Scientific
Intelligence
Digest
31
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OF SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE
soviet dmiavqrial researchpossible approach to
lie detection
Over an extended period, but particularly in the laat few years, Soviet scientific research has been directed toward discovery of specific why mo. logical phenomena associated with human behavior, including mental behavior. This work has contributed to the identification of the physiological manifestations of an organism's response to data presented to it. Soviet reports have described the quality and quantity of physiological manifestations of mental Involvement during the organism's handling of information. While this research has not been undertaken primarily to develop competency in lie detection. It has neverthelessody of data and instrumentation, the application of which wouldtrong lie detection capability tn the USSR. Thte becomes apparent when the development of Soviet activity in this area is considered.
A.R. Luria, of the institute of Defectology, Academy of Pedagogical Sciences, has stated that basic mental activity isatural process of maturation nor an independent acquisition. ast human experience is passed to the child from which he acquires new knowledge and new modes of behavior. Intelligent perception, purposeful memory, active attention, and voluntary action, among other psychological attainments,are all tho result of protracted development of the child's active behavior. . Vygotaky has said the most important activities of mental life result from socialof the child. These should be sought for, not in the mind, but in the forms of human intercourse with the world of the adult.
P. Pavlov's concept of the first signal system of man andirect impressions of the world of reality. Second signal system (peculiar topeechorm of abstractiont/rom the world about us.
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The orders and patterns of behavior develop memory, which is gradually organised through language. Language is constituted by the first signal system, then the second signalnd finally by the complex interplay between these two forms of sensory input and motor expression. The child learns to
formulate Its own aims and Intentions, first, in it* external and then In ita internal speech. The child thus creates the highest forms of purposeful memory and voluntary activity. Connections called forth by speech gradually become predominant and substantially change the natural force relations of the stimuli. Behavior is always subordinated to the "law ofomplex stimulus, the decisive role is played by its strongest component. This proposition, demonstrated by Pavlov on animals, can be easily shown, also, In human beings. Many illustrations may be cited to show how changes take place in perception under the Influence of verbal connections. Tho whole array of psychological adjustments and readjustments under the influence of speech do not take place at once but pass through successive stages. Out of this complexity, the normal individual will grasp and formulate that which is right, on the one hand, and that which is wrong, on the other.
A. Kreindler of the Academy of Sciences, Bucharest, Rumania, referso-called "zone of speech" within the cerebral cortex. He refers to itechanism directing the whole cortex in the basic functions performed by that structure. He thinks of it as the activating zone for all cortical areas implicated in all forms of complex function, Including tho formulation and expression of language, which stands at the pinnacle of the hierarchy of mental behavior.
A. Kreindler points out that the Soviet. Luria. Bein (psychologist working with Luria) have worked out the regulative function of speech in the normal individual and its disorder tn pathological states. Speech, besideseans of communication and an instrument for thinking, isay of organsing human activityirecting mechanism for psychic processes. The directive role of speech is unselective in its early stages but graduallyomplexity ultimately culminating in the highest verbal capacity so as to reflect one's own actions and to correct one's own errors.
If an approach were made to the problem of He detection by way of Soviet research, the following factors would come to mind.
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First, there Is need for knowing the number of parameters which may show variability in interpersonal communication. These may vary, depending on the nature of communication. The first signal system may be used exclusively, depending on visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, gustatory, and kinesthetic cues. The second signal system may also be used exclusively, or the two may be used together.
At the Pavlov Institute,tudy has been in progress involving interpersonal communication between chimpanzees. The first signal system, Is, of course, used exclusively. Aspects of memory situations studied are those where discriminative recognition depends on visual stimuli such as triangles and squares. The experiment is arranged so that the experimental animal is being observedecond animal. The second animal is then given the discrimination task and the learning times are compared. The investigators have as many asarameters of behavorial characteristics which are incorporated in the character and learning assessment of the individual animals.
As might be expected, the exclusive use of the second signal system, limited to man, would have fewer parameters. . Sokolov, Academy of Pedagogical Sciences, Moscow, believes that there are but two. The first is that induced by the orienting reflex, and the second is induced by conditioned reflexes. He seems to doubt that the Leningrad investigators needed as many as wore suggested by them. It maybe observed, however,. Sokolov includes several parameters in each of his two categories. He measures such items as vasomotor responses in the head, and hand vascularity, skin reflexes, electromyogramlectroencephalogramnd eye movements. Very often he adds to these pulse rate and respiratory rate and volume. Although E. N. Sokolov waa not reporting on lie detection, he is studying an important aspect of it; namely, the means by which the orienting reflex may be perpetuated by reinforcement. He claims that orienting and con-dUioaastg canbe sepKratedfeand that they are largely dependent on the severity of the task or, in this case, the interrogation.
Interpolating E. N. Sokolov's remarks, it may be stated that if the question is eaay to answer, orienting may be minimal and will rapidly disappear. If tho question is difficult to answer, orienting will be strong and persistent. If the task at hand is very difficult, the response may be completely inhibited by the forceful orienting reflex.
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p.et
sokolov
conBiucio ins wvnc lu uc cm QDjectrrs may ui seiisuiy nnsgrsnaii, but adds that the effectors, in this case the muscles of vocal expression,art in the neural integration (feedback). their chief influence is on thepower of the subject. individual differences are of great importance and the only way known, at present, to rule these out is by increasing the number of test items. sokolov places much emphasis on hia concept of orienting. it may be recalled from his earlier, reports that the orienting reflex appears when the stimulus lacks coincidencerain neuronal model and disappears* when the new model is elaborated. it may be assumedtimulus forcing fabrication has no established neuronal model. if the identical stimulus isarying number of times, until orienting disappears, then the subject is habituated. it behooves the interrogator to modify his stimuli. it is the opinion of. sokolov and luria that any emotional conflict will arouse at least the automatic fractions of the orienting reflex and that orienting indicates directly the levels of excitation or inhibition.
ye. n. sokolov, university of moscow, formerly institute of defectology, moscow, has been elaborating on the emg in speech mechanisms. he reports that the measurement of the electromyogram from the muscles? of vocalization, as well as from systematic musculature, shows greater activity when there is -effort. as effort decreases, the emg decreases. muscle tensions appear af the moment of difficulty and are reduced at other times. emotional conflict increases tension. he reported that the highest tensions observed were in the act of writing. muscle tensions are aroused in listening situations also, impulses are accentuated by questions, especially if there are demands on memory. tensions are graatest when memory is difficult. ifferentiation can apparently be made between an effort at remembering and the simpleannot remember." tensions in the physiological components of speech appear in different parts of the speech apparatus at the same time-sometimes the strength of the stimulus or the emotional reactions may desynchronize these tensions, and speech maybe unintelligible or blocked.
e. herman and w. krolikovska (lodz, poland) have indicated their belief that thinking and inner speech, as well as expressive speech, constitute one single process. they did an electromyographic study of the lips and found
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luria, in another connection, has suggested that thereest for the inhibited cortex. photic driving of the cortex produces rhythmic activity in the corticogram, when the cortex is in the inhibited state.
lhat inner speech muscular potentials were present tn the lips even though there was no movement. In some subjects, the responses were numerous, with amplitudes oficrovolts. Other cases showed fewer responses with less amplitude. The lip activity of this group could be increased by silently reciting poetry. These investigators noted that personality characteristics of the subject were of importance in the nature of the results obtained, particularly his emotional organisation. Increased emotional base lines markedly increased the lip activity.
F.N. Shemyekin, Institute of Psychology, Academy of Pedagogical Sciences, Moscow, is investigating the transition of sensation to thought to speech. He restated an earlier axiom from Soviet psycho-physiology that new thoughts are made from old thoughts, but not deterministically. It ia time, he said, toonnection between theories of thought and the information theory. It would seemodification in the modelingew thought,abrication, should institute the behavorial. Sokolov Implicated in the establishingew neuronal model.
D.A. Oehanin, industrial psychologist, Institute of Psychology, Moscow, speaking of methods which directly reflect the functional state of the cortex, stated that the most sensitive methods consist of those which will determine the elementary psychic reactions to verbal stimulation.
V.V. Chebyskeva, an industrial psychologist at the same Institute, pointed out that as thinking increases, behavorial variability also increases. This should increase the number of useful parameters for studying both autonomic and somatic responsiveness to verbal stimulation.
L.V. Filonov, (Institute ofho is working on the effective coding of Information, has shown that decision-making modifies choice reaction time. erceptual-motor pattern of behavior based on factual experience should require less timeerceptual-motor pattern roquiring decision and choice in the area of fabrication. Thus, the tempo of response, in and of itself, carries information.
There is no doubt that the analysis of the EEC constitutes the one most important approach to mental behavior in Soviet literature. esult of this emphasis, considerable effort has been devoted to improvement in the recording of brain potentials. . Livaoov, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity,
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Academy of Medical Sciences, has been credited with the development of the electroencephaloscope or toposcope.
A.V. Snezhnevsky, Psychiatric Clinic, Central Institute for Advanced Training of Physicians, pointed out that the toposcope makes it possible to record bioelectric potentials fromoints on the cerebral cortex simultaneously. The instrument works on the basis of electronic commutation The impulses are amplified sequentiallyingle common three-cascade impulse amplifier. The sweep circuit is arranged to thatlluminated spots appear on the screen. These are arranged in five rows* Below theso rows areolumns* each of which correspondsarticular spot. Each spot and each column correspond both in position and in numberarticular electrode on the patient's head. Further implementation maybe observed in Snezhnevsky's paper.
It was reported recentlyoviet toposcope now has been developedhannels and lhat there aro prospects for machineshannels The important problem is to create an accurate operating link between the toposcope and computer systems. It will then be possible to analyze excitatory and inhibitory interrelationships of brain potentials involved In-orienting and conditioning processes*
In conclusion, it would appear that truth would disturb the stimulus-orienting response mechanism less than the modeling of both defensive and offensive fabrication. In otherruthful statement is likely toreformed neuronal model in the brain, gained by way of factual experience-Therefore, the orienting reflex should be minimal. alsification requires decision, verbage choice, and judgment designed for aolf-protection, for protecting or offending another, or for the dental of the truth* euronal model for fabrication should be non-existent or imperfect. Therefore, the orienting reflex should be prominent and reinforced. The instrumentation required to obtain the desirable information from response analysis In the Soviet sense would include:
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asomotor changes
Psycho galvanometer and thermocouples for skin reflexes
Polygraph for EKG, EEG, EMG, and respiration
or recording invisible light from the eye surface
Visual lighthotic driving
rain potential analysis
Computers
interrogator
The above listing of equipment would constitute the ideal. According to Sokolov. practical requirements would be less.
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Original document.
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