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  Introduction
  Geography
  People
  Government
  Economy
  Communications
  Transportation
  Military
  Transnational Issues

In general, information available as of 1 January 2002
was used in the preparation of The World Factbook 2002.


This page was last updated on 19 March 2003


Map of Turkey

Legend: Definition Definition Field Listing Field Listing
   Introduction    Turkey
Background:
Definition Field Listing
Turkey was created in 1923 from the Turkish remnants of the Ottoman Empire. Soon thereafter the country instituted secular laws to replace traditional religious fiats. In 1945 Turkey joined the UN, and in 1952 it became a member of NATO. Turkey occupied the northern portion of Cyprus in 1974 to prevent a Greek takeover of the island; relations between the two countries remain strained but have begun to improve over the past three years. In 1984, the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), a Marxist-Leninist, separatist group, initiated an insurgency in southeast Turkey, often using terrorist tactics to try to attain its goal of an independent Kurdistan. The group - whose leader, Abdullah OCALAN, was captured in Kenya in February 1999 - has observed a unilateral cease-fire since September 1999, although there have been occasional clashes between Turkish military units and some of the 4,000-5,000 armed PKK militants, most of whom currently are encamped in northern Iraq. The PKK changed its name to the Kurdistan Freedom and Democracy Congress (KADEK) in April 2002.
   Geography    Turkey
Location:
Definition Field Listing
southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia (that portion of Turkey west of the Bosporus is geographically part of Europe), bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Georgia, and bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, between Greece and Syria
Geographic coordinates:
Definition Field Listing
39 00 N, 35 00 E
Map references:
Definition Field Listing
Middle East
Area:
Definition Field Listing
total: 780,580 sq km
water: 9,820 sq km
land: 770,760 sq km
Area - comparative:
Definition Field Listing
slightly larger than Texas
Land boundaries:
Definition Field Listing
total: 2,648 km
border countries: Armenia 268 km, Azerbaijan 9 km, Bulgaria 240 km, Georgia 252 km, Greece 206 km, Iran 499 km, Iraq 352 km, Syria 822 km
Coastline:
Definition Field Listing
7,200 km
Maritime claims:
Definition Field Listing
exclusive economic zone: in Black Sea only: to the maritime boundary agreed upon with the former USSR
territorial sea: 6 NM in the Aegean Sea; 12 NM in Black Sea and in Mediterranean Sea
Climate:
Definition Field Listing
temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior
Terrain:
Definition Field Listing
mostly mountains; narrow coastal plain; high central plateau (Anatolia)
Elevation extremes:
Definition Field Listing
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
highest point: Mount Ararat 5,166 m
Natural resources:
Definition Field Listing
antimony, coal, chromium, mercury, copper, borate, sulfur, iron ore, arable land, hydropower
Land use:
Definition Field Listing
arable land: 34.53%
permanent crops: 3.36%
other: 62.11% (1998 est.)
Irrigated land:
Definition Field Listing
42,000 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards:
Definition Field Listing
very severe earthquakes, especially in northern Turkey, along an arc extending from the Sea of Marmara to Lake Van
Environment - current issues:
Definition Field Listing
water pollution from dumping of chemicals and detergents; air pollution, particularly in urban areas; deforestation; concern for oil spills from increasing Bosporus ship traffic
Environment - international agreements:
Definition Field Listing
party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Environmental Modification
Geography - note:
Definition Field Listing
strategic location controlling the Turkish Straits (Bosporus, Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles) that link Black and Aegean Seas; Mount Ararat, the legendary landing place of Noah's Ark, is in the far eastern portion of the country
   People    Turkey
Population:
Definition Field Listing
67,308,928 (July 2002 est.)
Age structure:
Definition Field Listing
0-14 years: 27.8% (male 9,520,030; female 9,178,423)
15-64 years: 65.9% (male 22,552,253; female 21,827,002)
65 years and over: 6.3% (male 1,946,523; female 2,284,697) (2002 est.)
Population growth rate:
Definition Field Listing
1.2% (2002 est.)
Birth rate:
Definition Field Listing
17.95 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Death rate:
Definition Field Listing
5.95 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Net migration rate:
Definition Field Listing
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Sex ratio:
Definition Field Listing
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
Definition Field Listing
45.77 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
Definition Field Listing
total population: 71.52 years
female: 74.01 years (2002 est.)
male: 69.15 years
Total fertility rate:
Definition Field Listing
2.07 children born/woman (2002 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
Definition Field Listing
0.01% (1999 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
Definition Field Listing
NA
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
Definition Field Listing
NA
Nationality:
Definition Field Listing
noun: Turk(s)
adjective: Turkish
Ethnic groups:
Definition Field Listing
Turkish 80%, Kurdish 20%
Religions:
Definition Field Listing
Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2% (mostly Christians and Jews)
Languages:
Definition Field Listing
Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic, Armenian, Greek
Literacy:
Definition Field Listing
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 85%
male: 94%
female: 77% (2000)
   Government    Turkey
Country name:
Definition Field Listing
conventional long form: Republic of Turkey
conventional short form: Turkey
local long form: Turkiye Cumhuriyeti
local short form: Turkiye
Government type:
Definition Field Listing
republican parliamentary democracy
Capital:
Definition Field Listing
Ankara
Administrative divisions:
Definition Field Listing
81 provinces (iller, singular - il); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyon, Agri, Aksaray, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Ardahan, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Bartin, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik, Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli, Diyarbakir, Duzce, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep, Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Icel, Igdir, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir, Kahramanmaras, Karabuk, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kilis, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir, Nigde, Ordu, Osmaniye, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Sanliurfa, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon, Tunceli, Usak, Van, Yalova, Yozgat, Zonguldak
Independence:
Definition Field Listing
29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman Empire)
National holiday:
Definition Field Listing
Independence Day, 29 October (1923)
Constitution:
Definition Field Listing
7 November 1982
Legal system:
Definition Field Listing
derived from various European continental legal systems; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Suffrage:
Definition Field Listing
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
Definition Field Listing
chief of state: President Ahmet Necdet SEZER (since 16 May 2000)
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a seven-year term; election last held 5 May 2000 (next to be held NA May 2007); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president
note: a National Security Council serves as an advisory body to the president and the cabinet
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the nomination of the prime minister
head of government: Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (14 March 2003); note - Abdullah GUL resigned 11 March 2003; Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN was given a mandate to form a government
election results: Ahmed Necdet SEZER elected president on the third ballot; percent of National Assembly vote - 60%
note: president must have a two-thirds majority of the National Assembly on the first two ballots and a simple majority on the third ballot
Legislative branch:
Definition Field Listing
unicameral Grand National Assembly of Turkey or Turkiye Buyuk Millet Meclisi (550 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 3 November 2002 (next to be held NA 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - AKP 34.3%, CHP 19.4%, DYP 9.6%, MHP 8.3%, ANAP 5.1%, DSP 1.1%, and others; seats by party - AKP 363, CHP 178, independents 9; note - all other parties were under the 10% threshhold which entitles them to seats
Judicial branch:
Definition Field Listing
Constitutional Court (judges are appointed by the president); Court of Appeals (judges are elected by the Supreme Council of Judges and Prosecutors)
Political parties and leaders:
Definition Field Listing
Democratic Left Party or DSP [Bulent ECEVIT]; Justice and Development Party or AKP [Recep Tayip ERDOGAN]; Motherland Party or ANAP [Mesut YILMAZ]; Nationalist Action Party or MHP [Devlet BAHCELI]; Republican People's Party or CHP [Deniz BAYKAL]; Saadet Party [Recai KUTAN]; note - KUTAN was head of the Virtue Party or FP which was banned by Turkey's Constitutional Court in June 2001; Socialist Democratic Party or TDP [Sema PISKINSUT]; True Path Party (sometimes translated as Right Path Party) or DYP [Tansu CILLER]
Political pressure groups and leaders:
Definition Field Listing
Confederation of Revolutionary Workers Unions or DISK [Ridvan BUDAK]; Independent Industrialists and Businessmen's Association or MUSIAD [Erol YARAR]; Moral Rights Workers Union or Hak-Is [Salim USLU]; Turkish Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association or TUSIAD [Muharrem KAYHAN]; Turkish Confederation of Employers' Unions or TISK [Refik BAYDUR]; Turkish Confederation of Labor or Turk-Is [Bayram MERAL]; Turkish Union of Chambers of Commerce and Commodity Exchanges or TOBB [Fuat MIRAS]
International organization participation:
Definition Field Listing
AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE, CERN (observer), EAPC, EBRD, ECE, ECO, ESCAP, EU (applicant), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNOMIG, UNRWA, UNTAET, UPU, WEU (associate), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in the US:
Definition Field Listing
chief of mission: Ambassador Dr. Osman Faruk LOGOGLU
FAX: [1] (202) 612-6744
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, and New York
chancery: 2525 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 612-6700
Diplomatic representation from the US:
Definition Field Listing
chief of mission: Ambassador Robert W. PEARSON
embassy: 110 Ataturk Boulevard, Kavaklidere, 06100 Ankara
mailing address: PSC 93, Box 5000, APO AE 09823
telephone: [90] (312) 455-5555
FAX: [90] (312) 468-0019
consulate(s) general: Istanbul
consulate(s): Adana
Flag description:
Definition Field Listing
red with a vertical white crescent (the closed portion is toward the hoist side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening
   Economy    Turkey
Economy - overview:
Definition Field Listing
Turkey's dynamic economy is a complex mix of modern industry and commerce along with a traditional agriculture sector that in 2001 still accounted for 40% of employment. It has a strong and rapidly growing private sector, yet the state still plays a major role in basic industry, banking, transport, and communication. The most important industry - and largest export - is textiles and clothing, which is almost entirely in private hands. In recent years the economic situation has been marked by erratic economic growth and serious imbalances. Real GNP growth has exceeded 6% in many years, but this strong expansion has been interrupted by sharp declines in output in 1994, 1999, and 2001. Meanwhile the public sector fiscal deficit has regularly exceeded 10% of GDP - due in large part to the huge burden of interest payments, which in 2001 accounted for more than 50% of central government spending - while inflation has remained in the high double digit range. Perhaps because of these problems, foreign direct investment in Turkey remains low - less than $1 billion annually. In late 2000 and early 2001 a growing trade deficit and serious weaknesses in the banking sector plunged the economy into crisis - forcing Ankara to float the lira and pushing the country into recession. Results in 2002 were much better, because of strong financial support from the IMF and tighter fiscal policy. Continued slow global growth and serious political tensions in the Middle East cast a shadow over growth prospects for 2003.
GDP:
Definition Field Listing
purchasing power parity - $468 billion (2002 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
Definition Field Listing
4.2% (2002 est.)
GDP - per capita:
Definition Field Listing
purchasing power parity - $7,000 (2002 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:
Definition Field Listing
agriculture: 13%
industry: 30%
services: 57% (2001)
Population below poverty line:
Definition Field Listing
NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
Definition Field Listing
lowest 10%: 2%
highest 10%: 32% (1994)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
Definition Field Listing
42 (1994)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
Definition Field Listing
45.2% (2002)
Labor force:
Definition Field Listing
23.8 million (2001 3rd quarter)
note: about 1.2 million Turks work abroad (1999)
Labor force - by occupation:
Definition Field Listing
agriculture 40%, services 38%, industry 22% (2001)
Unemployment rate:
Definition Field Listing
10.8% (plus underemployment of 6.1%) (2002 est.)
Budget:
Definition Field Listing
revenues: $42.4 billion
expenditures: $69.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2001)
Industries:
Definition Field Listing
textiles, food processing, autos, mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper
Industrial production growth rate:
Definition Field Listing
8.5% (2002 est.)
Electricity - production:
Definition Field Listing
119.18 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - production by source:
Definition Field Listing
fossil fuel: 74%
hydro: 26%
other: 0% (2000)
nuclear: 0%
Electricity - consumption:
Definition Field Listing
114.19 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - exports:
Definition Field Listing
437 million kWh (2000)
Electricity - imports:
Definition Field Listing
3.791 billion kWh (2000)
Agriculture - products:
Definition Field Listing
tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, pulse, citrus; livestock
Exports:
Definition Field Listing
$37.6 billion f.o.b. (2002)
Exports - commodities:
Definition Field Listing
apparel, foodstuffs, textiles, metal manufactures, transport equipment
Exports - partners:
Definition Field Listing
Germany 17.2%, US 10.0%, Italy 7.5%, UK 6.9%, France 6.0%, Russia 2.9% (2001)
Imports:
Definition Field Listing
$43.9 billion c.i.f. (2002 est.)
Imports - commodities:
Definition Field Listing
machinery, chemicals, semi-finished goods, fuels, transport equipment
Imports - partners:
Definition Field Listing
Germany 12.9%, Italy 8.4%, Russia 8.3%, US 7.9%, France 5.5%, UK 4.6% (2001 est.)
Debt - external:
Definition Field Listing
$118.3 billion (September 2001 )
Economic aid - recipient:
Definition Field Listing
ODA, $300 million (1993) (2000)
Currency:
Definition Field Listing
Turkish lira (TRL)
Currency code:
Definition Field Listing
TRL
Exchange rates:
Definition Field Listing
Turkish liras per US dollar - 1,223,140 (January 2002), 1,223,140 (2001), 625,219 (2000), 418,783 (1999), 260,724 (1998), 151,865 (1997)
Fiscal year:
Definition Field Listing
calendar year
   Communications    Turkey
Telephones - main lines in use:
Definition Field Listing
19.5 million (1999)
Telephones - mobile cellular:
Definition Field Listing
17.1 million (2001)
Telephone system:
Definition Field Listing
general assessment: undergoing rapid modernization and expansion, especially with cellular telephones
domestic: additional digital exchanges are permitting a rapid increase in subscribers; the construction of a network of technologically advanced intercity trunk lines, using both fiber-optic cable and digital microwave radio relay is facilitating communication between urban centers; remote areas are reached by a domestic satellite system; the number of subscribers to mobile cellular telephone service is growing rapidly
international: international service is provided by three submarine fiber-optic cables in the Mediterranean and Black Seas, linking Turkey with Italy, Greece, Israel, Bulgaria, Romania, and Russia; also by 12 Intelsat earth stations, and by 328 mobile satellite terminals in the Inmarsat and Eutelsat systems (2002)
Radio broadcast stations:
Definition Field Listing
AM 16, FM 107, shortwave 6 (2001)
Radios:
Definition Field Listing
11.3 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations:
Definition Field Listing
635 (plus 2,934 repeaters) (1995)
Televisions:
Definition Field Listing
20.9 million (1997)
Internet country code:
Definition Field Listing
.tr
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
Definition Field Listing
50 (2001)
Internet users:
Definition Field Listing
2.5 million (2002)
   Transportation    Turkey
Railways:
Definition Field Listing
total: 8,607 km
standard gauge: 8,607 km 1.435-m gauge (2,131 km electrified) (2001)
Highways:
Definition Field Listing
total: 382,059 km
paved: 106,976 km (including 1,726 km of expressways)
unpaved: 275,083 km (1999 est.)
Waterways:
Definition Field Listing
1,200 km (approximately)
Pipelines:
Definition Field Listing
crude oil 1,738 km; petroleum products 2,321 km; natural gas 708 km
Ports and harbors:
Definition Field Listing
Gemlik, Hopa, Iskenderun, Istanbul, Izmir, Kocaeli (Izmit), Icel (Mersin), Samsun, Trabzon
Merchant marine:
Definition Field Listing
total: 553 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,674,099 GRT/9,108,819 DWT
ships by type: bulk 138, cargo 239, chemical tanker 45, combination bulk 5, combination ore/oil 2, container 27, liquefied gas 6, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 45, refrigerated cargo 3, roll on/roll off 27, short-sea passenger 10, specialized tanker 5
note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Belize 1, Cyprus 1, Denmark 2, Greece 1, Italy 1, Thailand 1, United Kingdom 11 (2002 est.)
Airports:
Definition Field Listing
120 (2001)
Airports - with paved runways:
Definition Field Listing
total: 86
over 3,047 m: 16
2,438 to 3,047 m: 30
914 to 1,523 m: 16
under 914 m: 5 (2002)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 19
Airports - with unpaved runways:
Definition Field Listing
total: 34 34
over 3,047 m: 1 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
under 914 m: 8 24 (2002)
914 to 1,523 m: 1 8
Heliports:
Definition Field Listing
8 (2002)
   Military    Turkey
Military branches:
Definition Field Listing
Land Forces, Navy (includes Naval Air and Naval Infantry), Air Force, Coast Guard, Gendarmerie
Military manpower - military age:
Definition Field Listing
20 years of age (2002 est.)
Military manpower - availability:
Definition Field Listing
males age 15-49: 19,219,177 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:
Definition Field Listing
males age 15-49: 11,623,675 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
Definition Field Listing
males: 674,805 (2002 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:
Definition Field Listing
$8.1 billion (2002 est.)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
Definition Field Listing
4.5% (2002 est.)
   Transnational Issues    Turkey
Disputes - international:
Definition Field Listing
complex maritime, air, and territorial disputes with Greece in Aegean Sea; Cyprus question with Greece; dispute with downstream riparian states (Syria and Iraq) over water development plans for the Tigris and Euphrates rivers; traditional demands regarding former Armenian lands in Turkey have subsided; Turkey is quick to rebuff any perceived Syrian claim to Hatay province; border with Armenia remains closed over Nagorno-Karabakh dispute
Illicit drugs:
Definition Field Listing
key transit route for Southwest Asian heroin to Western Europe and - to a far lesser extent the US - via air, land, and sea routes; major Turkish, Iranian, and other international trafficking organizations operate out of Istanbul; laboratories to convert imported morphine base into heroin are in remote regions of Turkey as well as near Istanbul; government maintains strict controls over areas of legal opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate

This page was last updated on 19 March 2003


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