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Top Document: soc.culture.jewish FAQ: Torah and Halachic Authority (3/12) Previous Document: Question 3.3: Why, in the Tanakh, does G-d have so many Names? Next Document: Question 3.5: What is the Oral Law? See reader questions & answers on this topic! - Help others by sharing your knowledge
Answer:
Ah, yet another easy question. :-)
The traditional view is that G-d gave the Jewish people the entire
Torah; hence the Torah is the word of G-d. As described above, the
Torah consists of a written and an oral portion (although much of the
oral portion is now written down). Of the written portion:
* The first five books (Pentateuch, Chumash) were dictated by G-d to
Moses, while Moses was in a conscious and aware state.
* N'viim (the Prophetic writings) were transmitted by G-d to the
prophets by various means (such as by a dream or vision) and
transcribed by the prophet in his (or her) own style and wording.
G-d communicated with all prophets (except Moses) through dreams
or visions. These writings are considered a level "below" that of
Moses. Specific laws are not derived from the Prophets, except
through examples of how a mitzvah was actually performed. There
were many more prophets in the history of Israel than are recorded
in the Neviim. See Section 12.11 [5]"Who were the prophets?"
* K'Tuvim (Sacred Writings) were the result of "Ruach HaKodesh"
(roughly: "Divine Inspiration"), which is one level below
"prophecy". Visions from the writings are more mystical and may be
complete allegory. Unlike prophecy, they do not have to come true.
The Rambam defines a number of different "levels" of prophecy
(based on the method through which the prophet received the
message and the clarity with which he/she received it) and points
out that they do not have to function on the same level at all
times. For example, many people include Daniel among the prophets
while his book is in K'Tuvim. Other examples are King David and
Tehillim or Jeremiah and Eichah (Lamentations).
The Liberal movements hold less with the notion of the Torah being the
actual word of G-d, and more with the notion of the Torah being of
divine inspiration, written in the language and context of its time:
* Conservative. The Conservative movement teaches that the Torah is
not one long quote from G-d, but rather is a human document that
was written in response G-d's revelation of himself to us at Mount
Sinai. Within the Conservative movement are basically two schools
of thought with regards to the content of Revelation:
+ Rabbi Solomon Schechter is a good example of the
traditionalists, who explicitly taught that G-d not only
revealed his existence, but G-d also presented Israel with
specific ideas and commandments, although the form in which
these were given is something beyond what language can
describe. Whether or not 'words' were used to convey ideas is
irrelevant: What is relevant is that meaning was conveyed.
Thus, the text of our Torah is a record of a human response
to the Divine commandments.
+ Rabbi Elliot Dorf is a good example of the modernists, who
explicitly teach that G-d did not reveal specific ideas or
commandments in any propositional form. Rather, G-d revealed
his existence, but did not impart any propositional content
to Moses or the later Prophets. Instead, the Torah is a
literary document that was produced as a result of Israel's
encounter with the Divine. Thus, any laws contained within it
can only be considered as semi-Divine in origin, as they do
not express G-d's will, but rather express our best attempt
at understanding what G-d wants of us.
* Reform. Reform Judaism uses the idea of progressive relevation.
The Torah may be the product of divine inspiration, but it was
written in the language and context of its time, and must be
continually reinterpreted into today's language and context.
* Reconstructionist. Reconstructionist Jews believe that the Torah
was not inspired by G-d in any way and is more the folklore of the
Jewish people, albeit a folklore that is of the greatest
importance. However, they do claim that the traditional mitzvot in
the Oral and Written law are more or less binding, but for reasons
of cultural significance only. It should be noted that some of
today's new Reconstructionist rabbis are publicly questioning this
theology, and our adopting a more traditional stance, although
this trend has not yet made any real inroads among its laity.
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Last Update March 27 2014 @ 02:11 PM
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