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Archive-name: Objective-C/sample
Version: $Id: sample.preamble,v 3.12 1998/04/20 12:52:25 tiggr Exp $ See reader questions & answers on this topic! - Help others by sharing your knowledge A simple sample Objective-C program This is the third part in a series of three informational postings concerning comp.lang.objective-c. This article presents a simple program written in Objective-C. The program consist of several files which are contained in a shar file (see instructions below on how to unpack). [Note, from version 2.3 of this file, the sample has been changed in order to reduce the number of compiler warnings (down to 1, which is in there for explanatory purposes) and to reflect the use of `+alloc' and `-init' instead of `+new'.] The early version of this FAQ was compiled by Bill Shirley, with the aid of many people. The current version is being maintained by Pieter Schoenmakers <tiggr@gerbil.org>, aided by a lot of people, including Paul Sanchez and Bill Shirley. A World Wide Web hypertext version of this FAQ is maintained by Steve Dekorte <dekorte@suite.com> at http://www.slip.net/~dekorte/Objective-C/. A Japanese language version of this FAQ, maintained by Norihiro Itoh <nito@fsinet.or.jp>, resides at http://www.fsinet.or.jp/~nito/index-j.html. Send your suggestions, additions, bug reports, comments and fixes to `tiggr@gerbil.org'. #---------------------------------- cut here ---------------------------------- # This is a shell archive. Remove anything before this line, # then unpack it by saving it in a file and typing "sh file". # # Wrapped by Pieter Schoenmakers <tiggr@akebono> on Thu Sep 17 14:51:13 1998 # # This archive contains: # objc-sample # # Existing files will not be overwritten. # Error checking via wc(1) will be performed. LANG=""; export LANG PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/ccs/bin:$PATH; export PATH echo mkdir - objc-sample mkdir objc-sample if test -f objc-sample/Char.h then echo Ok to overwrite existing file objc-sample/Char.h\? read answer case "$answer" in [yY]*) echo Proceeding;; *) echo Aborting; exit 1;; esac rm -f objc-sample/Char.h if test -f objc-sample/Char.h then echo Error: could not remove objc-sample/Char.h, aborting exit 1 fi fi echo x - objc-sample/Char.h cat >objc-sample/Char.h <<'__EOF__' #import <objc/Object.h> @interface Char: Object { int value; } -init: (int) x; -report; @end __EOF__ set `wc -lwc <objc-sample/Char.h` if test $1$2$3 != 111498 then echo ERROR: wc results of objc-sample/Char.h are $* should be 11 14 98 fi chmod 644 objc-sample/Char.h if test -f objc-sample/Char.m then echo Ok to overwrite existing file objc-sample/Char.m\? read answer case "$answer" in [yY]*) echo Proceeding;; *) echo Aborting; exit 1;; esac rm -f objc-sample/Char.m if test -f objc-sample/Char.m then echo Error: could not remove objc-sample/Char.m, aborting exit 1 fi fi echo x - objc-sample/Char.m cat >objc-sample/Char.m <<'__EOF__' #import <stdio.h> #import "Char.h" @implementation Char { int value; } - init: (int) x { [super init]; // In case the parent class is doing // something special in its init... value = x; return self; } - report { printf(" %c", value); return self; } @end __EOF__ set `wc -lwc <objc-sample/Char.m` if test $1$2$3 != 2347279 then echo ERROR: wc results of objc-sample/Char.m are $* should be 23 47 279 fi chmod 644 objc-sample/Char.m if test -f objc-sample/Float.h then echo Ok to overwrite existing file objc-sample/Float.h\? read answer case "$answer" in [yY]*) echo Proceeding;; *) echo Aborting; exit 1;; esac rm -f objc-sample/Float.h if test -f objc-sample/Float.h then echo Error: could not remove objc-sample/Float.h, aborting exit 1 fi fi echo x - objc-sample/Float.h cat >objc-sample/Float.h <<'__EOF__' #import <objc/Object.h> @interface Float: Object { float value; } -initFloatValue: (float) x; -report; @end __EOF__ set `wc -lwc <objc-sample/Float.h` if test $1$2$3 != 1114113 then echo ERROR: wc results of objc-sample/Float.h are $* should be 11 14 113 fi chmod 644 objc-sample/Float.h if test -f objc-sample/Float.m then echo Ok to overwrite existing file objc-sample/Float.m\? read answer case "$answer" in [yY]*) echo Proceeding;; *) echo Aborting; exit 1;; esac rm -f objc-sample/Float.m if test -f objc-sample/Float.m then echo Error: could not remove objc-sample/Float.m, aborting exit 1 fi fi echo x - objc-sample/Float.m cat >objc-sample/Float.m <<'__EOF__' #import <stdio.h> #import "Float.h" @implementation Float { float value; } -initFloatValue: (float) x { [super init]; value = x; return self; } -report { printf ("%4.1f", value); return self; } @end __EOF__ set `wc -lwc <objc-sample/Float.m` if test $1$2$3 != 2231215 then echo ERROR: wc results of objc-sample/Float.m are $* should be 22 31 215 fi chmod 644 objc-sample/Float.m if test -f objc-sample/Makefile then echo Ok to overwrite existing file objc-sample/Makefile\? read answer case "$answer" in [yY]*) echo Proceeding;; *) echo Aborting; exit 1;; esac rm -f objc-sample/Makefile if test -f objc-sample/Makefile then echo Error: could not remove objc-sample/Makefile, aborting exit 1 fi fi echo x - objc-sample/Makefile cat >objc-sample/Makefile <<'__EOF__' # This Makefile assumes you have GNU gcc 2.3 or better and a suitable # runtime library with object support. It also works on a NeXT. # Don't know about Stepstone. .SUFFIXES: .o .m .m.o: $(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) $< # Use this on a NeXT #CC= cc #LIBS= # Use this with GNU CC on a non-NeXT, # and avoid the GCC moaning on using #import. CC= gcc -Wno-import LIBS= -lobjc LDFLAGS= -L/usr/local/lib -L/usr/gnu/lib CFLAGS= -Wall -g OFILES= main.o Node.o Queue.o Stack.o Float.o Char.o demo: $(OFILES) $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) -o demo $(OFILES) $(LIBS) clean: rm -f $(OFILES) demo Char.o : Char.m Char.h Float.o : Float.m Float.h Node.o : Node.m Node.h Queue.o : Queue.m Queue.h Node.h Stack.o : Stack.m Stack.h Node.h main.o : main.m Queue.h Node.h Stack.h Float.h __EOF__ set `wc -lwc <objc-sample/Makefile` if test $1$2$3 != 37127783 then echo ERROR: wc results of objc-sample/Makefile are $* should be 37 127 783 fi chmod 644 objc-sample/Makefile if test -f objc-sample/Node.h then echo Ok to overwrite existing file objc-sample/Node.h\? read answer case "$answer" in [yY]*) echo Proceeding;; *) echo Aborting; exit 1;; esac rm -f objc-sample/Node.h if test -f objc-sample/Node.h then echo Error: could not remove objc-sample/Node.h, aborting exit 1 fi fi echo x - objc-sample/Node.h cat >objc-sample/Node.h <<'__EOF__' #import <objc/Object.h> @interface Node : Object { id next; id data; } -init: anItem; // create a Node and store anItem in it -free; // free a Node and return the item in it -next; // report the id of the next node after this one -setNext: aNode; // make the next node be aNode @end __EOF__ set `wc -lwc <objc-sample/Node.h` if test $1$2$3 != 1456295 then echo ERROR: wc results of objc-sample/Node.h are $* should be 14 56 295 fi chmod 644 objc-sample/Node.h if test -f objc-sample/Node.m then echo Ok to overwrite existing file objc-sample/Node.m\? read answer case "$answer" in [yY]*) echo Proceeding;; *) echo Aborting; exit 1;; esac rm -f objc-sample/Node.m if test -f objc-sample/Node.m then echo Error: could not remove objc-sample/Node.m, aborting exit 1 fi fi echo x - objc-sample/Node.m cat >objc-sample/Node.m <<'__EOF__' #import <objc/Object.h> #import "Node.h" @implementation Node: Object -init: anItem { self = [super init]; next = 0; data = anItem; return self; } -free { id tmp = data; [super free]; return tmp; } -next { return next; } -setNext: aNode { next = aNode; return self; } @end __EOF__ set `wc -lwc <objc-sample/Node.m` if test $1$2$3 != 3249299 then echo ERROR: wc results of objc-sample/Node.m are $* should be 32 49 299 fi chmod 644 objc-sample/Node.m if test -f objc-sample/Queue.h then echo Ok to overwrite existing file objc-sample/Queue.h\? read answer case "$answer" in [yY]*) echo Proceeding;; *) echo Aborting; exit 1;; esac rm -f objc-sample/Queue.h if test -f objc-sample/Queue.h then echo Error: could not remove objc-sample/Queue.h, aborting exit 1 fi fi echo x - objc-sample/Queue.h cat >objc-sample/Queue.h <<'__EOF__' #import <objc/Object.h> #import "Node.h" @interface Queue: Object { id head; id tail; unsigned qsize; } -empty; // clear out all contents of the Queue -put: anItem; // put anItem on the Queue -get; // return the item on top of the Queue -(unsigned int) size; // tell us the current size of the Queue @end __EOF__ set `wc -lwc <objc-sample/Queue.h` if test $1$2$3 != 1655319 then echo ERROR: wc results of objc-sample/Queue.h are $* should be 16 55 319 fi chmod 644 objc-sample/Queue.h if test -f objc-sample/Queue.m then echo Ok to overwrite existing file objc-sample/Queue.m\? read answer case "$answer" in [yY]*) echo Proceeding;; *) echo Aborting; exit 1;; esac rm -f objc-sample/Queue.m if test -f objc-sample/Queue.m then echo Error: could not remove objc-sample/Queue.m, aborting exit 1 fi fi echo x - objc-sample/Queue.m cat >objc-sample/Queue.m <<'__EOF__' #import "Queue.h" @implementation Queue -empty { while([self size]) [[self get] free]; return self; } -put: anItem { if (tail) tail = [[tail setNext : [[Node alloc] init: anItem]] next]; else head = tail = [[Node alloc] init: anItem]; ++qsize; return self; } -get { id contents; id old_head = head; head = [head next]; contents = [old_head free]; if (--qsize == 0) tail = head; return contents; } -(unsigned) size { return qsize; } @end __EOF__ set `wc -lwc <objc-sample/Queue.m` if test $1$2$3 != 3975486 then echo ERROR: wc results of objc-sample/Queue.m are $* should be 39 75 486 fi chmod 644 objc-sample/Queue.m if test -f objc-sample/README then echo Ok to overwrite existing file objc-sample/README\? read answer case "$answer" in [yY]*) echo Proceeding;; *) echo Aborting; exit 1;; esac rm -f objc-sample/README if test -f objc-sample/README then echo Error: could not remove objc-sample/README, aborting exit 1 fi fi echo x - objc-sample/README cat >objc-sample/README <<'__EOF__' This directory contains the complete code for the "Simple Sample Objective-C program" described in the comp.lang.objective-c FAQ. If you have a suitable compiler, use the supplied Makefile. Otherwise, program output can be found in the file "output". You should probably read "main.m" first. It is very heavily annotated. Also note and read the file COPYRIGHT. __EOF__ set `wc -lwc <objc-sample/README` if test $1$2$3 != 855366 then echo ERROR: wc results of objc-sample/README are $* should be 8 55 366 fi chmod 644 objc-sample/README if test -f objc-sample/Stack.h then echo Ok to overwrite existing file objc-sample/Stack.h\? read answer case "$answer" in [yY]*) echo Proceeding;; *) echo Aborting; exit 1;; esac rm -f objc-sample/Stack.h if test -f objc-sample/Stack.h then echo Error: could not remove objc-sample/Stack.h, aborting exit 1 fi fi echo x - objc-sample/Stack.h cat >objc-sample/Stack.h <<'__EOF__' #import <objc/Object.h> #import "Node.h" @interface Stack: Object { id stack; unsigned int stack_size; } -empty; // clear out all contents of the Stack -put: anItem; // put anItem on the Stack -get; // return the item on top of the Stack -(unsigned) size; // tell us the current size of the Stack @end __EOF__ set `wc -lwc <objc-sample/Stack.h` if test $1$2$3 != 1553318 then echo ERROR: wc results of objc-sample/Stack.h are $* should be 15 53 318 fi chmod 644 objc-sample/Stack.h if test -f objc-sample/Stack.m then echo Ok to overwrite existing file objc-sample/Stack.m\? read answer case "$answer" in [yY]*) echo Proceeding;; *) echo Aborting; exit 1;; esac rm -f objc-sample/Stack.m if test -f objc-sample/Stack.m then echo Error: could not remove objc-sample/Stack.m, aborting exit 1 fi fi echo x - objc-sample/Stack.m cat >objc-sample/Stack.m <<'__EOF__' #import "Stack.h" @implementation Stack -empty { while([self size]) [[self get] free]; return self; } -put: anItem { stack = [[[Node alloc] init: anItem] setNext : stack]; ++stack_size; return self; } -get { id contents; id old_stack = stack; stack = [stack next]; contents = [old_stack free]; --stack_size; return contents; } -(unsigned) size { return stack_size; } @end __EOF__ set `wc -lwc <objc-sample/Stack.m` if test $1$2$3 != 3557407 then echo ERROR: wc results of objc-sample/Stack.m are $* should be 35 57 407 fi chmod 644 objc-sample/Stack.m if test -f objc-sample/main.m then echo Ok to overwrite existing file objc-sample/main.m\? read answer case "$answer" in [yY]*) echo Proceeding;; *) echo Aborting; exit 1;; esac rm -f objc-sample/main.m if test -f objc-sample/main.m then echo Error: could not remove objc-sample/main.m, aborting exit 1 fi fi echo x - objc-sample/main.m cat >objc-sample/main.m <<'__EOF__' /* main.m - comp.lang.objective-c simple sample Objective-C program. */ // This is a comment, just like the previous line. Everything to the right // of a double slash is ignored. /* Classes are the one real extension which Objective-C adds to C. A class is a description of a collection of data, like a C structure, and the methods by which that data may be accessed or manipulated. Instances of a class are called objects, and methods are invoked by sending messages to either the class itself, to produce objects, or to those objects. The recipient of a message is called a "receiver". The form of a message is: [receiver method andMaybeSomeArguments] the receiver and method components are mandatory, as are the square brackets surrounding the message. Additional arguments may or may not be present, depending upon the method definition. Messages may appear anywhere a statement is allowed in C. The first thing we do is bring in some include files, as in C. On the NeXT, it is customary to use the "import" statement which guarantees that the file isn't included more than once. Using GNU CC this is not all that nice sinds it generates a huge warning for every file being compiled. So, since it does not really matter, we'll stick to `#include'. */ #import <stdio.h> #import <objc/Object.h> #import "Queue.h" #import "Stack.h" /* That brought in class definitions for Objects, Queues, and Stacks. The Object class is the basis for all other classes, which is why it gets brought in first. It provides basic functional behavior which is inherited by all derived classes. All user created classes normally have Object somewhere in their ancestry. Queue and Stack are classes of our own construction, and provide FIFO and LIFO storage capabilities, respectively. I'm not going to go into implementation details here. It's irrelevant how they work, all that is important is that they both respond to 'put:' and 'get'. If you want to inspect them, look into the Queue.m, Stack.m, Queue.h and Stack.h files. A simple Class definition follows. It inherits directly from the base class "Object". This gives it lots of nice properties, not the least of which is the ability to be referenced by any pointer of the generic object type "id". All objects can be pointed to by any id variable, and the default return type from methods is id. This allows messages to be embedded in other messages, either as receivers or arguments. An Int object allocates space for a single integer. The "report" message causes it to report its value. Everything between the @implementation and the @end is part of the class definition. Note - It is *highly* unusual to have a class implementation in your main program. Since the object is fully defined before it gets used, no interface description is required. There is nothing illegal about doing things this way, but it is so unusual that the compiler will produce a warning for this class. The Int class implementation is here solely for expository purposes. */ @implementation Int: Object // Int is derived from Object { int value; // This is the data portion. Like a struct. } /* The following are the method definitions. A `+' prefix means it is a factory method, i.e., how to manufacture instances of the class. The body of the method is between braces, like a C function. This class doesn't define any factory methods. It relies on the +alloc method defined in class Object. For examples of factory methods, look at the +new method defined in the Stack or Queue implementations. Self is a special variable, which refers to the object currently being manipulated. Super refers to the parent class of self. The following method asks the parent class (Object) to hand us a new instance, which becomes self. Then we update the instance variables and return a pointer to the new object. It is standard for methods that do not need to return any special value to instead return self. This allows for a nested syntax of method calls. The "-" in front of init means that it's an instance method, i.e., something a particular object should respond to. */ -init: (int) i { /* Have our superclass initialize its part of us. After that, initialize the part of us introduced by this class (Int). */ [super init]; value = i; return self; } -report { printf ("%4d", value); return self; } @end /* We have implemented Float and Char classes more traditionally, using separate files for the interface (.h) and implementation (.m). The Float and Char objects are like the Int object, but with the obvious difference that they work with floats and characters. We include the interface definitions at this point. */ #import "Float.h" #import "Char.h" /* If you inspect those files, note polymorphism -- methods have same names as in the Int class. */ int main (void) { /* First create instances of "Stack" and "Queue" data structures. */ id queue = [[Queue alloc] init]; id stack = [[Stack alloc] init]; int i, reply; fprintf (stderr, "Include the Char class in the demo? (y/n): "); /* Anything not matching `y.*' means no. */ reply = getchar (); for (i = 5; i > -6; --i) { /* Depending on which version of the demo we're running, we alternately put Ints and Floats onto the queue and stack, or Ints, Floats, and Chars. */ if (reply == 'y') { /* If I is odd we put an Int on the queue and a Char on the stack. If I is even we put an Char on the queue and a Float on the stack. Since there is more than one method `-init:' and since `+alloc' returns a plain, typeless, `id', the compiler doesn't know the type of the object returned by alloc. An explicit cast (i.e. static type indication) ensures that the compiler knows which `init:' is invoked---the one accepting a char or the other one accepting an int. Another solution, which avoids the static type indication, is to put typing information on the method in the method's name. This is done for the Float class. */ id my_char = [(Char *) [Char alloc] init: 'm' + i]; if (i & 1) { [queue put: [(Int *) [Int alloc] init: i]]; [stack put: my_char]; } else { [queue put: my_char]; [stack put: [[Float alloc] initFloatValue: i]]; } } else { /* If I is odd we put an Int on the queue and a Float on the stack. If I is even we put a Float on the queue and an Int on the stack. */ [queue put: ((i & 1) ? [(Int *) [Int alloc] init: i] : [[Float alloc] initFloatValue: i])]; [stack put: ((i & 1) ? [[Float alloc] initFloatValue: i] : [(Int*) [Int alloc] init: i])]; } } while ([queue size] && [stack size]) { /* The following illustrates run-time binding. Will report be invoked for a Float object or an Int object? Did the user elect for Char objects at run time? We don't know ahead of time, but with run-time binding and polymorphism it works properly. The burden is on the class implementer rather than the class user. Note that the following lines remain unchanged, whether we are using the Char class or not. The queue and stack hand us the next object, it reports itself regardless of its type, and then it frees itself. */ printf ("queue:"); [[[queue get] report] free]; printf (", stack:"); [[[stack get] report] free]; putchar('\n'); } return 0; } __EOF__ set `wc -lwc <objc-sample/main.m` if test $1$2$3 != 19612587741 then echo ERROR: wc results of objc-sample/main.m are $* should be 196 1258 7741 fi chmod 644 objc-sample/main.m if test -f objc-sample/output then echo Ok to overwrite existing file objc-sample/output\? read answer case "$answer" in [yY]*) echo Proceeding;; *) echo Aborting; exit 1;; esac rm -f objc-sample/output if test -f objc-sample/output then echo Error: could not remove objc-sample/output, aborting exit 1 fi fi echo x - objc-sample/output cat >objc-sample/output <<'__EOF__' Output from demo, excluding Char class: Include the Char class in the demo? (y/n): n queue: 5, stack:-5.0 queue: 4.0, stack: -4 queue: 3, stack:-3.0 queue: 2.0, stack: -2 queue: 1, stack:-1.0 queue: 0.0, stack: 0 queue: -1, stack: 1.0 queue:-2.0, stack: 2 queue: -3, stack: 3.0 queue:-4.0, stack: 4 queue: -5, stack: 5.0 Output from demo, including Char class: Include the Char class in the demo? (y/n): y queue: 5, stack: h queue: q, stack:-4.0 queue: 3, stack: j queue: o, stack:-2.0 queue: 1, stack: l queue: m, stack: 0.0 queue: -1, stack: n queue: k, stack: 2.0 queue: -3, stack: p queue: i, stack: 4.0 queue: -5, stack: r __EOF__ set `wc -lwc <objc-sample/output` if test $1$2$3 != 29111679 then echo ERROR: wc results of objc-sample/output are $* should be 29 111 679 fi chmod 644 objc-sample/output if test -f objc-sample/COPYRIGHT then echo Ok to overwrite existing file objc-sample/COPYRIGHT\? read answer case "$answer" in [yY]*) echo Proceeding;; *) echo Aborting; exit 1;; esac rm -f objc-sample/COPYRIGHT if test -f objc-sample/COPYRIGHT then echo Error: could not remove objc-sample/COPYRIGHT, aborting exit 1 fi fi echo x - objc-sample/COPYRIGHT cat >objc-sample/COPYRIGHT <<'__EOF__' This copyright notice applies to all source files distributed in the comp.lang.objective-c FAQ: `A Simple Sample Objective-C program'. Copyright (C) 1993 Paul J. Sanchez and Bill Shirley Copyright (C) 1994, 1996 Pieter J. Schoenmakers The `simple sample Objective-C program' is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any later version. The `simple sample Objective-C program' is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with GNU Emacs; see the file COPYING. If not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. __EOF__ set `wc -lwc <objc-sample/COPYRIGHT` if test $1$2$3 != 19155973 then echo ERROR: wc results of objc-sample/COPYRIGHT are $* should be 19 155 973 fi chmod 644 objc-sample/COPYRIGHT chmod 755 objc-sample exit 0 User Contributions:
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Last Update March 27 2014 @ 02:11 PM
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comp.lang.objective-c FAQ, part 3/3: A Sample Program
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comp.lang.objective-c FAQ, part 3/3: A Sample Program
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