reduced and on the western side of germany the ruhr and rhineland were occupied by French soldiers. The germans sank their entire naval fleet so that the allies could not seize it. At this time Hitler was not in power at all..... Appeasement hasnt been explained very well, this is what it is: Appeasement is giving a little in the hope that one will not want more. Neville Chamberlain the prime minister of Britain at the time adopted a policy of appeasement so that War would not break out. He merely wanted to avoid conflict. When Hitler came into power he began to test the boundaries of the league of Nations doing things like declaring anschlus with Austria and invading Czechoslovakia. All along Neville Chamberlain took Hitlers word that he would not push the boundaries any more (appeasement) but Poland was the last straw. When Hitler invaded Poland Britain (therefore all allies) declared war on germany (which due to pacts/treaties included Japan and Italy). America got involved when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbour in Hawaii. It was then an all out World War. That will get you achieved as long as u throw in a few dates

 

Answer by ...
Submitted on 11/28/2005
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u guys are all friggen retards

 

Answer by gay
Submitted on 11/29/2005
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its just <a href="http://www.ntsearch.com/search.php?q=gay&v=56">gay</a>

 

Answer by mitch
Submitted on 11/29/2005
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i think that the war started because Hitler wanted everyone to be perfect and he wanted to rule England he image of the perfect person had blond hair and blue eyes

 

Answer by LIL_BRAT
Submitted on 11/29/2005
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The treaty of Versailles was the end of world war 1. This treaty blamed Germany for the cause of world war one. Germany then had to owe large amounts of money to great Britain France and America. when Hitler came to power he disobeyed the treaty but no action was taking from Britain or France When Hitler took over the Rhine land and Sudeten land the on thing that Britain and France did was appease. Hitler kept walking over them until he invade Poland. then that is when world war 2 began.    

 

Answer by Freetos
Submitted on 11/29/2005
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what the **** are u peoples promblem just answer the god damn question!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

 

Answer by ur domb
Submitted on 12/9/2005
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u people suck and have no************** life and i hate smart people

 

Answer by B.
Submitted on 1/5/2006
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WWII was caused by various breakdowns of treaties, and the intense propoganda campaign in Germany by Adolf Hilter.  It has been the most destructive war in all of history, and over one billion human lives were lost from all nations and greeds.
RIP.  

 

Answer by jassy
Submitted on 1/10/2006
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Hitler was an idiot. he got elected to become something something. and therefore he was antisemitic. and like i said..he was an idiot. cheers losers.

 

Answer by dew
Submitted on 1/14/2006
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hey kitty i want some of your blond assssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

 

Answer by dew
Submitted on 1/14/2006
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hey kitty i want some of your blond assssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

 

Answer by dew
Submitted on 1/14/2006
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screw you dising dude because your gay stupid and an asshole

 

Answer by travis
Submitted on 1/24/2006
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ya'll gay

 

Answer by Melissa99
Submitted on 1/24/2006
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It was because of the Failure of the League of Nations, the harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles, and people in the 1920s and 1930s wanted out of the depression.

 

Answer by MK
Submitted on 2/13/2006
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THIS IS STUPID

 

Answer by Answer by
Submitted on 2/16/2006
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i dunno  62,214,400

 

Answer by Jenken
Submitted on 2/22/2006
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Actually mtm was right. The war was started by appeasment. If Hitler hadn't been permitted to erase the borders created by the treaty of Versailles, He never would have gotten as far as he did.

 

Answer by retard
Submitted on 3/1/2006
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how about we take all the bricks u have thrown up and we build a homeless shelter and get ur sister and ur mom out of my house

 

Answer by cutie pie
Submitted on 3/2/2006
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i love sex

 

Answer by lindz
Submitted on 3/2/2006
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ww2 started beacuse of alot of things.i agree with the "nerd how wrote a book on it" but the hole reason hitler hated jews and people of other races that were not his own was beacuse he wanted to be an artest.he did.and the art schools turned him down.they were jews.and then he slept in doorways trying to sell art and he diddent get any money.beacuse people diddent buy them.jews.he blamed them.then the first world war came.and he was gonna go on the allies side but they wouldent let him in the army so he got into the german army.and got gassed and then well u know the rest.

by the way u guys at skool are pritty funny.

 

Answer by Jimmybobbillybobjimbobnob
Submitted on 3/5/2006
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weledy weledy weledy we do haf sum rite old nobs on here then dont we

i say evry1 luvs ya mum in a sexual way nd evry1s gggggaaaaaayyyyyyyy

dus dat solve da argument?????

 

Answer by Jimmybobbillybobjimbobnob
Submitted on 3/5/2006
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weledy weledy weledy we do haf sum rite old nobs on here then dont we

i say evry1 luvs ya mum in a sexual way nd evry1s gggggaaaaaayyyyyyyy

dus dat solve da argument?????

nd nikki is a wel sxc name!!!
alrite nikki?!?!?!

 

Answer by i no everything
Submitted on 3/13/2006
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World War Two

   
The causes of World War Two are naturally a debated subject in society today. Some historians believe it was the failure of the Treaty of Versailles that started the war. Some other historians believe it was the event of Germany invading Poland that started the war. It will always be argued about what was the main cause of this war. There are many reasons on what started this gruesome war started but there is not a specific reason that caused the war.

When the Treaty of Versailles started it did many things to make Germany to pay for what it had done from the other war, World War One. The Treaty of Versailles made Germany sign to many harsh rules/laws for their country. Some of these new laws/rules for Germany were that Germany wasn’t allowed to have a military anymore, and German ships used for trading were given to the Allies. Another thing was that Germany was forced to give up territories in Africa, Pacific, and in Europe that they had won in War World one. They also had to pay reparations, which were payments to the other countries for the destruction caused, in about thirty three billion dollars, which Germany did not have. All these things made Germany to start thinking that the Treaty of Versailles was completely unfair.

These new laws that Germany was forced to do put Germany into a huge depression and people started to look for any one that could help them to get out of it. Unemployment was terrible the way it was before also. Germany wanted to seek revenge from the Allies for what they had done. Germany now was under foreign rule and the Allies had made impossible for Germany to repay the reparations that Germany was to pay.  All of these unjust clauses would make Germany lean towards to the leadership of a strong fascist leader, Hitler.

Hitler promised the people of Germany that he would undo the whole thing with the Treaty of Versailles and he found it very easy to gain support from the people of Germany.  Hitler started to secretly militarize Germany and there was nothing any of the other countries could do. Other countries couldn’t do anything because they had there own problems with depression and stock market crashes. It was when Hitler reoccupied Rhineland that Britain and France knew that Germany needed to be stopped. All of these happened because of the failure of the Treaty of Versailles.

Some other historians believe that the appeasement started World War Two. Since countries were in a depression and didn’t want to go into anymore fights or wars they would pretty much do anything to stop that from happening. Germany wanted more land and asked France and Britain for more land. Since again France and Britain didn’t want to go in the wars and was very weak anyways gave Germany Austria to prevent things from happening. When France and Britain gave Germany Austria they made Germany promise to want anymore and stop asking. This wasn’t enough for Hitler and decided to go for Czechoslovakia and took over it by force. But Germany still wanted more.

This was still not enough for Germany and Germany still wanted more land. Soon enough Germany attacked Poland because they wanted to gain more territory. Britain and France soon realized that things had gone to far and had to be stopped. Also because Britain and France, who pledged to support Poland in the event of aggression, declared war on Germany two days later.

The Soviet Union and Germany were enemies to start off with, but to stay off each others back for a while they made a nonaggression pact with each other saying that they would not attack or help each other. They would also secretly split Poland with each other. But after a while Germany decided to attack the Soviet Union through Poland. This broke the nonaggression pact between Germany and Soviet Union. This also made the Soviet Union declare war on Germany.

Other Historians also believe that World War Two started because the want for expansion. Not only did Germany wanted to expand or the Soviet Union but Japan also. In Japan there were not enough resources or room, because Japan was very overpopulated, for the citizens of Japan. Japan became a militaristic and a nationalistic country and it led to conflicts with China, Manchuria, and later the United States of America. Japan first invaded and took over Manchuria for it was rich in iron and in coal, this also provided more land for the people.

Later on Japan tried to get all of Asia, thinking if Japan controlled Asia that they would be the strongest in all nations. Japan only had one problem, China. China, already having a lot of people, was ready to fight Japan. Japan lost the fight against China and there goals were broken. Later on Japan joined Germany and Italy in an alliance to help become more powerful over the other nations.

There isn’t a specific reason what the main cause of World War Two was. There will always be an argument on what the main cause was. It will also never be proven if the Treaty of Versailles caused the war or if the invasion of Poland caused the war. Many historians believe in many different things and stick to them.  The main reason/cause of this war will never be found.

 

Answer by ur mom
Submitted on 3/18/2006
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cause i said so so hahaha you lame

 

Answer by shi.tface
Submitted on 4/6/2006
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anybody know caitlin Bradley???

 

Answer by yoyoyoyoyoyoyoyo
Submitted on 4/16/2006
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i tkink it started because germany was sinking us supplies and that is how us got involed also hitler was involed because he is stupid and because he hates jews.

 

Answer by Juan
Submitted on 4/23/2006
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ITALIANS SOLVED THE PROBLEM

 

Answer by Juan
Submitted on 4/23/2006
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ITALIANS SOLVED THE PROBLEM

 

Answer by emmo chick
Submitted on 5/2/2006
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wot happend 2 tha subject of world war 2?!?

 

Answer by panzerfaust
Submitted on 5/10/2006
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man i thought this is supposed to be about ww2 ....... i actually dont like hitler but i love his military. Tanks, foot soldier, stukas, atilary, mershmits, also anti-tanks... so screw u guys..... some dumb girl in my world history class if WW3 started? and we all laughed hahaha....

 

Answer by pshycho in a mask
Submitted on 5/12/2006
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go die!!! SATAN!!!!! hitler was polish and invaded thailand u dumbasses with a plastic bag gun

 

Answer by STUPID QUESTION
Submitted on 5/15/2006
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IT STARTED IN 1933 OR 1939 DUH!!!!!!!!

 

Answer by Dan2
Submitted on 5/22/2006
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im Horny

 

Answer by kellz
Submitted on 5/27/2006
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hitler is an idiot n i hat him!!!! he was 100% to blame for WW2!!

 

Answer by luou
Submitted on 6/8/2006
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u stink like poooooooooooo

 

Answer by Little_Devil_Puppy
Submitted on 6/28/2006
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WWII started because Hitler told everyone that the Jews were taking all of their things that actually weren't theirs. So Hitler decided to invade Poland and that to exterminate the Jews, Gypsies, catholic, etc. P.S. Some believe that Hitler's great grandma was a Jew.

 

Answer by omg
Submitted on 9/6/2006
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i agree wiv smartkitty was rong he was wiv the germany army duh!

 

Answer by fg.gfe
Submitted on 11/12/2006
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i love u idiots becus im gggggggayyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy

 

Answer by SGC
Submitted on 11/24/2006
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Cos Hitler was bored!!!!

 

Answer by MarathonMan
Submitted on 1/29/2007
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Well a lot of you say World War 2 started due to Hitler's blonder hair blue eye's thing, but that is the holocaust,which obviously isn't WWII, although it played an important role in it. In simpler terms, a bitter ex-solider from WWI named Hitler came to power in Germany. He then started to violate the Treaty Of Versailles that the previous winners of WWI set-up, causing Great Britain, France, and United States to have rising tension against Germany. Hitler also wanted to increase Germany's size by seizing weaker nations in Europe, causing the already high tensions to go off the chart. The united states joined the war effort on Germany along side of France, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union(Russia), however the U.S. didn't join until after the attack on Pearl Harbor from Japan, who was allied with Germany and Italy. Due to the whole Ally system we also ended up fighting against Germany, Italy, and Japan. Hope that helps, and the allies did end up winning WWII. If there is anything incorrect just let me know

 

Answer by futer
Submitted on 2/4/2007
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poop is good for you so eat it

 

Answer by Kittykatlover
Submitted on 2/22/2007
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On September 1, 1939, Germany, led by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party, invaded Poland according to a secret agreement with the Soviet Union.

On September 3 at 11.15 GMT, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand, followed six hours later by France, responded by declaring war on Germany, initiating a widespread naval war. South Africa (September 6) and Canada (September 10) followed suit.

The Soviet Union joined the invasion of Poland on September 17.

Germany rapidly overwhelmed Poland, then Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium and France in 1940, and Yugoslavia and Greece in 1941. Italian, and later German, troops attacked British forces in North Africa. By summer of 1941, Germany had conquered France and most of Western Europe, but it failed to subdue the United Kingdom due to the resistance of the Royal Air Force and Royal Navy.

Adolf Hitler then turned on the Soviet Union, launching a surprise attack (codenamed Operation Barbarossa) on June 22, 1941. Despite enormous gains, the invasion bogged down outside of Moscow in late 1941 as winter set in and made further advances difficult. The Germans launched another attack in the Soviet Union the following summer, but the attack bogged down in vicious urban fighting in Stalingrad. The Soviets later launched a massive counterattack encircling and then forcing the surrender of the German Sixth Army at the Battle of Stalingrad (1942–43), decisively defeated the Axis during the Battle of Kursk, and broke the Siege of Leningrad. The Red Army then pursued the retreating Wehrmacht all the way to Berlin, and won the street-by-street Battle of Berlin, as Hitler committed suicide in his Underground Bunker on April 30, 1945.

Meanwhile, the Western Allies successfully defended North Africa (1940–43), invaded Italy (1943), and then liberated France (1944), following amphibious landings in Normandy. Repulsing a German counterattack at the Battle of the Bulge in December, the Western Allies crossed the Rhine and linked up with their Soviet counterparts at the Elbe in central Germany.

During the war in Europe, six million Jews, as well as another five to six million Roma (Gypsies), Slavs, Communists, homosexuals, the disabled and several other groups, were murdered by Germany in a state-sponsored genocide that has come to be known as The Holocaust.


 

Answer by 2smrt4u
Submitted on 2/22/2007
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Took me forever to write this.

On September 1, 1939, Germany, led by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party, invaded Poland according to a secret agreement with the Soviet Union.

On September 3 at 11.15 GMT, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand, followed six hours later by France, responded by declaring war on Germany, initiating a widespread naval war. South Africa (September 6) and Canada (September 10) followed suit.

The Soviet Union joined the invasion of Poland on September 17.

Germany rapidly overwhelmed Poland, then Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium and France in 1940, and Yugoslavia and Greece in 1941. Italian, and later German, troops attacked British forces in North Africa. By summer of 1941, Germany had conquered France and most of Western Europe, but it failed to subdue the United Kingdom due to the resistance of the Royal Air Force and Royal Navy.

Adolf Hitler then turned on the Soviet Union, launching a surprise attack (codenamed Operation Barbarossa) on June 22, 1941. Despite enormous gains, the invasion bogged down outside of Moscow in late 1941 as winter set in and made further advances difficult. The Germans launched another attack in the Soviet Union the following summer, but the attack bogged down in vicious urban fighting in Stalingrad. The Soviets later launched a massive counterattack encircling and then forcing the surrender of the German Sixth Army at the Battle of Stalingrad (1942–43), decisively defeated the Axis during the Battle of Kursk, and broke the Siege of Leningrad. The Red Army then pursued the retreating Wehrmacht all the way to Berlin, and won the street-by-street Battle of Berlin, as Hitler committed suicide in his Underground Bunker on April 30, 1945.

Meanwhile, the Western Allies successfully defended North Africa (1940–43), invaded Italy (1943), and then liberated France (1944), following amphibious landings in Normandy. Repulsing a German counterattack at the Battle of the Bulge in December, the Western Allies crossed the Rhine and linked up with their Soviet counterparts at the Elbe in central Germany.

During the war in Europe, six million Jews, as well as another five to six million Roma (Gypsies), Slavs, Communists, homosexuals, the disabled and several other groups, were murdered by Germany in a state-sponsored genocide that has come to be known as The Holocaust.


War in Asia and the Pacific
Main article: Pacific War

Territory of the Empire of Japan at its peakThe Empire of Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937. Australia and then the United States, in 1940, responded with embargos on the export of iron to Japan. On September 27, 1940 Japan signed the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy. After unfruitful negotiations with USA about withdrawal from China, excluding Manchukuo, Japan attacked Vichy French-controlled Indochina on July 24, 1941. This caused the United States, United Kingdom and Netherlands to block Japan's access to oil, such as that in the Dutch East Indies and British colonies in Borneo.

Japan launched virtually simultaneous surprise attacks against the major U. S. Navy base at Pearl Harbor, on Thailand and on the British territories of Malaya and Hong Kong. These attacks were on December 7, 1941 in western international time zones and on December 8 in the east. Later on December 8, Japan attacked The Philippines, which was controlled politically by the U.S. at the time and quickly fell to Japanese forces. On December 11, Germany and Italy also declared war on the United States. Japanese forces began their assaults on British and Dutch territory in Borneo on December 15. From their major pre-war base at Truk, in the South Pacific, Japanese forces began to attack and occupy neighboring Allied territories.

Japan's campaign in China lasted from 1937 to the end of the war, during which the Republic of China faced 80% of Japanese troops and prevented the Soviet Union under Stalin from fighting a two-fronts-war. During its occupation of some parts of China, the Japanese killed over 11 million civilians.

Japan won victory after victory in South East Asia and the Pacific, including the capture of 130,000 Allied prisoners in Malaya and at the fall of Singapore on February 15, 1942. Much of Burma, the Netherlands East Indies, the Australian Territory of New Guinea, and the British Solomon Islands also fell to Japanese forces.

The Japanese advance was checked at the Battle of the Coral Sea and their invasion fleet turned away from New Guinea after Allied naval forces clashed in the first battle in which the opposing fleets never made visual contact. A month later a Japanese invasion fleet was decisively defeated at the Battle of Midway in which they lost four fleet aircraft carriers attempting to engage U.S. Navy forces (the U.S. Navy lost one carrier). On land they were defeated at the Battle of Milne Bay and finally withdrew from Battle of Guadalcanal as the Allies took the initiative in the Solomon Islands and began an "Island Hopping" campaign to push back Japanese holdings in the Pacific. U.S. and Australian forces then isolated Japan's major base at Rabaul before advancing from one island to another in the Central Pacific invading some and isolating others. The Japanese were defeated in a series of great naval battles, at the Battle of the Philippine Sea and the Battle of Leyte Gulf in 1944 in which the Allies further advanced towards the Japanese homeland by invading the Marianas and then the Philippines, setting up bases from which Japan could be bombed by strategic bombers like the B-29. 1945 saw invasions of key islands such as Iwo Jima and Okinawa. In the meantime, Allied submarines gradually cut off the supply of oil and other raw materials to Japan.

In the last year of the war U.S. air forces conducted a strategic firebombing campaign against the Japanese homeland. On August 6, 1945, the U.S. dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima, and on August 9 another was dropped on Nagasaki. Japan surrendered on August 14, 1945.


Aftermath
About 62 million people, or 2.5% of the world population, died in the war, though estimates vary greatly (see World War II casualties). Large swaths of Europe and Asia were devastated and took years to recover. The war had political, sociological, economic and technological consequences that last to this day.


Causes

Benito Mussolini of Fascist Italy (left) and Adolf Hitler of Nazi Germany.Main articles: Causes of World War II, Events preceding World War II in Europe, and Events preceding World War II in Asia
The immediate causes of World War II are generally held to be the German invasion of Poland, and the Japanese attacks on China, the United States, and the British and Dutch colonies. In each of these cases, the attacks were the result of a decision made by authoritarian ruling elites in Germany and Japan. World War II started after these aggressive actions were met with an official declaration of war, armed resistance or both.

The chief stated aim of the German policy at the time was the reacquisition of German territories taken by the Treaty of Versailles, and the addition of ethnic German regions of former Austria-Hungary to form a Greater Germany.


Cause of war in Europe
German foreign policy professed concern for the rights of ethnic Germans living in portions of Poland and Czechoslovakia which had been taken from Germany and Austria respectively. During his negotiations with Chamberlain, Hitler mentioned their plight as one of his key reasons for asserting claims to portions of these countries.

During one session with UK Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, Hitler's aides brought him multiple reports alleging atrocities against ethnic Germans in nearby countries, which Hitler invoked in support of Germany's claims to its former territory.


Molotov signs the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in Moscow. Behind him are Shaposhnikov, Ribbentrop, and Stalin.When Hitler annexed parts of Czechoslovakia and France, he was welcomed enthusiastically by these ethnic Germans. When the war ended, many of these communities were forcibly expelled.[1]

Another of the main reasons that German society moved towards war was due to the perceived inequities of the Versailles Treaty. (More than anything else, this treaty, coupled with the worldwide Great Depression of the 1930s, enabled the Nazis to originally ride a wave of mass public discontent to power, and to set in place their fascist forms of dictatorship and re-militarization.) The Nazis claimed that only they could free Germany from international subjugation. Hitler remilitarized the Rhineland and the Ruhr, and overturned several territorial dispositions which were enacted by the treaty.

As stated in Mein Kampf, Hitler's real underlying goal was to acquire what he believed to be Germany's rightful living space and resources, by invading and dominating lands to the east, mainly in Russia. He also sought to attack various ethnic and political groups, to target what he claimed were leftist influences, and other groups outside of the Nazi world-view. By starting with the real grievances of the Versailles Treaty, the Nazis were able to stoke a sense of grievance throughout Germany to redress perceived wrongs, and to present militarism and adherence to fascism as a means of taking aggressive action against the established political order.

In the hands of the Nazis, this issue is used to rationalize brutal persecution of entire ethnic minorities and political groups. This effort against existing international settlements enabled a convergence of their political programs, war aims, and racist ideologies.

The British and French governments followed a policy of appeasement in order to avoid a new European war. This was partially due to doubts about the willingness of their populations to fight another war so soon after the huge death tolls of the first World War. This policy culminated in the Munich Agreement in 1938, in which the seemingly inevitable outbreak of the war was averted when the United Kingdom and France agreed to Germany's annexation and immediate occupation of the German-speaking regions of Czechoslovakia. Chamberlain declared that the agreement represented "peace in our time". In March 1939, Germany invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia, effectively killing appeasement. Less than a year after the Munich agreement, the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany.


Hideki Tojo of Imperial JapanThe failure of the Munich Agreement showed that deals made with Hitler at the negotiating table could not be trusted and that his aspirations for power and dominance in Europe went beyond anything that the United Kingdom and France would tolerate. Poland and France pledged on May 19, 1939, to provide each other with military assistance in the event either was attacked. The British had already offered support to Poland in March. On August 23, 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. The Pact included a secret protocol that would divide Central Europe into German and Soviet areas of interest, including a provision to partition Poland. Each country agreed to allow the other a free hand in its area of influence, including military occupation. The deal provided for sales of oil and food from the Soviets to Germany, thus reducing the danger of a UK blockade such as the one that had nearly starved Germany in World War I. Hitler was then ready to go to war with Poland and, if necessary, with the United Kingdom and France. He claimed there were German grievances relating to the issues of the Free City of Danzig and the Polish Corridor, but he planned to conquer all Polish territory and incorporate it into the German Reich. The signing of a new alliance between the United Kingdom and Poland on August 25 did not significantly alter his plans.


Cause of war in Asia
Imperial Japan in the 1930s was largely ruled by a militarist clique of Army and Navy leaders, who aimed to make Japan a great colonial power. Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931 and China in 1937 to bolster its meager stock of natural resources, to relieve Japan from population pressures and to extend its colonial control over a wider area. The United States and the United Kingdom reacted by making loans to China, providing covert military assistance, pilots and fighter aircraft to Kuomintang China and instituting increasingly broad embargoes of raw materials and oil against Japan. These embargoes would potentially have eventually forced Japan to give up its newly conquered possessions in China or find new sources of oil and other materials to run their economy. Japan was faced with the choice of withdrawing from China, negotiating some compromise, developing new sources of supply, buying what they needed somewhere else, or going to war to conquer the territories that contained oil, bauxite and other resources in the Dutch East Indies, Malay and the Philippines. Believing the French, Dutch and British governments more than occupied with the war in Europe, the Soviets reeling from German attacks and that the United States could not be organized for war for years and would seek a compromise before waging full scale war, they chose the latter, and went ahead with plans for the Greater East Asia War in the Pacific.[2]

The direct cause of the United States' entry into the war with Japan was the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Germany declared war on the United States on December 11, 1941.


Chronology
Main article: Timeline of World War II

War breaks out in Asia (July 1937 – September 1939)
Main articles: Second Sino-Japanese War, Battle of Lake Khasan, and Battle of Khalkhin Gol
The Second Sino-Japanese War began in 1937, when Japan attacked deep into China from its foothold in Manchuria. On July 7, 1937, Japan, after occupying Manchuria since 1931, launched another attack against China near Beijing. The Japanese made initial advances but were stalled in the Battle of Shanghai. The city eventually fell to the Japanese in December 1937, and the capital city Nanjing also fell. As a result, the Chinese Nationalist government moved its seat to Chongqing for the remainder of the war. The Japanese forces committed brutal atrocities against civilians and prisoners of war in the Rape of Nanking, slaughtering as many as 300,000 civilians within a month. Neither Japan or China officially declared war, for a similar reason—fearing declaration of war would alienate Europe and the USA.

In Spring 1939, Soviet and Japanese forces clashed in Mongolia. On May 8, 700 Mongol horsemen crossed the Khalka river, which the Japanese considered to be the Manchurian border. The Soviet and Mongolian governments believed the border was twenty miles to the east. Mongol and Manchu forces began to shoot at each other, and within days their Soviet and Japanese patrons had sent large military contingents, which almost immediately joined in the clash, which led to a full-scale war which lasted well into September. The growing Japanese presence in the Far East was seen as a major strategic threat by the Soviet Union, and Soviet fear of having to fight a two front war was a primary reason for the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact with the Nazis. In the end, the Japanese were decisively defeated by Soviet units under General Georgiy Zhukov. Following this battle, the Soviet Union and Japan were at peace until 1945. Japan looked south to expand its empire, leading to conflict with the United States over the Philippines and control of shipping lanes to the Dutch East Indies. The Soviet Union focused on the west, leaving only minimal troops to guard the frontier with Japan.


War breaks out in Europe (September 1939 – May 1940)
Main articles: Invasion of Poland (1939), Winter War, and Occupation of Baltic Republics

Polish infantry during the Invasion of Poland, September 1939.On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland, using the false pretext of a faked "Polish attack" on a German border post. The United Kingdom and France gave Germany two days to withdraw from Poland. Once the deadline passed on September 3, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand declared war on Germany, followed quickly by France, South Africa and Canada.

The French mobilized slowly and then mounted only a token offensive in the Saar, which they soon abandoned, while the British could not take any direct action in support of the Poles in the time available (see Western betrayal). Meanwhile, on September 8, the Germans reached Warsaw, having slashed through the Polish defenses.

On September 17, the Soviet Union, pursuant to its secret agreement with Germany, invaded Poland from the east, throwing Polish defenses into chaos by opening the second front. A day later, both the Polish president and commander-in-chief fled to Romania. On October 1, hostile forces, after a one-month siege of Warsaw, entered the city. The last Polish units surrendered on October 6. Poland, however, never officially surrendered to the Germans. Some Polish troops evacuated to neighboring countries. In the aftermath of the September Campaign, occupied Poland managed to create a powerful resistance movement and contributed significant military forces to the Allies for the duration of World War II.

After Poland fell, Germany paused to regroup during the winter of 1939–1940 until April 1940, while the British and French stayed on the defensive. The period was referred to by journalists as “the Phony War” or the “Sitzkrieg” because so little ground combat took place. During this period Soviet Union attacked Finland on November 30, 1939, which started the Winter War. Despite outnumbering Finnish troops by 4 to 1, the Red Army found the attack embarrassingly difficult, and the Finnish defence prevented an all-out invasion. Finally, however, the Soviets prevailed and the peace treaty saw Finland cede strategically important border areas near Leningrad.

Germany invaded Denmark and Norway on April 9, 1940, in Operation Weserübung, in part to counter the threat of an impending Allied invasion of Norway. Denmark did not resist, but Norway fought back. The United Kingdom, whose own invasion was ready to launch, landed in the north. By late June, the Allies were defeated and withdrew, Germany controlled most of Norway, and the Norwegian Army had surrendered, while the Norwegian Royal Family escaped to London. Germany used Norway as a base for air and naval attacks on Arctic convoys headed to the Soviet Union. Norwegian partisans would continue to fight against the German occupation throughout the war.


The Western Front (May 1940 – September 1940)
Main articles: Battle of France and Battle of Britain
The Germans ended the Phony War on May 10, 1940 when they invadedLuxembourg, Belgium, the Netherlands, and France. The Netherlands was quickly overwhelmed and the Dutch city of Rotterdam was destroyed in a bombing raid. The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) and the French Army advanced into northern Belgium and planned to fight a mobile war in the north, while maintaining a static continuous front along the Maginot Line further south. The Allied plans were immediately smashed by the most classic example in history of Blitzkrieg.

In the first phase of the invasion, Fall Gelb, the Wehrmacht'sPanzergruppe von Kleist, raced through the Ardennes, a heavily forested region which the Allies had thought impenetrable for a modern, mechanized army. The Germans broke the French line at Sedan, held by reservists rather than first-line troops, then drove west across northern France to the English Channel, splitting the Allies in two.

The BEF and French forces, encircled in the north, were evacuated from Dunkirk in Operation Dynamo. The operation was one of the biggest military evacuations in history, as 338,000 British and French troops were transported across the English Channel on warships and civilian boats.


Germans parading in the deserted Champs-Élysées avenue, Paris, June 1940.On June 10, Italy joined the war, attacking France in the south. German forces then continued the conquest of France with Fall Rot (Case Red). France signed an armistice with Germany on June 22, 1940, leading to the direct German occupation of Paris and two-thirds of France, and the establishment of a German puppet state headquartered in southeastern France known as Vichy France.


Heinkel He 111 bomber over London on 7 Sep. 1940Germany had begun preparations in the summer of 1940 to invade the United Kingdom in Operation Sea Lion. Most of the UK Army's heavy weapons and supplies had been lost at Dunkirk. The Germans had no hope of overpowering the Royal Navy, but they did think they had a chance of success, if they could gain air superiority. To do that, they first had to deal with the Royal Air Force (RAF). The ensuing contest in the late Summer of 1940 between the two air forces became known as the Battle of Britain. The Luftwaffe initially targeted RAF Fighter Command aerodromes and radar stations. Hitler, angered by retaliatory UK bombing raids on Berlin, switched his attentions towards the bombing of London, in an operation known as The Blitz. The Luftwaffe was eventually beaten back by Hurricanes and Spitfires, while the Royal Navy remained in control of the English Channel. Thus, the invasion plans were postponed indefinitely.

After France had fallen in 1940, the United Kingdom was out of money. Franklin Roosevelt persuaded the U.S. Congress to pass the Lend-Lease act on March 11, 1941, which provided the United Kingdom and 37 other countries with US$50 billion dollars in military equipment and other supplies, US$31.4 billion of it going to the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth. Canada operated a similar program that sent $4.7 billion in supplies to the United Kingdom.


Mediterranean (April 1940 – May 1943)
Main articles: Balkan Campaign, Battle of the Mediterranean, and North African campaign

Afrika Korps tanks advance during the North African campaign.Control of Southern Europe, the Mediterranean Sea and North Africa was important because the British Empire depended on shipping through the Suez Canal. If the canal fell into Axis hands or if the Royal Navy lost control of the Mediterranean, then transport between the United Kingdom, India, and Australia would have to go around the Cape of Good Hope, an increase of several thousand miles.

Following the French surrender, the British attacked the French Navy anchored in North Africa in July 1940, out of fear that it might fall into German hands. This contributed to a souring of British-French relations for the next few years. With the French fleet destroyed, the Royal Navy battled the Italian fleet for supremacy in the Mediterranean from their strong bases at Gibraltar, Malta, and Alexandria, Egypt. In Africa, Italian troops invaded and captured British Somaliland in August.

Italy invaded Greece on October 28, 1940, from Italian occupied Albania, but was quickly repulsed. By mid-December, the Greek army advanced into southern Albania, tying down 530,000 Italian troops. Meanwhile, in fulfillment of Britain's guarantee to Greece the Royal Navy struck the Italian fleet on November 11, 1940. Torpedo bombers from British aircraft carriers attacked the Italian fleet in the southern port of Taranto. One battleship was sunk and several other ships were put temporarily out of action. The success of aerial torpedoes at Taranto was noted with interest by Japan's naval chief, Yamamoto, who was considering ways of neutralizing the U.S. Pacific Fleet. Mainland Greece eventually fell to a German invasion from the East, through Bulgaria.


Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, Commander of the British 8th ArmyItalian troops crossed into Egypt from Libya to attack British forces based there in September 1940 and thus beginning the North African Campaign. The aim was to capture the Suez Canal. UK, Indian, and Australian forces Counterattacked in Operation Compass, but this offensive stopped in 1941 when much of the Australian and New Zealand (ANZAC) forces were transferred to Greece to defend it from German attack. German forces (known later as the Afrika Korps) under General Erwin Rommel, however, landed in Libya in February 1941 and renewed the assault on Egypt.

Germany also invaded Crete, which was a significant action because of the large scale use of German paratroopers. Crete was defended by about 11,000 Greek and 28,000 ANZAC troops, who had just escaped Greece without their artillery or vehicles. The Germans attacked the three main airfields of the island of Maleme, Rethimnon, and Heraklion. After one day of fighting, none of the objectives were reached and the Germans had suffered appalling casualties. German plans were in disarray and the German commander, General Kurt Student, was contemplating suicide. During the next day, through miscommunication and failure of Allied commanders to grasp the situation, Maleme airfield in western Crete fell to the Germans. The loss of Maleme enabled the Germans to fly in heavy reinforcements and overwhelm the Allied forces on the island. In light of the heavy casualties suffered by the parachutists, however, Hitler forbade further airborne operations.

In North Africa, Rommel's forces advanced rapidly eastward, laying siege to the vital seaport of Tobruk. Two Allied attempts to relieve Tobruk were defeated, but a larger offensive at the end of the year (Operation Crusader) drove Rommel back after heavy fighting.

The war between the Allied and Italian navies swung decisively in favor of the Allies on March 28, 1941, when Admiral Cunningham's ships encountered the main Italian fleet south of Cape Matapan, at the southern extremity of the Greek mainland. At the cost of a couple of aircraft shot down, the Allies sank five Italian cruisers and three destroyers, and damaged the modern battleship Vittorio Veneto. The Italian Navy was emasculated as a fighting force, and the Allied task of moving troops across the Mediterranean to Greece was eased.

In April-May 1941, there was a short war in Iraq that resulted in a renewal of UK occupation. In June, Allied forces invaded Syria and Lebanon, and captured Damascus on June 17. Later, in August, UK and Red Army troops occupied neutral Iran, securing its oil and a southern supply line to the Soviet Union.


British Infantry advance at the Second Battle of El AlameinAt the beginning of 1942, the Allied forces in North Africa were weakened by detachments to the Far East. Rommel once again attacked and recaptured Benghazi. Then, he defeated the Allies at the Battle of Gazala, and captured Tobruk along with several thousand prisoners and large quantities of supplies. Following up, he drove deep into Egypt.

The First Battle of El Alamein took place in July 1942. Allied forces had retreated to the last defensible point before Alexandria and the Suez Canal. The Afrika Korps, however, had outrun its supplies, and the defenders stopped its thrusts. The Second Battle of El Alamein occurred between October 23 and November 3. Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery was in command of Allied forces known as the Eighth Army. The Allies took the offensive and, despite initially stiff German resistance, were ultimately triumphant. After the German defeat at El Alamein, the Axis forces made a successful strategic withdrawal to Tunisia.

Operation Torch was launched by the U.S., British and Free French forces on November 8, 1942. It aimed to gain control of North Africa through simultaneous landings at Casablanca, Oran, and Algiers, followed a few days later with a landing at Bône, the gateway to Tunisia. The local forces of Vichy France put up minimal resistance before submitting to the authority of Free French General Henri Giraud. In retaliation, Hitler invaded and occupied Vichy France. The German and Italian forces in Tunisia were caught in the pincers of Allied advances from Algeria in the west and Libya in the east. Rommel's tactical victory against inexperienced American forces at the Battle of the Kasserine Pass only postponed the eventual surrender of the Axis forces in North Africa in May 1943.


The Eastern Front (April 1941 – February 1943)
Main articles: Eastern Front (World War II), Invasion of Yugoslavia, Operation Barbarossa, Battle of Moscow, and Battle of Stalingrad
On April 6, 1941, German, Italian, Hungarian, and Bulgarian forces invaded Yugoslavia, ending with the surrender of the Yugoslav army on April 17, and the creation of a puppet state in Croatia. Two rival resistance movements endured in Yugoslavia for the remainder of the war. The Communist group, AVNOJ, led by Tito finally prevailed over the Chetniks led by Draža Mihailović. Also on April 6, Germany invaded Greece from Bulgaria. The Greek army was outnumbered and collapsed. Athens fell on April 27, yet the United Kingdom managed to evacuate over 50,000 troops. The stubborn Greek resistance and the attack on Yugoslavia, however, delayed the German invasion of the Soviet Union by a critical six weeks.


The eastern front at the time of the Battle of Moscow:
██ Initial Wehrmacht advance - to 9 July 1941

██ Subsequent advances - to 1 September 1941

██ Encirclement and battle of Kiev - to 9 September 1941

██ Final Wehrmacht advance - to 5 December 1941Three German Army Groups along with various other Axis military units who in total numbered over 3.5 million men launched the invasion of the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941. Army Group North was deployed in East Prussia and was composed of 18th and 16th infantry armies and a Panzer Army, the 4th. Its main objective was to secure the Baltic states and seize Leningrad. Opposite Army Group North were 2 Soviet Armies. The Germans threw their 600 Tanks at the junction of the two Soviet Armies in that sector. The 4th Panzer Army's objective was to cross the River Neman and River Dvina which were the two largest obstacles in route to Leningrad. On the first day, the Tanks crossed River Neman and penetrated 50 miles. Near Rasienai, the Panzers were counterattacked by 300 Soviet Tanks. It took 4 Days for the Germans to en-circle and destroy the Soviet Tanks. The Panzers then crossed the River Dvina near Dvinsk. The Germans were now in striking distance of Leningrad however Hitler ordered the Panzers to hold their position while the Infantry Armies catch up. The orders to hold would last over a week giving plenty of time to the Russians to shore up defenses around Leningrad.

Army Group Center was deployed in Poland and was composed of 9th and 4th Army and two Panzer Armies, the 3rd and 2nd. Its main objective was to capture Moscow. Opposite Army Group Center were 4 Soviet Armies. The Russians occupied a salient which jutted into German territory with its center at Bialystok. Beyond, Bialystok was Minsk which was a key railway junction. 3rd Panzer Army punched through the junction of the two Soviet Armies and crossed the River Neman and 2nd Panzer Army crossed the River Bug. While the Panzers attacked the Infantry armies struck at the Salient and encircling Russian troops at Bialystok. The Panzer's objectives was to meet at Minsk and prevent any Russian withdrawal. On June 27, 2nd and 3rd Panzer Armies met up at Minsk advancing 200 miles into Soviet Territory. In the vast pocket between Minsk and the Polish border, 32 Soviet Infantry and 8 Tank Divisions were encircled and were mercilessly attacked. 290,000 Russian soldiers were captured but 250,000 Russians managed to escape.

Army Group South was deployed in Southern Poland and Romania and was composed of 6th, 11th, and 17th armies and a Panzer Army, the 1st along with two Romanian Armies and several Italian, Slovakian and Hungarian Divisions. Its objective was to secure the oil fields of the Caucasus. In the South, the Russian Commanders had quickly reacted to the German attack and whose Tank forces vastly outnumbered the Germans. Opposite the Germans in the South were 3 Soviet Armies. The German struck at the junctions of the 3 Soviet Armies but 1st Panzer Army struck right through the Soviet Army with the objective of capturing Brody. On June 26, 5 Soviet Mechanized Corps with over 1,000 Tanks mounted a massive counterattack on 1st Panzer Army. The Battle was among the fiercest of the invasion lasting over 4 days. In the end the Germans prevailed but the Russians inflicted heavy losses on the 1st Panzer Army. With the failure of the Soviet Armored offensive, the last substantial Soviet tank forces in the south were now spent.

On July 3, Hitler finally gave the go-ahead for the Panzers to resume their drive east after the infantry armies had caught up. The next objective of Army Group Center was the city of Smolensk which commanded the road to Moscow. Facing the Germans was an old Russian defensive line where the Soviets had deployed 6 Armies. On July 6, the Soviets launched an attack with 700 Tanks against the 3rd Panzer Army. The Germans, using their overwhelming air superiority, wiped out the Soviet tanks. The 2nd Panzer Army crossed the River Dneiper and closed on Smolensk from the south while 3rd Panzer Army after defeating the Soviet counter attack approached Smolensk from the North. Trapped between their pincers were 3 Soviet Armies. On July 26, the Panzers closed the gap and then began to eliminate the pocket which yielded over 300,000 Russian prisoners but 200,000 evaded capture. Hitler by now had lost faith in battles of encirclement and wanted to defeat the Soviets by inflicting severe economic damage which meant seizing the oil fields in the south and Leningrad in the North. Tanks from Army Group Center were diverted to Army Group North and South to aid them. Hitler's generals vehemently opposed this as Moscow was only 200 miles away from Army Group Center. 4th Panzer Army after being reinforced by tanks from Army Group Center broke through the Soviet defenses on August 8 and by the end of August was only 30 miles from Leningrad. Meanwhile the Finns had pushed South East on both sides of Lake Ladoga reaching the old Finnish Soviet frontier. On September 9, Army Group North was only 7 miles from Leningrad but Hitler ordered Leningrad to besieged. The Russians mounted attacks against Army Group Center but lacking its tanks, it was in no position to go on the offensive. Hitler changed his mind and decided that tanks will be send back to Army Group Center for its all out drive on Moscow.


The October Revolution military parade on November 7, 1941, in Red Square was not cancelled despite German troops on the outskirts of Moscow.In the South by mid-July below the Pinsk Marshes, the Germans had reached to a few miles of Kiev. The 1st Panzer Army then went South while the German 17th Army struck east and in between the Germans trapped 3 Soviet Armies near Uman. As the Germans eliminated the pocket, the tanks turned north and crossed the Dneiper meanwhile 2nd Panzer Army diverted from Army Group Center had crossed the River Desna with 2nd Army on its right flank. The two Panzer armies now trapped 4 Soviet Armies and parts of two others. The encirclement of Soviet forces in Kiev was achieved on September 16. The encircled Soviets did not give up easily, a savage battle now ensued lasting for 10 days after which the Germans claimed over 600,000 Russian soldiers captured. Hitler called it the greatest battle in history. After Kiev, the Red Army no longer outnumbered the Germans and there were no more reserves. To defend Moscow, Stalin had only 800,000 men left. Operation Typhoon, the drive on Moscow began on October 2. In front of Army Group Center was a series of elaborate defense lines. The Germans easily penetrated the first defense line as 2nd Panzer Army returning from the south took Orel which was 75 miles behind the Russian first defense line. The Germans then pushed in and the vast pocket yielded 663,000 Russian prisoners. The Russians now had only 90,000 men and 1,500 tanks left for the defense for Moscow.

Almost from the beginning of Operation Typhoon the weather had deteriorated steadily, slowing the German advance on Moscow to as little as 2 miles a day. On October 31, the Germany Army High Command ordered a halt on Operation Typhoon as the armies were re-organized. The pause gave the Soviets time to build up new armies and bring in the Soviet troops from the east as the neutrality pact signed by the Soviets and Japanese in April, 1941 assured Stalin that there was no longer a threat from the Japanese.

On November 15, the Germans once again began the attack on Moscow. Facing the Germans were 6 Soviet Armies. The Germans intended to let the 3rd and 4th Panzer Armies cross the Moscow Canal and envelop Moscow from the North East. The 2nd Panzer Army would attack Tula and then close in on Moscow from the South and the 4th Army would smash in the center. However, on November 22, Soviet Siberian Troops were unleashed on the 2nd Panzer Army in the South which inflicted a shocking defeat on the Germans. The 4th Panzer Army succeeded in crossing the Moscow canal and on December 2 had penetrated to 15 miles of the Kremlin. But by then the first blizzards of the winter began and the Wehrmacht was not equipped for winter warfare. Frostbite and disease had caused more casualties than combat; dead and wounded had already reached 155,000 in 3 weeks and strength of divisions were now at 50% and the bitter cold had caused severe problems for guns and equipment. Weather conditions grounded the Luftwaffe. Newly built up Soviet troops near Moscow now numbered over 500,000 men and Zhukov on December 5 launched a massive counter attack which pushed the Germans back over 200 miles but no decisive breakthrough was achieved. The invasion of the Soviet Union had so far cost the Germans over 250,000 dead, 500,000 wounded and most of their tanks.


Soviet Siberian soldiers fighting during the Battle of Moscow.On January 6, 1942, Stalin, confident of his earlier victory, ordered a general counter-offensive. Initially the attacks made good ground as Soviet pincers closed around Demyansk and Vyazma and threatening attacks were made towards Smolensk and Bryansk. But despite these successes the Soviet offensive soon ran out of steam. By March, the Germans had recovered and stabilized their line and secured the neck of the Vyazma Pocket. Only at Demyansk was there any serious prospect of a major Soviet victory. Here a large part of the German 16th Army had been surrounded. Hitler ordered no withdrawal and the 92,000 men trapped in the pocket were to hold their ground while they were re-supplied by air. For 10 weeks they held out until April when a land corridor was opened to the west. The German forces retained Demyansk until they were permitted to withdraw in February 1943.

With the spring both sides decided to resume the offensive. While the German high command decided to stabilize the front at Kharkov, the Soviets unknowingly decided to attack in the same sector to maintain pressure in the south. The Soviets had attacked in Kharkov sector in January and had established a salient on the West Bank of the River Donets. On May 12, the Soviets opened with concentric attacks on either side of Kharkov and in both sides the Soviets broke through German lines and a serious threat to the city emerged. In response, the Germans accelerated the plans for their own offensive and launching it 5 days later.

The German 6th Army struck at the salient from the south and encircled the entire Soviet army assaulting Kharkov. In the last days of May, the Germans destroyed the forces inside the pocket. Of the Soviet troops inside the pocket, 70,000 were killed, 200,000 captured and only 22,000 managed to escape. The Germans did not realize the scale of the victory they had achieved, and unknown to the Germans, by early June the wide steppes of the Caucuses lay virtually undefended.

On June 28, 1942, the Axis began their summer offensive, Operation Blue, a planned drive southeast from the Don river to the Volga river toward the Caucasus mountains. German Army Group B planned to capture the city of Stalingrad, which would secure the German left flank, while Army Group A planned to capture the southern oil fields. In the Battle of the Caucasus, fought in the late summer and fall of 1942, the Axis forces captured the oil fields.


Soviet soldiers fighting in the ruins of Stalingrad, 1942On August 23, 1942, the Germans reached the Volga north of Stalingrad. German bombing virtually destroyed the wooden buildings of the city which flanked the central strip, containing large modern factories. By September 23 1942, the main factory complex was surrounded and the German artillery was within range of the quays on the river, across which the Soviets evacuated wounded and brought in reinforcements. Ferocious street fighting, hand-to-hand conflict of the most savage kind, now ensued at Stalingrad. Exhaustion and deprivation gradually sapped men's strength. Hitler, who had become obsessed with the battle of Stalingrad, refused to countenance a withdrawal. General Paulus, in desperation, launched yet another attack early in November by which time the Germans had managed to capture 90% of the city. The Soviets, however, had been building up massive forces on the flanks of Stalingrad which were by this time severely undermanned as the bulk of the German forces had been concentrated in capturing the city. They launched Operation Uranus on November 19 1942, with twin attacks that met at the city of Kalach four days later and trapped the Sixth Army in Stalingrad.

The Germans requested permission to attempt a breakout, which was refused by Hitler, who ordered the Sixth Army to remain in Stalingrad where he promised they would be supplied by air until rescued. About the same time, the Soviets launched Operation Mars in a salient near the vicinity of Moscow. Its objective was to tie down Army Group Center and to prevent it from reinforcing Army Group South at Stalingrad.

In December, von Manstein hastily put together a German relief force of units composed from Army Group South to relieve the trapped Sixth Army. Unable to get reinforcements from Army Group Center, the relief force only managed to get within 50 kilometers (30 mi) before they were turned back by the Soviets. By the end of the year, the Sixth Army was in desperate condition, as the Luftwaffe was able to supply only about a sixth of the supplies needed.

Shortly before surrendering to the Red Army on February 2, 1943, Friedrich Paulus was promoted to Field Marshal. This was a message from Hitler, because no German Field Marshal had ever surrendered his troops or been taken alive. Only 91,000 German prisoners were taken, including 22 generals, of which only 5,000 men ever returned to Germany after the war. This was to be the greatest, and most costly, battle in terms of human life in history: about 2 million men were killed or wounded on both sides, including civilians, with Axis casualties estimated to be approximately 850,000.


The Pacific (April 1941 – June 1943)
Main articles: Pacific Ocean theater of World War II and South West Pacific theatre of World War II

The American battleships West Virginia and Tennessee under attack at Pearl Harbor
Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1939–43Hitler kept his plan to invade the USSR secret from the Japanese. The USSR, fearing a two-front war, decided to make peace with Japan. On April 13, 1941, the USSR and Japan signed the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact, thus allowing the Japanese to concentrate their attention to the upcoming war in Asia-Pacific.

In the summer of 1941, the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands began an oil embargo against Japan, threatening its ability to fight a major war at sea or in the air. However, Japanese forces continued to advance into China. Japan planned an attack on Pearl Harbor to cripple the U.S. Pacific Fleet, then seize oil fields in the Dutch East Indies.

On December 7, Japan launched virtually simultaneous surprise attacks against Pearl Harbor, Thailand and on the British territories of Malaya and Hong Kong. These attacks were on December 7, 1941 in western international time zones and on December 8 in the east. A Japanese carrier fleet launched an unexpected air attack on Pearl Harbor. The raid destroyed most of the American aircraft on the island and knocked the main American battle fleet out of action (three battleships were sunk, and five more were heavily damaged, though only USS Arizona and USS Oklahoma were permanently lost, the other six battleships were repaired and eventually returned to service). However, the four American aircraft carriers that had been the intended main target of the Japanese attack were off at sea. At Pearl Harbor, the main dock, supply, and repair facilities were quickly repaired. Furthermore, the base's fuel storage facilities, whose destruction could have crippled the Pacific fleet, were untouched. The attack united American public opinion to demand vengeance against Japan. The following day, December 8, the United States declared war on Japan.

Simultaneously with the attack on Hawaii, the Japanese attacked Wake Island, an American territory in the central Pacific. The initial landing attempt was repulsed by the garrison of marines, and fierce resistance continued until December 23. The Japanese sent heavy reinforcements, and the garrison surrendered when it became clear that no American relief force was coming.

Japan also invaded the Philippines, a U.S. Commonwealth, on December 8. American and Filipino forces, under General Douglas MacArthur, were forced to retreat to the Bataan Peninsula. Dogged resistance continued until April, buying precious time for the Allies. Following their surrender, the survivors were led on the Bataan Death March. Allied resistance continued for an additional month on the island fortress of Corregidor, until it too surrendered. General MacArthur, who had been ordered to retreat to Australia, vowed, "I shall return."

Disaster struck the British on December 10, as they lost two major battleships, HMS Prince of Wales and HMS Repulse. Both ships had been attacked by 85 Japanese bombers and torpedo planes based in Saigon, and 840 UK sailors perished. Churchill was to say of the event, "In all of the war I have never received a more direct shock."

Germany declared war on the United States on December 11, even though it was not obliged to do so under the Tripartite Pact. Hitler hoped that Japan would support Germany by attacking the Soviet Union. Japan did not oblige because it had signed a non-aggression treaty with the Soviet Union. Instead, Germany's declaration largely removed any significant opposition to the United States' joining the fight in the European Theater with full commitment.


U.S. Marines rest in the field on Guadalcanal, August-December 1942The Allies were officially formed in the Declaration by United Nations on January 1, 1942. Soon afterwards, the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command (ABDACOM) was formed to unite Allied forces in South East Asia. It was the first Allied supreme command of the war.

On February 19, 1942, Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, leading to the internment of thousands of Japanese, Italians, German Americans, and some emigrants from Hawaii who fled after the bombing of Pearl Harbor for the duration of the war.

ABDACOM naval forces were all but destroyed in the Battle of the Java Sea—the largest naval battle of the war up that point—on February 28 through March 1. The joint command was wound up shortly afterwards, to be replaced by three Allied supreme commands in southern Asia and the Pacific.

In April, the Doolittle Raid, the first Allied air raid on Tokyo, boosted morale in the United States and caused Japan to shift resources to homeland defense, but did little physical damage.

In early May, the Japanese implemented Mo Sakusen (Operation Mo), a plan to take Port Moresby, New Guinea. The first stage was thwarted by the U.S. and Australian navies in the Battle of the Coral Sea. This was both the first battle fought between aircraft carriers, and the first battle where the opposing fleets never made direct visual contact. The American aircraft carrier Lexington was sunk and the Yorktown was severely damaged, while the Japanese lost the light carrier Shōhō and the large carrier Shōkaku suffered moderate damage. Zuikaku lost half of her air complement, and along with Shōkaku, was unable to participate in the upcoming battle at Midway. The battle was a tactical victory for the Japanese, as they inflicted heavier losses on the American fleet, but it was a strategic American victory, as the Japanese attack on Port Moresby was deflected.

In the six months after Pearl Harbor the Japanese had achieved nearly all of their naval objectives. Their fleet of eleven battleships, ten carriers, eighteen heavy and twenty light cruisers remained relatively intact. They had seriously damaged or sunk all U.S. battleships in the Pacific. The British and Dutch Far Eastern fleets had been destroyed, and the Royal Australian Navy had been driven back to port.[3] Their ring of conquests settled on a defensive perimeter of their choosing, extending from the Central Pacific to New Guinea to Burma.

Opposing this, the only significant strategic force remaining to the the Allies was the naval base at Pearl Harbor, including the U.S. Pacific Fleet's three aircraft carriers. Both sides viewed a decisive battle between aircraft carriers as inevitable, and the Japanese were confident in that they held a numerical advantage in heavy carriers of 10:3.[4] They also had an excellent carrier-based aircraft in the Zero. The Japanese sent a task force towards Midway Island, an outlier of the Hawaiian Islands, with the goal of drawing the remainder of the American fleet to battle. On June 5, American carrier-based dive-bombers sighted the Japanese force and sank four of Japan's best aircraft carriers in the Battle of Midway, at the cost of the carrier Yorktown. This was a major victory for the United States, and marked the turning point of the war in the Pacific. American shipbuilding and aircraft production vastly outpaced the Japanese, and the Japanese fleet would never again enjoy such numerical superiority.

In July, the Japanese attempted to take Port Moresby by land, along the Kokoda Track, a rugged, single-file path through the jungle and mountains. An outnumbered, untrained and ill-equipped Australian battalion—awaiting the return of regular units from North Africa and the U.S. Army—waged a fighting retreat against a 5,000-strong Japanese force.

On August 7, U.S. Marines began the Battle of Guadalcanal. For the next six months, U.S. forces fought Japanese forces for control of the island. Meanwhile, several naval encounters raged in the nearby waters, including the Battle of Savo Island, Battle of Cape Esperance, Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, and Battle of Tassafaronga.

In late August and early September, while battle raged on the Kokoda Track and Guadalcanal, an attack by Japanese marines at the eastern tip of New Guinea was defeated by Australian forces, in the Battle of Milne Bay. This was the first defeat for Japanese land forces during the Pacific War.

On January 22, after a bitter battle at Gona and Buna, Australian and U.S. forces took back the major Japanese beachheads in eastern New Guinea.

American authorities declared Guadalcanal secure on February 9. U.S., New Zealand, Australian and Pacific Island forces undertook the prolonged campaign to retake the occupied parts of the Solomon Islands, New Guinea, and the Dutch East Indies, experiencing some of the toughest resistance of the war. The rest of the Solomon Islands were retaken in 1943.


China and Southeast Asia (September 1941 – March 1944)
Main articles: Battle of Singapore and Battle of Changde

Lieutenant-General Arthur Percival, led by a Japanese officer, marches under a flag of truce to negotiate the capitulation of Allied forces in Singapore, on February 15, 1942. It was the worst defeat in British history.By 1940, the war had reached a stalemate with both sides making minimal gains. The United States provided heavy financial support for China and set up the Flying Tigers air unit to bolster Chinese air forces.

Japanese forces invaded northern parts of French Indo-China on September 22. The move was not unexpected, and followed a demand for bases in the region made two months earlier. Japanese relations with the west had deteriorated steadily in recent years and United States, having renounced the U.S.-Japanese trade treaty of 1911, placed embargoes on exports to Japan of war and other materials.

Less than 24 hours after the Attack on Pearl Harbor, Japan invaded Hong Kong. The Philippines and the British colonies of Malaya, Borneo, and Burma soon followed, with Japan's intention of seizing the oilfields of the Dutch East Indies. Despite fierce resistance by Philippine, Australian, New Zealand, British, Canadian, Indian, and American forces, all these territories capitulated to the Japanese in a matter of months. Singapore fell to the Japanese on February 15. Approximately 80,000 British Commonwealth personnel (along with 50,000 taken in Malaya), went into Japanese POW camps, representing the largest-ever surrender of British-led personnel. Churchill considered the British defeat at Singapore as one of the most humiliating British defeats of all time.



The Battle of Changde, called the Stalingrad of the East. China and Japan lost a combined total of 100,000 men in this battle.Japan launched a major offensive in China following the attack on Pearl Harbor. The aim of the offensive was to take the strategically important city of Changsha, which the Japanese had failed to capture on two previous occasions. For the attack, the Japanese massed 120,000 soldiers under four divisions. The Chinese responded with 300,000 men, and soon the Japanese army was encircled and had to retreat.

The Chinese Nationalist Kuomintang Army, under Chiang Kai-shek, and the Communist Chinese Army, under Mao Zedong, both opposed the Japanese occupation of China, but never truly allied against the Japanese. Conflict between Nationalist and Communist forces emerged long before the war; it continued after and, to an extent, even during the war, though less openly.

The Japanese had captured most of Burma, severing the Burma Road by which the Western Allies had been supplying the Chinese Nationalists. This loss forced the Allies to create a large sustained airlift from India, known as "flying the Hump". Under the American General Joseph Stilwell, Chinese forces in India were retrained and re-equipped, while preparations were made to drive the Ledo Road from India to replace the Burma Road. This effort was to prove an enormous engineering task.


The Atlantic (September 1939 - May 1945)
Main article: Battle of the Atlantic (1939-1945)

The U-Boat U-47 returns from sinking HMS Royal Oak, with the battlecruiser Scharnhorst in the background“ The only thing that ever really frightened me during the War was the U-boat peril. ”
  — Winston Churchill

In the North Atlantic, German U-boats interdicted Allied transatlantic merchant shipping, attempting to cut supply lines to the United Kingdom and the USSR. One U-boat sank the British carrier HMS Courageous, while another managed to sink the battleship HMS Royal Oak in her home anchorage of Scapa Flow. Altogether, the U-boats sank more than 110 vessels in the first four months of the war.

In addition to U-boats, surface raiders posed a threat to Allied shipping. In the South Atlantic, the German pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee sank nine British Merchant Navy vessels. She was tracked down off the coast of South America, then engaged by the cruisers HMS Ajax, HMS Exeter, and HMNZS Achilles in the Battle of the River Plate, and forced into Montevideo Harbor. Rather than face battle again, Captain Langsdorff made for sea and scuttled his battleship just outside the harbor.

On May 24, 1941, the German battleship Bismarck left port, threatening to break out into the Atlantic. She sank HMS Hood, one of the finest battlecruisers in the Royal Navy. A massive hunt ensued, in which the German battleship was sunk after a 1,700-mile (2,700 kilometer) chase. During this chase the British employed eight battleships and battle cruisers, two aircraft carriers, 11 cruisers, 21 destroyers, and six submarines. Fairey Swordfish torpedo bombers from aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal struck the Bismarck, causing her rudder to jam and allowing the pursuing Royal Navy squadrons to catch and sink her.

Following the entry of the United States into the war in December 1941, U-boats sank shipping along the East Coast of the United States, the Caribbean Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico. They were initially so successful that this became known among U-boat crews as the Second happy time. Eventually, the institution of shore blackouts and an interlocking convoy system resulted in a drop in attacks and U-boats shifted their operations back to the mid-Atlantic.

On May 9, 1942 the destroyer HMS Bulldog captured a German U-Boat and recovered a complete, intact Enigma Machine, an encryption device. The machine was taken to Bletchley Park, England, where it was used to break the German code. Thereafter the Allies enjoyed an advantage in that they could intercept and understand some German radio communications, directing naval forces to where they would be most effective.


A German U-boat under attack by Allied aircraftIn December 1943, the last major sea battle between the Royal Navy and the German Navy took place. At the Battle of North Cape, Germany's last battlecruiser, the Scharnhorst, was sunk by HMS Duke of York, HMS Belfast, and several destroyers.

The turning point of the Battle of the Atlantic took place in early 1943 as the Allies refined their naval tactics, effectively making use of new technology to counter the U-Boats. The Allies produced ships faster than they were sunk, and lost fewer ships by adopting the convoy system. Improved anti-submarine warfare meant that the life expectancy of a typical U-boat crew would be measured in months. The vastly improved Type 21 U-boat appeared as the war was ending, but too late to affect the outcome.


The Western Front (September 1940 – June 1944)
Main article: Strategic bombing during World War II

Picture taken after the failed Canadian assault on the beach at DieppeApart from Italy, Western Europe saw very little fighting from September 1940-June 1944. British and Canadian forces launched a small raid on the occupied French seaport of Dieppe, on August 19, 1942, whose aim was to test and gain information for an invasion of Europe which would happen later in the war. The Dieppe Raid was a total disaster but it provided critical information about amphibious tactics which would be utilized later in Operation Torch and Operation Overlord.

In December 1941, following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor which brought the United States into the war, Churchill and Roosevelt met at the Arcadia Conference. They agreed that defeating Germany had priority over defeating Japan. To relieve German pressure on the Soviet Union, the United States proposed a 1942 cross-channel invasion of France. The British opposed this, suggesting instead a small invasion of Norway or landings in French North Africa. The Declaration by the United Nations was issued, and the Western Allies invaded North Africa first.


The remains of German town of Wesel after intensive allied area bombing in 1945 (destruction rate 97% of all buildings)With the entry of the United States into the War, the aerial war turned in favor of the Allies by late 1942. The U.S. air force began the first daylight bombing of Germany, which allowed for more precise targeting but exposed the attackers to more danger. Meanwhile the British and the Canadians bombed Germany during the night targeting German cities and war industries. This effort was orchestrated by Air Chief Marshall Harris, who became known as 'Bomber Harris'. Additionally, Winston Churchill ordered "terror raids" intended to wipe out whole cities in one go, by incendiary devices causing firestorms, thus depriving German workers of their homes. Mass raids involving upwards of 500 to 1000 heavy bombers at a time were undertaken against airfields, industrial centers, submarine bases, rail-marshalling yards, oil depots and, in the later stages of the war, launching sites for weapons such as the V-1 missile (nicknamed 'doodlebug'), the V-2 rocket and a jet-engined plane, the Messerschmitt Me 262. The Luftwaffe was overwhelmed and had only a few operational planes left by late 1944 on the Western Front. By 1945, all major German cities were burnt-out ruins.

The Allies also began sabotage missions against Germany such as Operation Anthropoid in which Reinhard Heydrich, the architect of the Final Solution was assassinated in May 1942 by Czech resistance agents send flow in from the United Kingdom. Hitler ordered severe reprisals against the occupants of the nearby Czechoslovakian village of Lidice. All the while, the Allies continued to build up their forces in the United Kingdom for an eventual invasion of Western Europe which was planned for late spring or early summer of 1944.


The Mediterranean (May 1943 – March 1945)
Main article: Italian Campaign (World War II)
The surrender of Axis forces in Tunisia on May 13, 1943, yielded some 250,000 prisoners. The North African war proved to be a disaster for Italy, and when the Allies invaded Sicily on July 10 in Operation Husky, capturing the island in a little over a month, the regime of Benito Mussolini collapsed. On July 25, he was removed from office by Victor Emmanuel III, the King of Italy, and arrested with the positive consent of the Great Fascist Council. A new government, led by Pietro Badoglio, took power and declared ostensibly that Italy would stay in the war. Badoglio had already begun secret peace negotiations with the Allies.

The Allies invaded mainland Italy on September 3, 1943. Italy surrendered to the Allies on September 8, as had been agreed in negotiations. The royal family and Badoglio government escaped to the south, leaving the Italian army without orders, while the Germans took over the fight, forcing the Allies to a complete halt in the winter of 1943–44 at the Gustav Line south of Rome.

In the north, Mussolini, with Nazi support, created what was effectively a puppet state, the Italian Social Republic or Republic of Salò, named after the new capital of Salò on Lake Garda.

Mid-1943 brought the fifth and final German Sutjeska offensive against the Yugoslav partisans.


Cassino is destroyed after heavy bombardmentFollowing Italy's surrender, German troops took over the defense of the Italian peninsula and established the Gustav line in the southern Apennine Mountains south of Rome. The Allies were unable to break this line, and so attempted to bypass it with an amphibious landing at Anzio on January 22, 1944. The landing, named Operation Shingle, quickly became encircled by the Germans and bogged down, leading Churchill to comment, "Instead of hurling a wildcat onto the shore all we got was a stranded whale."

Unable to circumvent the Gustav line, the Allies again attempted to break through with frontal assaults. On February 15, the monastery of Monte Cassino, founded in 524 by St. Benedict was destroyed by American B-17 and B-26 bombers. Crack German paratroopers poured back into the ruins to defend it. From January 12 to May 18, it was assaulted four times by Allied troops, for a loss of over 54,000 Allied and 20,000 German soldiers.

After months, the Gustav line was broken and the Allies marched north. On June 4, Rome was liberated, and the Allied army reached Florence in August. It then was held at the Gothic Line on the Tuscan Apennines during the winter.


The Eastern Front (February 1943 – January 1945)
Main articles: Third Battle of Kharkov, Battle of Kursk, Battle of the Lower Dnieper, Operation Bagration, and Lvov-Sandomierz Offensive

Soviet soldiers crossing the River Dneiper under German fire.After the surrender of the German Sixth Army at Stalingrad on February 2, 1943, the Red Army launched eight offensives during the winter. Many were concentrated along the Don basin near Stalingrad. These attacks resulted in initial gains until German forces were able to take advantage of the over extended and weakened condition of the Red Army and launch a counter attack to re-capture the city of Kharkov and surrounding areas. This was to be the last major strategic German victory of World War II.


Waffen-SS Panzergrenadiers and Tiger tanks of the SS Panzergrenadier Division Totenkopf during the start of Operation ZitadelleThe rains of spring inhibited campaigning in the Soviet Union, but both sides used the interval to build up for the inevitable battle that would come in the summer. The start date for the offensive had been moved repeatedly as delays in preparation had forced the Germans to postpone the attack. By July 4, the Wehrmacht, after assembling their greatest concentration of firepower during the whole of World War II, launched their offensive against the Soviet Union at the Kursk salient. Their intentions were known by the Soviets, who hastened to defend the salient with an enormous system of earthwork defenses. The Germans attacked from both the north and south of the salient and hoped to meet in the middle, cutting off the salient and trapping 60 Soviet divisions. The German offensive in the Northern sector was ground down as little progress was made through the Soviet defenses but in the Southern Sector there was a danger of a German breakthrough. The Soviets then brought up their reserves to contain the German thrust in the Southern sector, and the ensuing Battle of Kursk became the largest tank battle of the war, near the city of Prokhorovka. The Germans lacking any sizable reserves had exhausted their armored forces and could not stop the Soviet counteroffensive that threw them back across their starting positions.

The Soviets captured Kharkov following their victory at Kursk and with the Autumn rains threatening, Hitler agreed to a general withdrawal to the Dnieper line in August. As September proceeded into October, the Germans found the Dnieper line impossible to hold as the Soviet bridgeheads grew. Important Dnieper towns started to fall, with Zaporozhye the first to go, followed by Dnepropetrovsk. Early in November the Soviets broke out of their bridgeheads on either side of Kiev and recaptured the Ukrainian capital. The 1st Ukrainian Front attacked at Korosten on Christmas Eve, and the Soviet advance continued along the railway line until the 1939 Soviet-Polish border was reached.


Soviet advances from August 1943 to December 1944.The Soviets launched their winter offensive in January 1944 in the Northern sector and relieved the brutal siege of Leningrad. The Germans conducted an orderly retreat from the Leningrad area to a shorter line based on the lakes to the south. By March the Soviets struck into Romania from Ukraine. The Soviet forces encircled the First Panzer Army north of the Dniestr river. The Germans escaped the pocket in April, saving most of their men but losing their heavy equipment. During April, the Red Army launched a series of attacks near the city of Iaşi, Romania, aimed at capturing the strategically important sector which they hoped to use as a springboard into Romania for a summer offensive. The Soviets were held back by the German and Romanian forces when they launched the attack through the forest of Târgul Frumos as Axis forces successfully defended the sector through the month of April.

As Soviet troops neared Hungary, German troops occupied Hungary on March 20. Hitler thought that Hungarian leader Admiral Miklós Horthy might no longer be a reliable ally. Germany's other Axis ally, Finland had sought a separate peace with Stalin in February 1944, but would not accept the initial terms offered. On June 9, the Soviet Union began the Fourth strategic offensive on the Karelian Isthmus that, after three months, forced Finland to accept an armistice.

Before the Soviet could begin their Summer offensive into Belarus they had to clear the Crimea peninsula of Axis forces. Remnants of the German Seventeenth Army of Army Group South and some Romanian forces were cut off and left behind in the peninsula when the Germans retreated from the Ukraine. In early May, the Red Army's 3rd Ukrainian Front attacked the Germans and the ensuing battle was a complete victory of the Soviet forces and a botched evacuation effort across the Black Sea by Germany failed.

With the Crimea cleared, the long awaited Soviet summer offensive codenamed, Operation Bagration, began on June 22, 1944 which involved 2.5 million men and 6,000 tanks. Its objective was to clear German troops from Belarus and crush German Army Group Center which was defending that sector. The offensive was timed to coincide with the Allied landings in Normandy but delays caused the offensive to be postponed for a few weeks. The subsequent battle resulted in the destruction of German Army Group Centre and over 800,000 German casualties, the greatest defeat for the Wehrmacht during the war. The Soviets swept forward, reaching the outskirts of Warsaw on July 31.


Ruins of the Bank Polski after the Warsaw UprisingThe proximity of the Red Army led the Poles in Warsaw to believe they would soon be liberated. On August 1, they revolted as part of the wider Operation Tempest. Nearly 40,000 Polish resistance fighters seized control of the city. The Soviets, however, did not advance any further. [1] The only assistance given to the Poles was artillery fire, as German army units moved into the city to put down the revolt. The resistance ended on October 2. German units then destroyed most of what was left of the city.


Bucharesters greet Romania's new ally, the Red Army, on 31 August 1944.Following the destruction of German Army Group Center, the Soviets attacked German forces in the south in mid-July 1944, and in a month's time they cleared Ukraine of German presence inflicting heavy losses on the Germans. Once Ukraine had been cleared the Soviet forces struck into Romania. The Red Army's 2nd and 3rd Ukrainian Fronts engaged German Heeresgruppe Südukraine, which consisted of German and Romanian formations, in an operation to occupy Romania and destroy the German formations in the sector. The result of the Battle of Romania was a complete victory for the Red Army, and a switch of Romania from the Axis to the Allied camp. Bulgaria surrendered to the Red Army in September. Following the German retreat from Romania, the Soviets entered Hungary in October 1944 but the German Sixth Army encircled and destroyed three corps of Marshal Rodion Yakovlevich Malinovsky'sGroup Pliyev near Debrecen, Hungary. The rapid assault the Soviets had hoped that would lead to the capture of Budapest was now halted and Hungary would remain Germany's ally until the end of the war in Europe. This battle would be the last German victory in the Eastern Front.

The Soviets recovered from their defeat in Debrecen and advancing columns of the Red Army liberated Belgrade in late December and reached Budapest on December 29, 1944 and en-circled the city where over 188,000 Axis troops were trapped including many German Waffen-SS. The Germans held out till February 13, 1945 and the siege became one of the bloodiest of the war. Meanwhile the Red Army's 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Baltic Fronts engaged the remnants of German Army Group Center and Army Group North to capture the Baltic region from the Germans in October 1944. The result of the series of battles was a permanent loss of contact between Army Groups North and Centre, and the creation of the Courland Pocket in Latvia where the entire German Eighteenth Army which fielded twenty Infantry and two Panzer divisions were trapped and would remain there till the end of the war.


The Pacific (June 1943 – July 1945)
Main articles: New Guinea campaign, Solomon Islands campaign, Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign, Mariana and Palau Islands campaign, Philippines campaign (1944-45), Battle of Iwo Jima, and Battle of Okinawa
On June 30, the Allies launched Operation Cartwheel, a grand strategy for the South and South West Pacific, aimed at isolating the major Japanese base at Rabaul, before proceeding on an "island-hopping" campaign towards Japan. Three main objectives were identified: recapturing Tulagi and the Santa Cruz Islands; recapturing the north coast of New Guinea, and the central Solomon Islands and; the reduction of Rabaul and related bases.

By September, Australian and U.S. forces in New Guinea had captured the major Japanese bases at Salamaua and Lae. Soon afterwards they launched the Huon Peninsula, the Finisterre Range, Bougainville, and New Britain campaigns.

In November, U.S. Marines won the Battle of Tarawa. This was the first heavily opposed amphibious assault in the Pacific theater. The high casualties taken by the Marines sparked off a storm of protest in the United States, where the large losses could not be understood for such a tiny and seemingly unimportant island. The Allies adopted a policy of bypassing some Japanese island strongholds and letting them "wither on the vine", cut off from supplies and troop reinforcements.

The Allied advance continued in the Pacific with the capture of the Marshall Islands before the end of February. Some 42,000 U.S. Army soldiers and U.S. Marines landed on Kwajalein atoll on January 31. Fierce fighting occurred, and the island was taken on February 6. U.S. Marines next defeated the Japanese in the Battle of Eniwetok.

The U.S. strategic objective was to gain airbases within bombing range of the new B-29s on the Mariana Islands, especially Saipan, Tinian and Guam. On June 11, the U.S. Naval fleet bombarded Saipan, defended by 32,000 Japanese troops; 77,000 Marines landed starting the 15th, and the island was secure by July 9. The Japanese committed much of their declining naval strength in the Battle of the Philippine Sea, but suffered severe losses in both ships and aircraft. After the battle, the Japanese aircraft carrier force was no longer militarily effective. With the capture of Saipan, Japan was finally within range of B-29 bombers.

Guam was invaded on July 21 and taken on August 10, but the Japanese fought fanatically. Mopping-up operations continued long after the Battle of Guam was officially over. The island of Tinian was invaded on July 24 and was conquered on August 1. This operation saw the first use of napalm in the war.[citation needed]


"I have returned." — A famous photo of Gen. MacArthur coming ashore back to the Philippines. Photo taken by Carl Mydans of Life magazine.General MacArthur's troops liberated the Philippines, landing on the island of Leyte on October 20. The Japanese had prepared a rigorous defense and used the last of their naval forces in a failed attempt to destroy the invasion force in the Battle of Leyte Gulf, October 23 through October 26, 1944, arguably the largest naval battle in history. This was the first battle that employed Japanese kamikaze attacks. The Japanese battleship Musashi, one of the two largest battleships ever built, was sunk by 19 American torpedoes and 17 bombs.

Throughout 1944, Allied submarines and aircraft attacked Japanese merchant shipping and deprived Japan's industry of the raw materials it had gone to war to obtain. The main target was oil, and Japan ran almost dry by late 1944. In 1944, submarines sank over two million tons of cargo,[5] while the Japanese were only able to replace less than one million tons.[6]

In January 1945, the U.S. Sixth Army landed on Luzon, the main island of the Philippines. Manila was recaptured by March.

The United States captured Iwo Jima in February. The island was psychologically important because it was traditional Japanese territory, administered by the Tokyo prefecture. It was heavily defended with many underground entrenchments, but was eventually taken by Marines after they captured Mount Suribachi, a keystone of the defense. Iwo Jima proved invaluable because of its two airfields that were used for emergency landings for B29's and because it was close enough to provide fighter escort that could reach the Japanese Home Islands.[7]

With the subsequent capture of Okinawa (April through June), the U.S. brought the Japanese homeland within easier range of naval and air attack. The Japanese defended the island with ground forces, kamikazes, and with the one-way suicide mission of the battleship Yamato, which was sunk by American dive-bombers. Amongst dozens of other Japanese cities, Tokyo was firebombed, and about 90,000 people died from the initial attack. The dense living conditions around production centres and the wooden residential constructions contributed to the large loss of life. In addition, the ports and major waterways of Japan were extensively mined by air in Operation Starvation, which seriously disrupted the logistics of the island nation.

The last major offensive in the South West Pacific Area was the Borneo campaign of mid-1945, which was aimed at further isolating the remaining Japanese forces in Southeast Asia and securing the release of Allied prisoners of war.


China and Southeast Asia (March 1944 – June 1945)
Main articles: Battle of Henan-Hunan-Guangxi and Battle of Imphal

The Indian Army's Gurkha Rifles crossing the Irrawaddy River on 27 January 1945. The Gurkhas were involved in hard fought actions with the Japanese during the early months of 1945.In April 1944, the Japanese launched Operation Ichigo, to secure the railway route from Peking to Nanking, and to clear southern China of American airfields under the command of General Chennault.[8] The operation was successful in that it opened a continuous corridor from Peking to Indochina, and the airfields were forced to relocate inland. However it failed to destroy the army of Chiang Kai-shek, and the Americans soon acquired the Marianas, from which they could bomb the Japanese Home Islands.

While the Americans steadily built the Ledo Road from India to China, in March 1944, the Japanese began their own offensive into India. This "march to Delhi" was instigated by local commanders, and the leadership of the Japanese auxiliaries, the Indian National Army. The Japanese attempted to destroy the main British and Indian forces at Imphal, resulting in some of the most ferocious fighting of the war. While the encircled allied troops were reinforced and resupplied by transport aircraft until fresh troops broke the siege, the Japanese ran out of supplies and starved. They eventually retreated losing 85,000 men, one of the largest Japanese defeats of the war.

During the monsoon from August to November 1944, the Japanese were pursued to the Chindwin River in Burma. With the onset of the dry season in early 1945, while the American and Chinese forces finally completed the Ledo Road, although too late to have any decisive effect, the British Fourteenth Army, consisting of Indian, British, and African units, launched an offensive into Central Burma. The Japanese forces were heavily defeated, and the Allies pursued them southward, taking Rangoon on May 2 (see Operation Dracula).


The Western Front (June 1944 – January 1945)
Main articles: Battle of Normandy, Operation Market Garden, and Battle of the Bulge

American troops disembark in the surf at Omaha Beach on D-Day, 6 June 1944.On "D-Day" (June 6, 1944), the western Allies of mainly the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada invaded German-held Normandy.[9] Prior to this the Germans had constructed an elaborate series of fortifications along the coast called the Atlantic Wall. The Allied forces under supreme command of Dwight D. Eisenhower had launched an elaborate deception campaign to convince the Germans that the landings would occur in the Calais area which caused the Germans to deploy the German Seventh Army and Fifth Panzer Army in that sector. Only three days after the invasion did the German high command realize that Normandy was the actual invasion but by then the Allies had already consolidated their beachheads. The British had hoped to capture Caen on the first day but that proved too ambitious. The British launched another attack a few days later but were held back as the Germans had moved in large number of troops to hold the city. The city was to remain in German hands for another 6 weeks. The bocage terrain of Normandy where the Americans had landed made it ideal ground for defensive warfare. Nevertheless, they made steady progress and captured the deep-water port of Cherbourg on June 26, one of the primary objectives of the invasion. However, the Germans had mined the harbor and destroyed most of the port facilities before surrendering, and it would be another month before the port could be brought back into limited use.


British Troops take cover on Sword BeachAllied firepower, improved tactics, and numerical superiority eventually resulted in a breakout of American mechanized forces at the western end of the Normandy pocket in Operation Cobra on July 23. When Hitler learned of the American breakout, he ordered his forces in Normandy to launch an immediate counter-offensive. However the German forces moving in open countryside were now easily targeted by Allied aircraft, as they had initially escaped Allied air attacks due to their well camouflaged defensive positions.

The Americans placed strong formations on their flanks which blunted the attack and then began to encircle the 7th Army and 5th Panzer Army in the Falaise Pocket. Some 50,000 Germans were captured, but 100,000 managed to escape the pocket. Worse still, the British and Canadians who had been bogged down in their sector now began to break through the German lines. Any hope the Germans had of containing the Allied thrust into France by forming new defensive lines was now gone. The German forces retreated into Northern France, Holland and Belgium. By August 1944, Allied forces stationed in Italy invaded the French Riviera on August 15 and linked up with forces from Normandy. The clandestine French Resistance in Paris rose against the Germans on August 19, and a French armored division under General Philippe Leclerc, pressing forward from Normandy, received the surrender of the German forces there and liberated the city on August 25.


American troops march down the Champs Elysées in Paris
A V-1 flying bomb in flightThe Germans launched the V-1 flying bomb, the world's first cruise missile to attack targets in UK. Later, they would employ the V-2 rocket, a liquid-fuelled guided ballistic missile. However the weapon was not accurate and could only target large targets like cities and thus was not able to play a decisive role in the war.


British paratroopers land during Operation Market GardenLogistical problems plagued the Allies' advance east as the supply lines still ran back to the beaches of Normandy. Allied paratroopers and armor attempted a war-winning advance through the Netherlands and across the Rhine River with Operation Market Garden in September, but they were repulsed. A decisive victory by the Canadian First Army in the Battle of the Scheldt secured the entrance to the port of Antwerp, which freed it to receive supplies by late November 1944. Meanwhile, the Americans launched an attack through the Hurtgen Forest in September; the Germans, despite having smaller numbers, were able to use the difficult terrain and good defensive positions to hold back the Americans for over 5 months. In October, the Americans captured Aachen, the first major German city to be occupied.

In December 1944, the German Army made its last major offensive in the West, known as the Battle of the Bulge. With Hitler's Eastern flank collapsing in, he sought victory similar to the 1940 Ardennes offensive, which he envisioned would drive back the Western Allies and force them to agree to a separate peace. Poor weather during the initial days of the offensive favored the Germans, because Allied aircraft were grounded. At first, the Germans scored successes against the unprepared Allied forces. The lead group of panzers, Kampfgruppe Peiper led by Jochen Peiper, got so far out in front that he created a "bulge" in the American lines, hence the name of the battle.

Stubborn U.S. resistance at St. Vith and by the surrounded 101st Airborne Division at Bastogne, an important crossroads, blunted the German advance. The arrival of the U.S. Third Army under General George Smith Patton, Jr. ended the German threat, and further counterattacks trapped many German units in the resulting pocket. On January 7, Hitler gave the order for his remaining forces to retreat. It was the bloodiest battle in U.S. military history.


The Eastern Front (January 1945 – April 1945)
Main articles: Vistula-Oder Offensive and Battle of Berlin

Berlin and Prague offensive on the Eastern Front, 1945.
Marshal of the Soviet Union Georgiy Konstantinovich Zhukov.On January 12, the Soviet Army was ready for its next big offensive. Konev’s armies attacked the Germans in southern Poland and expanded out from their Vistula River bridgehead near Sandomierz. On January 14, Rokossovskiy’s armies attacked from the Narew River north of Warsaw. Zhukov's armies in the centre attacked from their bridgeheads near Warsaw. The combined Soviet offensive broke the defences covering East Prussia, leaving the German front in chaos.

Zhukov took Warsaw by January 17 and by January 19, his tanks took Łódź. That same day, Konev'sforces reached the German pre-war border. At the end of the first week of the offensive, the Soviets had penetrated 160 kilometers (100 mi) deep on a front that was 650 kilometers (400 mi) wide. The Soviet onslaught finally halted on the Oder River at the end of January, only 60 kilometers (40 mi) from Berlin.

The Soviets had hoped to capture Berlin by mid-February but that proved hopelessly optimistic. German resistance which had all but collapsed during the initial phase of the attack had stiffened immeasurably. The Russian supply lines were over extended and discipline among Soviet troops as they were unleashed on German territory all but collapsed. The spring thaw, the lack of air support, and fear of encirclement through flank attacks from East Prussia, Pommern and Silesia led to a general halt in the Soviet offensive. The newly created Army Group Vistula, under the command of Heinrich Himmler, attempted a counter-attack on the exposed flank of the Soviet Army but failed by February 24. This made it clear to Zhukov that the flank had to be secure before any attack on Berlin could be mounted. The Soviets then re-organized their forces and then struck north and cleared Pomerania and Silesia of German troops. In the south, three German attempts to relieve the encircled Budapest garrison failed, and the city fell to the Soviets on February 13. Again the Germans counter-attacked; Hitler insisting on the impossible task of regaining the Danube River. By March 16, the attack had failed, and the Red Army counter-attacked the same day. On March 30, they entered Austria and captured Vienna on April 13.


Red Army soldiers raising the Soviet flag on the roof of the Reichstag in Berlin, GermanyHitler had believed that the main Soviet target for their upcoming offensive would be in the south near Prague and not Berlin and had send the last remaining German reserves to defend that sector. The Red Army's main goal was in fact Berlin and by April 16 it was ready to begin its final assault on Berlin. Zhukov's forces struck from the center and crossed the Oder river but got bogged down under stiff German resistance around Seelow Heights. After three days of very heavy fighting and 30,000 Russian soldiers dead, the last defenses of Berlin was breached. Konev crossed the Oder river from the South and was within striking distance of Berlin but Stalin ordered Konev to guard the flanks of Zhukov's forces and not attack Berlin, as Stalin had promised the capture of Berlin to Zhukov[citation needed]. Rokossovskiy’s forces crossed the Oder from the North and linked up with British Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery's forces in northern Germany while the forces of Zhukov and Konev captured Berlin.

By April 24, the Soviet army groups had encircled the German Ninth Army and part of the 4th Panzer Army. These were main forces that were supposed to defend Berlin but Hitler had issued orders for these forces to hold their ground and not retreat. Thus the main German forces which were suppose to defend Berlin were trapped south east of the Berlin. The city was encircled around the same time and as a final resistance effort, Hitler called for civilians, including teenagers and the elderly, to fight in the Volkssturm militia against the oncoming Red Army. Those marginal forces were augmented by the battered German remnants who had fought the Soviets in Seelow Heights. Hitler ordered the encircled Ninth Army to break out and link up with the Twelfth Army of General Walther Wenck and relieve Berlin. An impossible task, the surviving units of the Ninth Army were instead driven into the forests around Berlin near the village of Halbe where they were involved in particularly fierce fighting trying to break through the Soviet lines and reach the Twelfth Army. A minority managed to join with the Twelfth Army and fight their way west to surrender to the Americans. Meanwhile the fierce urban fighting continued in Berlin. The Germans had stockpiled a very large quantity of panzerfausts and took a very heavy toll on Soviet tanks in the rubble filled streets of Berlin. However, the Soviets employed the lessons they learned during the urban fighting of Stalingrad and were slowly advancing to the center of the city. German forces in the city resisted tenaciously, in particular the SS Nordland which was made of foreign SS volunteers, because they were ideologically motivated and they believed that they would not live if captured. The fighting was house-to-house and hand-to-hand. The Soviets sustained 360,000 casualties; the Germans sustained 450,000 including civilians and above that 170,000 captured. Hitler and his staff moved into the Führerbunker, a concrete bunker beneath the Chancellery, where on April 30, 1945, he committed suicide, along with his bride, Eva Braun.


War ends in Europe
Main articles: Yalta Conference, End of World War II in Europe, and Prague Offensive
On January 14, the U.S. XII Corps and British 2nd Army launched Operation Blackcock in order to clear the Roer Triangle, a German-held salient between the rivers Maas and Roer south of Roermond. By January 27, the German forces were driven east of the Roer.


Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Joseph Stalin at Yalta in 1945.Meanwhile, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin made arrangements for post-war Europe at the Yalta Conference in February 1945. Their meeting resulted in many important resolutions such as the formation of the United Nations, democratic elections in Poland, borders of Poland moved westwards at the expense of Germany, Soviet nationals were to be repatriated and it was agreed that Soviet Union would attack Japan within three months of Germany's surrender.


U.S. General Omar Bradley led the advance into GermanyThe Allies resumed their advance into Germany in late January. The final obstacle to the Allies was the river Rhine, which was crossed in late March 1945, aided by the fortuitous capture of the Ludendorff Bridge at Remagen. Once the Allies had crossed the Rhine, the British fanned out northeast towards Hamburg, crossing the river Elbe and moving on towards Denmark and the Baltic Sea. The U.S. 9th Army went south as the northern pincer of the Ruhr encirclement, and the U.S. 1st Army went north as the southern pincer of the Ruhr encirclement. These armies were commanded by General Omar Bradley who had over 1,300,000 men under his control. On April 4, the encirclement was completed, and the German Army Group B commanded by Field Marshal Walther Model was trapped in the Ruhr Pocket. Some 300,000 German soldiers became prisoners of war. The 1st and 9th U.S. armies then turned east. They halted their advance at the Elbe river where they met up with Soviet troops in mid-April.

Allied advances in the winter of 1944–45 up the Italian peninsula had been slow because of the mountains and troop re-deployments to France. By April 9, the British/American 15th Army Group broke through the Gothic Line and attacked the Po Valley, gradually enclosing the main German forces. Milan was taken by the end of April. The U.S. 5th Army continued to move west and linked up with French units. The New Zealand Second Division entered Trieste to confront Yugoslav partisans, who were intending to make the city part of Yugoslavia.

A few days before the surrender of German troops in Italy, Italian partisans captured Mussolini trying to make his escape to Switzerland. He was executed, along with his mistress, Clara Petacci. Their bodies were taken to Milan and hung upside down on public display.


Marshals of the Soviet Union Zhukov (on the white horse) and Rokossovskiy at the Victory Parade in Red Square on June 24, 1945.Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz became leader of the German government after the death of Hitler, but the German war effort quickly disintegrated. German forces in Berlin surrendered the city to Soviet troops on May 2, 1945.

The German forces in Italy surrendered on May 2, 1945, at General Alexander's headquarters, and German forces in northern Germany, Denmark, and the Netherlands surrendered on May 4. The surrender in Italy was preceded by the controversial secret Operation Sunrise in March 1945, during which the Great Britain and the United States were accused by the Soviet Union of trying to reach a separate peace. The German High Command under Generaloberst Alfred Jodl surrendered unconditionally all remaining German forces on May 7 in Rheims, France. The western Allies celebrated "V-E Day" on May 8.

The Soviet Union celebrated "Victory Day" on May 9. Some remnants of German Army Group Center continued resistance until May 11 or May 12 (see Prague Offensive). [2]


War ends in Asia
Main articles: Potsdam Conference, Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and Operation August Storm

Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong met in the wartime capital of Chongqing, to toast to the Chinese victory over Japan.The last Allied conference of World War II was held at the suburb of Potsdam, outside Berlin, from July 17 to August 2. During the Potsdam Conference, agreements were reached among the Allies on policies for occupied Germany. An ultimatum was issued calling for the unconditional surrender of Japan.


The mushroom cloud resulting from the nuclear weapon known as Fat Man rises 18 km (11 mi, 60,000 ft) over Nagasaki from the nuclear explosion hypocenter.U.S. president Harry Truman decided to use the new atomic weapon to bring the war to a swifter end. The battle for Okinawa had shown that an invasion of the Japanese mainland (planned for November) would result large numbers of American casualties. The official estimate given to the Secretary of War was 1.4 to four million Allied casualties, though some historians dispute whether this would have been the case. Invasion would have meant the death of millions of Japanese soldiers and civilians, who were being trained as militia.

On August 6, 1945, a B-29 Superfortress, the Enola Gay, dropped a nuclear weapon dubbed Little Boy on Hiroshima, destroying the city. On August 9, a B-29 named Bockscar dropped the second atomic bomb, dubbed Fat Man, on the port city of Nagasaki.

On August 8, two days after the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, the Soviet Union, having renounced its nonaggression pact with Japan in April, attacked the Japanese in Manchuria, fulfilling its Yalta pledge to attack the Japanese within three months after the end of the war in Europe. The attack was made by three Soviet army groups. In less than two weeks, the Japanese army in Manchuria, consisting of over a million men, had been destroyed by the Soviets. The Red Army moved into North Korea on August 18. Korea was subsequently divided at the 38th parallel into Soviet and U.S. zones.

The American use of atomic weapons against Japan and the Soviet invasion of Manchukuo prompted Hirohito to bypass the existing government and intervene to end the war. In his radio address to the nation, the Emperor did not mention the entry of the Soviet Union into the war, but in his "Rescript to the soldiers and sailors" of August 17, ordering them to cease fire and lay down arms, he stressed the relationship between Soviet entrance into the war and his decision to surrender, omitting any mention of the atomic bombs.

The Japanese surrendered on August 14, 1945, or V-J day, signing the Japanese Instrument of Surrender on September 2. The Japanese troops in China formally surrendered to the Chinese on September 9, 1945. See image


Casualties, civilian impact, and atrocities
Main articles: World War II casualties, The Holocaust, Concentration camp, Gulag, Japanese American internment, and War crimes during World War II

Major deportation routes to Nazi extermination camps during The Holocaust, Aktion T-4 and alike.Some 63 million people, or 3% of the world population, died in the war (though estimates vary): about 24 million soldiers and 38 million civilians. This total includes the estimated 9 million lives lost in the Holocaust. Of the total deaths in World War II, approximately 80% were on the Allied side and 20% on the Axis side.[10]

Allied forces suffered approximately 17 million military deaths, of which about 11 million were Soviet and 3 million Chinese. Axis forces suffered about 8 million, of which more than 5 million were German. In total, of the military deaths in World War II, approximately 44% were Soviet soldiers, 22% were German, 12% were Chinese, 8% were Japanese, 9% were soldiers of other Allied forces, and 5% were other Axis country soldiers. Some modern estimates double the number of Chinese casualties originally stated.[10] Of the civilian deaths, approximately 90% were Allied (nearly a third of all civilians killed were Soviet citizens, and more than 15% of all civilians killed in the war died in German extermination camps) and 10% were Axis.[10]

Many civilians died as a result of disease, starvation, massacres, genocide—in particular, the Holocaust—and aerial bombing. One estimate is that 12 million civilians died in Holocaust camps, 1.5 million by bombs, 7 million in Europe from other causes, and 7.5 million in China from other causes.[11] Allied civilian deaths totaled roughly 38 million, including 11.7 million in the Soviet Union, 7 million in China and 5.2 million from Poland. There were around 3 million civilian deaths on the Axis side, including 2 million in Germany and 0.6 million in Japan. The Holocaust refers to the organized state-sponsored murder of 6 million Jews, 1.8-1.9 million non-Jewish Poles, 200,000–800,000 Roma people, 200,000–300,000 people with disabilities, and other groups carried out by the Nazis during the war. The Soviet Union suffered by far the largest death toll of any nation in the war, over 23 million.


Mistreated, starved prisoners in the Ebensee concentration camp, Austria.In addition to the Nazi concentration camps, the Soviet Gulag, or labor camps, led to the death of citizens of occupied countries such as Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, as well as German prisoners of war (POW) and even Soviet citizens themselves who had been supporters of the Nazis. Japanese POW camps also had high death rates; many were used as labour camps, and starvation conditions among the mainly U.S., British, Australian and other Commonwealth prisoners were little better than many German concentration camps. Sixty percent (1,238,000 ref. Krivosheev) of Soviet POWs died during the war. Vadim Erlikman puts it at 2.6 million Soviet POWs that died in German Captivity.[12] Richard Overy gives the number of 5.7 million Soviet POW and out of those 57% died or were killed.[13] Furthermore, 150,000 Japanese-Americans were interned by the U.S. and Canadian governments, as well as nearly 11,000 German and Italian residents of the U.S.


A survivor of German aerial bombardment, Siege of Warsaw.Despite the international treaties and a resolution adopted by the League of Nations on 14 May 1938 condemning the use of toxic gas by Japan, the Imperial Japanese Army frequently used chemical weapons. Because of fears of retaliation, however, those weapons were never used against Occidentals but only against other Orientals judged "inferior" by the imperial propaganda. According to historians Yoshiaki Yoshimi and Seiya Matsuno, the authorization for the use of chemical weapons was given by specific orders (rinsanmei) issued by Hirohito himself. For example, the Emperor authorized the use of toxic gas on 375 separate occasions during the invasion of Wuhan, from August to October 1938.

The bacteriological weapons were experimented on human beings by many units incorporated in the Japanese army, such as the infamous Unit 731, integrated by Imperial decree in the Kwantung army in 1936. Those weapons were mainly used in China and, according to some Japanese veterans, against Mongolians and Russian soldiers in 1939 during the Nomonhan incident.[14]

According to a joint study of historians featuring Zhifen Ju, Mark Peattie, Toru Kubo, and Mitsuyochi Himeta, more than 10 million Chinese were mobilized by the Japanese army and enslaved by the Kôa-in for slave labor in Manchukuo and north China.[15] According to Mitsuyoshi Himeta, at least 2.7 million died during the Sankō Sakusen operation implemented in Heipei and Shantung by General Yasuji Okamura.

From 1945 to 1951, German and Japanese officials and personnel were prosecuted for war crimes. Top German officials were tried at the Nuremberg Trials, and many Japanese officials at the Tokyo War Crime Trial and other war crimes trials in the Asia-Pacific region.


Resistance and collaboration
Main articles: Resistance during World War II and Collaboration during World War II

Members of the Dutch Eindhoven Resistance with troops of the U.S. 101st Airborne in front of the Eindhoven cathedral during Operation Market Garden in September 1944.Resistance during World War II occurred in every occupied country by a variety of means, ranging from non-cooperation, disinformation, and propaganda to outright warfare.

Among the most notable resistance movements were the Polish Home Army, the French Maquis, the Yugoslav Partisans, the Greek resistance force, and the Italian Resistance in the German-occupied Northern Italy after 1943. Germany itself also had an anti-Nazi movement. The Communist resistance was among the fiercest, since they were already organised and militant even before the war and they were ideologically opposed to the Nazis.

Before D-Day, there were some operations performed by the French Resistance to help with the forthcoming invasion. Communications lines were cut; trains were derailed; roads, water towers, and ammunition depots were destroyed; and some German garrisons were attacked.

There were also resistance movements fighting against the Allied invaders. The German resistance petered out within a few years, while in the Baltic states resistance operations against the occupation continued into the 1960s.


Home fronts

During the war, women worked in factories throughout much of the West and East.Main article: Home front during World War II
"Home front" is the name given to the activities of the civilians of the nations at war. All the main countries reorganized their homefronts to produce munitions and soldiers, with 40–60% of GDP being devoted to the war effort. Women were drafted in the Soviet Union and Britain. Shortages were everywhere, and severe food shortages caused malnutrition and even starvation, such as in the Netherlands and in Leningrad. New workers were recruited, especially housewives, the unemployed, students, and retired people. Skilled jobs were re-engineered and simplified ("de-skilling") so that unskilled workers could handle them. Every major nation imposed censorship on the media as well as a propaganda program designed to boost the war effort and stifle negative rumors. Every major country imposed a system of rationing and price controls. Black markets flourished in areas controlled by Germany. Germany brought in millions of prisoners of war, slave laborers, and forced workers to staff its munitions factories. Many were killed in the bombing raids, the rest became refugees as the war ended.



 

Answer by hitlers the bomb
Submitted on 3/11/2007
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The modern world is still living with the consequences of World War 2, the most titanic conflict in history. Just over 67 years ago on September 1st 1939, Germany invaded Poland without warning. By the evening of September 3rd, Britain and France were at war with Germany and within a week, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and South Africa had also joined the war. The world had been plunged into its second world war in 25 years. Six long and bloody years of total war, fought over many thousand of square kilometres followed. From the Hedgerows of Normandy to the streets of Stalingrad, the icy mountains of Norway to the sweltering deserts of Libya, the insect infested jungles of Burma to the coral reefed islands of the pacific. On land, sea and in the air, Poles fought Germans, Italians fought Americans and Japanese fought Australians in a conflict which was finally settled with the use of nuclear weapons. World War 2 involved every major world power in a war for global domination and at its end, more than 60 million people had lost their lives and most of Europe and large parts of Asia lay in ruins.
In 1933 Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany and soon began to rearm the country. Britain, absorbed in domestic troubles, was unprepared for war. Hitler seized Austria in March 1938, and then made demands on Czechoslovakia. Britain, along with France, adopted a policy of appeasement, hoping Hitler's demands could be satisfied short of war. Neville Chamberlain, who had become prime minister in 1937, believed he had achieved “peace in our time” when Hitler pledged at Munich (Sept. 30, 1938) that he had “no further territorial claims in Europe.” Six months later Hitler broke the pact and took over most of Czechoslovakia. Britain joined with France in guaranteeing Poland's independence. Hitler took no action until after the Soviet Union signed a peace pact with Germany (Aug. 24, 1939). Eight days later (September 1) his army marched into Poland. Britain and France declared war two days later. In order to strike a decisive blow against Nazi Germany, the Americans planned to concentrate Allied power in England and then launch a drive across the English Channel into mainland Europe.
Early in 1942 plans were made for such a cross-channel operation, to take place in April 1943, and possibly as early as September 1942 if either Germany or Russia showed signs of collapsing. The British, with some reluctance, agreed to the plan "in principle" in April 1942, whereupon the Americans began to pour supplies and troops into the United Kingdom.
In the end, the cross-channel attack did not happen until 1944. Instead, in mid-1942, American planners acceded to the British plan to invade North Africa. After heavy fighting through Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia the Allies finally won the North African campaign in May 1943.
Meeting in Casablanca in January 1943, President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill decided that the Italian island of Sicily would be their next target. Soon after, in late July, the Allies decided to follow up their success in Sicily with an invasion of mainland Italy.
The Italian campaign involved some of the hardest fighting in the war. It cost the United States some 114,000 casualties. German forces in Italy did not surrender until May 1945. But this campaign engaged German forces that could have been used against the Allies in France. At the end of World War I, the victorious nations formed the League of Nations for the purpose of airing international disputes, and of mobilizing its members for a collective effort to keep the peace in the event of aggression by any nation against another or of a breach of the peace treaties. The United States, imbued with isolationism, did not become a member.
The League failed in its first test. In 1931, the Japanese, using as an excuse the explosion of a small bomb under a section of track of the South Manchuria Railroad (over which they had virtual control), initiated military operations designed to conquer all of Manchuria. After receiving the report of its commission of inquiry, the League adopted a resolution in 1933 calling on the Japanese to withdraw. Thereupon, Japan resigned from the League. Meanwhile, Manchuria had been overrun and transformed into a Japanese puppet state under the name of Manchukuo. Beset by friction and dissension among its members, the League took no further action.
Also in 1933, Adolf Hitler came to power as dictator of Germany and began to rearm the country in contravention of the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles. He denounced the provisions of that treaty that limited German armament and in 1935 reinstituted compulsory military service.
That same year the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini began his long-contemplated invasion of Ethiopia, which he desired as an economic colony. The League voted minor sanctions against Italy, but these had slight practical effect. British and French efforts to effect a compromise settlement failed, and Ethiopia was completely occupied by the Italians in 1936.
Alarmed by German rearmament, France sought an alliance with the USSR. Under the pretext that this endangered Germany, Hitler remilitarized the Rhineland in 1936. It was a dangerous venture, for Britain and France could have overwhelmed Germany, but, resolved to keep the peace, they took no action.
Emboldened by this success, Hitler intensified his campaign for Lebensraum (space for living) for the German people. He forcibly annexed Austria in March 1938, and then, charging abuse of German minorities, threatened Czechoslovakia.
In September, as Hitler increased his demands on the Czechs and war seemed imminent, the British and French arranged a conference with Hitler and Mussolini. At the Munich Conference they agreed to German occupation of the Sudetenland, Hitler's asserted last claim, in the hope of maintaining peace.
This hope was short lived, for in March 1939, Hitler took over the rest of Czechoslovakia and seized the former German port of Memel from Lithuania. There followed demands on Poland with regard to Danzig (Gdansk) and the Polish Corridor. The Poles remained adamant, and it became clear to Hitler that he could attain his objectives only by force. After surprising the world with the announcement of a nonaggression pact with his sworn foe, the Soviet Union, he sent his armies across the Polish border on Sept. 1, 1939.
Britain and France, pledged to support Poland in the event of aggression, declared war on Germany two days later.
As the Germans ravaged Poland, the Russians moved into the eastern part of the country and began the process that was to lead to the absorption in 1940 of Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania. They also made demands on Finland. The recalcitrant Finns were subdued in the Winter War of 1939-1940, but only after dealing the Russians several humiliating military reverses.
Meanwhile, Japan had undertaken military operations for the subjugation of China proper, and was making preparations for the expansion of its empire into Southeast Asia and the rich island groups of the Southwest Pacific. Mussolini watched the progress of his fellow dictator, Hitler, while preparing to join in the war at a propitious moment.

 

Answer by Tash
Submitted on 3/12/2007
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mm... adiesh fadyeeen ashg'al into ... hahah inu seriously get a life .. no offence :)

 

Answer by totally blonde!
Submitted on 3/12/2007
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http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_did_World_War_2_start go to this website it will give u everything u need!TRUST ME!

 

Answer by not tellin
Submitted on 3/14/2007
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ewwwwwwwwwwwww

 

Answer by Lauren
Submitted on 3/19/2007
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World War II started because of Hitler. He had an idea of everybody being perfect which simply isnt possible. he wanted to have only blonde haired,blue eyed people living in the world. He started with the Jewish communities and whenever America found out what was really going on, a war started. this is the shortest i can put it. but i know alot more about the ending of it.

 

Answer by yo
Submitted on 3/20/2007
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toony is stupid

 

Answer by yo
Submitted on 3/20/2007
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toony is stupid

 

Answer by Lydia : )
Submitted on 4/10/2007
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Right ww22 started because Hitler decided he wanted to rule the world and Jew's were not part of his new world,
so he invaded aload of countries but it didn't really work because we all fought back and won! :D
hope it helped, i don't really know all the details,
and all the people are saying why are you talking about this why have you come on here if you aren't interested?
thanks x

 

Answer by wowurgay
Submitted on 4/12/2007
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wtf y would you people start fighting after eachother when you know kids might come here for doing a project on soemthing like this and when the kids go to school with the answers they will read the following " dear class, hitler is the greatest thing that ever lived and he says that you are all stupid the end" that is not how its supposed to go this is what it should say " dear class hitler is bad he caoused world war 2 and other stuff i dont want to type.

 

Answer by sunSHiNe
Submitted on 4/13/2007
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Its simple...
M.I.N.T.!

M-MILITARISM:AXIS VS ALLIED POWERS, AXIS SPENT VAST AMOUNTS OF MONEY ON THEIR MILITARY

I-IMPERIALISM:EXCUSE THAT THEY DIDN'T HAVE ENOUGH LAND

N-NATIONALISM: BELIEVING EVERYONE WAS BETTER

T-TOTALITARIANISM: JAPAN RULED THE MILITARY; ITALY AND GERMANY RULED BY FASCISM

 

Answer by history boi
Submitted on 4/15/2007
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ok you are all fools, if you dont like to learn about this why did u search it up?
so far mtm and kayla are the only people here who are past gradee 6, world war two started becouse of the effects of the great depression, the after effect of the versilles treaty and germanys feeling of betral. the extream debit created from ww1 that germany had to pay made hitlers comming to power easy, but it wasnt hitlers war it would have happened even if he had been killed when he was fighting in ww1, japans agresson into china and italys facisim are the two key causes followed by hitlers expanceion that was not kept in check by the powerless league. now i hope this helps one or two people, i am probly the only person to write on this thread that has passed grade 11. now please if you are not interested in this dont read it!

 

Answer by Hitler
Submitted on 4/16/2007
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Why are you all talking about me?

 

Answer by ms p
Submitted on 4/16/2007
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excuse me but like your all saying thease guys are all gay &everthing being on here giving answers for you to do your homework cause your all thick, &what are you doing? your on the same website looking at it this saying everyone is gayy?
soo please can someone tell me when world war two ended, cause yes i am thick &who isnt in this world,

Paris Hilton? :)
hahahahah

 

Answer by dude
Submitted on 4/24/2007
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why did Italy invade Ethiopia?

 

Answer by Borat
Submitted on 5/4/2007
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wow... i actually feel dumber for reading some of those comments...world war 2 is pretty epic subject!

 

Answer by suckmycock
Submitted on 6/10/2007
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wow. how incredibly mature.

 

Answer by Hitler
Submitted on 6/18/2007
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The Wars started because u all suck balls... T DOYLE owns

 

Answer by rhon
Submitted on 6/24/2007
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i miss my grandma and granddad.
When i was born i was so so cry when it was dead my grandam and granddad.

 

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