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Direct orate of Intelligence
The Role of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Gorbachev's Modernization Campaign
A Research Paper
Thii paper was preparodOffice of
Soviet Analysis, with cootribuiiceii from Office of Leadership Analyiii, am
Oflice of Scientific and Weapons Research. CocaraenU end queries are wtfcoene and
SOVA.
Tht Rote of th* USSR Academy of Sciences la Gort*Cher's Modtrnlyatioa Campsi'iRD
General Secretary Mikhailalling upon Soviei science to help modernize (be nation- Industrial base and meet the itchoologleal Aa llenge of the West. Gorbachev has frequently declared that science is the key to snitairxd technical progress, and be is loofcinf particularly to the Academy ofUSSR's preeminent authority inthe ultitnate source of tMhnotoyica! idvance
Founded4 by Czar Peter the Great, the USSR Academy of Sciences is tbe most prestigious scientific establish me ot in the Soviet Unionnslithis members, and more0 scientific workers embrace the crccae de la crease of Soviet science. The Academyesearch comptes (including the republic academies) that ot ploysercent of all scientific workers,ercent of ill doctors of science, andercent of all candidates of science in the USSR Two AcademyEngineering aad Beciroriics and the P. N. Lebedev Physicsemploy alfnost as many advanced degree holders as nil (he branches of the electronics and communications equipment industries. This network presently conducts half of all Soviet bask research, and in someit is at the cui ling edge of world science and technology (SAT,
A major thrust of the Academy's deepening involvement in applied research in recent years hat been toward miliurynof (bis, AJeksandr Prokhorov. who oversee* tbe Academy's General Physics and Astronomy Department, once said the Academy would pay only for (hat which "shoots, burns, or eijjlodea" Our identification and ana lysis of research projects and tponsors indicates ihat between one-third and two-fifths of Academy institutes do some work for the defease sector. We estimate that miliury research and development (RAD) undertaken by the Academy5 coalilbootTUon rubies,ercent of estimated Soviet egpersdtttirea for military research,testing, and evaluation
Much like Stalin, who enlisted ihe Academy of Sciences in his industrial-izalioe drivehalf century ago, Gorbachev is counting on the Academy to spearhead his economic modernization campaign. He is turning to the Academy to make up for lagging science ana' lagging technology in (he ind us trial branch ministries The Academy is being called apoo to do metre research in support of fundamentally new technologies, step up itsork, and Uke greater responsibility for seeing (hat its ideas are adopted.
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Academy is mobilidneupport Gorbachev's targeted technologies: electroiiics and computen, machine automation, nuclear power,and advanced materiab and processing.ew critical areas, such as industrial lasers, it* authority Wends beyond research through plkw prcrfuctiori and into series production. In general. Academy workers are under increased party pressure lo shed their ivory lower altitudes and be more responsive to production needs.
Despite its prestige, traditions of excellence, and past performance in pioneering new technologies, several factors constrain the Academy's ability lo measure up to Gorbachev's expectations. Some lie in ibe nature of the Soviet innovation process and the place of lhe Academy in thetructure;
Longstanding oresnirational and administrative barriers as wellack of commonmpede close relations belvreen the Academy and industry.
The Academy's role in technological tjCTclopment and diffusion is
inherently limited. It can help speed scientific development and nudge the economy toward new technology, but basic decisions about the useesults lie with industrial authoritfe*.
The scale of the Academy's appliedercent of lhe national total, upecadedwarfed by industry's own activities. Tbe branch ministries perform more thanerceni of all applied RcVD. garner aboutercent ofxpenditures, and employ more than half of all Soviei scientific workers.
Other limiting factors are rooted in internal Academy problems. Guriyho last October replacedyear old Anaioliy Aleksan-drov as Academy president, has charged that conservatism hasear-old institution thai "now we are becoming slaves of the structures and traditions that have built up over the decades.'* Over tbe pactears, tbe Academy's membership and staff have agedToday there is only one academician underears old, while more than one-third arehe proportion of all scientific workers in the Academy underas fallen fromoercent. Meanwhile, many Academyleadingdilapidated and in
-
disrepair. Livingfor youngwceaeried. lowerini motivation and morale.(he Aa-demy's weak experimentalajor bottleneck In translating research results into rnxiduaicxL'- "
Tbe Sovieu recognize ihese conilrainu and are Ulring slept to overcome tbem. Within the Academy. Ihese measures emphasize:
Rejuvenating the leadership. Younger, more energetic scientists are being Placed In lop leadership positions. They include new Presideni Marchuk. Gorbachev's economic adviser Abel Aganbegyan. robot.es expert KoosUntio Frolrr/.and pulsed power specialist Cennadiy Mesyals. They arc avid supporters of the modernirabon of science and industry and reflect the hard-drivmg and innovative management slyle called for by Gorbachev, in addition, the Academy ai its7 meeting intrcdticed mandator, retirement ages for scientific leadership [xniiioos.
Reorganizing the structure. The Academy's internal nructure ia being rnMgaruzed to better focus iu effort, on critical newand industrial applications. New departments have been formed for machine building and computer sciences ta addition, two rcspooally based scientific centers have bees 'upgraded lo the status of departments In order to assist the acceleration of regional economic modernir.iion
Re/ocusing research. Several! new institutes dedicated to applied RAD have been established, and research activities at existing facUitlea arc being expanded, curtailed, or redirected to accommodate new SAT Ihrusia.Gorbachevdopting new wage incentives and funding methods to weed outresearch, promote new priority areas, and improve performance.
Changing the Academy's composition. More applied scientists andexperts from the defensebeing elected, with specialities in targeted SAT areas in which the Academy is assuming an increasingly ra'voUl role.
Stepping up resourcehe Academy'staled to increase byercentapital investment, will grow byercent duringcooorok plan in order to improve the
eak cxpenmcnui base.rcomc the shortage of scientiric instruments, morequare meters of production Ikwspace will be added, and capita! Itivestmenis in this area will growercent.
At the same time, the Soviets are taking measures to break down the b> triers separating the Acaderny from industry. In January Gorbachev emphasized that the party has high expectation* that new interbraoch sacntinc-tcchnical compics.es will hastco the develeprnem of critical industrial technologies and tbeir introduction into the economy. These complexes include research, development, and rranufneturing facilities from the Academy of Sciences and industrial ministries, with nearly half led by Academy institutes. In addition,emporary laboratories are being set up al Academy institutes duringeriod to focus on devdoping specific applications for industry. The Academy is alsoscientific supervision of selected branch institutes in
We believe that Gorbachev's measures for the Academy and industry will lead to some modernization of Soviet scienceevitalizedbase. The renewal of the Academy's leadership should result in the infusion of new blood and ideas. Morale among younger Academy workers will pick up if living and working conditions improve and new wage incentives arc implemented- To the extent the Academy is able toiu equipment besdings and testing facilities, its capabilities to develop new technology for industry and to advance ihe cause of Soviet basic science will grow.
Renovation of tbe Academy, however, will be difficuk and protracted. Any attempts at radical or rapid change will encounter resistance andinertia, and tbe regime will probably move cautiously io as not to alienate the very institution on which it is pinning such high hopes. The new organizational linkages thai aim al speeding up the research-tc-mnovation cycle are no panacea for the IcmgsUnding problems impedingevelopment, and they have not yet proved tbeir effectiveness. The new Academy leadership will probably spend tbe rest of this decade just trying to get its house in order, and il will ukc atecade to build up its lagging ttxbnological Infrastructure.
vi
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Success in applying and disseminating SAT advances of the Academy will depend upon policy decisions aod reforms In tbend production sectors, and to date such measures have not produced any significant change. For Gorbachev's modernization drive to succeed, he will have to create effective incentives In the production sector for adopting new technology. Moreover, the new technologies the Academy isarc generally interbranch in nature, and the obstacles to tbeir diffusion into the economy are the most fortridaWe. Progress is likely to be particularly alow, and the rapid pace of Western advance means the Soviets will need to exert tremendous effort just to keep from falling further behind.
On balance, we bejieve tbe Academy's contribution to modernization of the economy will be modest and will not be felt until the. The Academy can hasten scientific devdopment and assist industry in finding applications for new materials and processes, but it cannot dictate tbe implementationesults. Nonetheless, to tbe extent the Academy can revitalize itself, strengthen its ties with industry, andriorities critical for sustained industrial modernization. Academywillositive impact on Soviet economic development in the next century.
Many of the USSR's targeted technologies are essential for the next generation of weapon systems. We believe the defense sector is especially well positioned to capitalize on Academypecial mechanisms help ensure that Academy research results are more effectively scrutinized and utilized by tbe miliury than by civilian indusiry. There is more "demand pull" for scientific advance in defense, generated in part by military competition with the West. Moreover, the strong organizational and management tools available to the defense establish merit will help to push technology development in diiections that benefit tbe military. In particular, tbe niuitary has two organizational levers which still have no real civilian counterparts:
The Section for Applied Problems, which is subordinate to the Presidium of the Academy and staffed by the Ministry of Defense and serves as the focal point for coordinating all miliury research undertaken by the Academy.
The Mllha^Industrial Commission (VPK) of Ihe USSR Council of Ministers,rsees and roonilort implementation of Soviet weapon developmenthese mechanisms will continue to ensure that the military eslaWishmerit benefits quickly from scientific advances that the Academy may achieve.
The competition between civilian and defense sector* for resource* in the USSR hi likely to be *harp over the next decade aad will help shape the course of* Academy SAT devekipcneot. Defense and industrial mcdernira-tion programs compete for ma ay of the samehigh-quality inputs and mgh-technc4ogy products that will remain in short supply. Coropclition for Academy RAD resource* could growesult ofore threatening international environmentigh-tech. SOl-oricnted arms race or became Gorbachev's civilian modernization program falls short of expectations. We expect the Academy to be squeezed from both the military and civilian sides in advancing the new SAT area* underpinning industrial modernization and the sorthislieated weaponofnd beyond.
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ScienceteesVr
General Secretary Gorbachev has mack industrial mc-JernizBlkia the heart and soul of his straiogy of ccorsotnic levuaUraltoo- At Issue is nothing lea* than the reindustria lira lion of theask that ranks In scope and significance with Stalin'* industrialiia-tiort drive oforbachev has repeatedlyrecently at theommitteethere is simply no al tern* the to accelerated modeanization: "Any other pathdinqoishment of position, an orieata-tloa towardroem neei Soviet journalist sng-gestcd the previous December that, if the ecoeemic decline is not arrested, the Soviet Union wouldanother "developing country" and -could even end upail to China."
Gorbachev has given new impetus to measure* aimed at advancing science and technology (SAT) andit the engine that drives Industrial modernization and economic growth. In an6 speech he stressed, "to continue making mistake* in technology policy means driving the economy further into anccordingly, he has botlt on initiatives begun under Brcrhnev, added newnd generallyong-term "strategy" for SATis rneasure* emphasize:
Reliance on new technolojies. Microelectronics,iotechnology, bdustrial lasers, andmaterials are recognirrd as the paceersakers of SAT progress. Their accelerated development and nu'liration are bringing to the forefrontof iirtcmirristerial coordination and the need for more effective mechanisms for securing joint action between science ind industry.
Revolutionary advance. Soviet specialists itrcs* that tbe potential for real breakthroughs lies with the pursuit of fundamentally new techrscdewie* andwhich depend* on basic science,
Major Innovations. Because they disrupt tbeprocess, the Soviet system discriminates against major discoveries and Inventions.0 invention* were first used in Soviet Industry, reportedly resultingillion ruble* in economic savings- butf these accounted forercent of the total wrings.
Wide-scale diffusion. Accordingecent Soviet publication,ercent of introduced invcotioos are used at only one plant and less than one-halfercent are used at three to five enterprises. In5 the Soviets esubushed aa Interagency Commission on Questions of Accelerating theof Especially Important Inventions Into the Economy. It is to identify promising technologies and ensure their application In many industrial branches. For esscnple, savings from the use of radiation technology alone duringh Flvc-Yearrc estimated toillion robte*,
Greater Independence. In numerous apeeches,baa argued that the (cog-established practice of borrowing and copying foreign technology has created what be call* the -syndrome of tnuutJoa and inferiority" that pervades Soviet SAT. He haa itressed the importance of strengthening cloroestic science and technology and theddlng the ntentality of being copycats and -eternally second rsest."
(Tcminently reflected in Gorbachev's strategy Is bis frequently expressed belief in selence as the key to sustained technical progress
J
Academy t'oBcUon* ud Rtsawe**
Tbe USSR Academy oT Sciences, ettabluhcd4 by Car Peter the Oral aa the Kouita Academyt*mi acieotroc organisationand rxiactpal CxKld actor of basse research fat lac Strict t'ni-B. The Academy plans the doveJcapcnefrt of Soviet aclcncc, performs considerable researchnd inercatlagly ia expected io overtee the implementallooesults. Il also train* sctcnujk pencnneJ. malataiB* tics to kecijaassociations, and coordinates allleu
of institute aSJiatioo on lhe Boat UnpcsrtaM prnb-lenu of the natural and social tescocea (toe figuret* coord mating rcapoauubalitj entcodi toOrdllc* ef (heepublic acaderrua of teieneei aoJ to ipedilired academk* iBbordinatc to the Agriculture. Health. Kdoc* Uoo, aad Culture miasttnes. On the tecommertdatioo of the PtHifburo, the Acadesny Lo6 elected Curly March uk a* It* actt lairt). *
I [lection ton tbeteem, ballot of the men: beet it the tighcaian achieve.ule, to be elected a* an -icadenikiaa" (fullne's wort oaatat be of rnraronnat sdentific tig niacance. Comas or. in Party membership Itormal prereejnlalte, and1 Academy president* bad not been members. Since then, however, the percentage of party members among academician* hat steadilyabout one-half Ln lheo more lhaa two-third* ia thefter Iu kit election* Inhe Academy wat competedall mem-bersorrespondingith the growth of party membership amoeg Academytbeowetter peniUoo to doeaiaate tbe Academy'* Internal timeline and Influence the organiraltcn'tthe cSectkn pro-ocai thaa it hat ever been before.
fcatatll
The Amdemy ddmlnaict the formulation ef Soviet SAT policy. Inear Program Cor SAT Prehe Academy, lhe State Committee for Scienceit oologynd the State Plaanlag Cornautiee tfkacAtB) tpeeify the ccatrae of Sovietjence and lecfanoiogy. The program, which I* based on long-range teJeotiSc (cjrceaiti aadevise* hat* of todal. ccortomk, and SAT i"nd formulate* "trial-oriented ta^gramt'1 to address them. Ia lam. the program it being naed Incsreaslngly lo drive the lyatern ef econeanic plan*,
g| unpMi tea tarda ^Uayltsa-n
Sejtaef
*
attempt to more effectively integrate SATnd to define national priceiiie* Tbe. wit used In drsfliag tbe Buk GsuCeataca forcoeonoc plan and for the period encoding to tbehe Academy hai already began work oa the neat version ofYear0 and due to be completedo itrtogtben Academy eapa-bitities in long-rangeew Institute of Ecortcartks and Forecasting ofograaa was createda recent (perches Presidentlso crnphasiacd the eriiksl need to boater the Academy ta that area.'
The Academy 'a network of scientific councils for "comprehensive" problemsn all establishment* that tackle priority probletns anddirectioos for futnre research. Councils are eosssocaed of leading scientists and technologist* from the Academy,and industrial ministries; sad they report directly to the Academy presidium. After receiving wrong criticism of thehe Academy presidium was instructed In March and again in6 to improve their effectiveness. The Scientific Council en Fund*mania! Problems of Future Technologies, established under the presidium bs3 and headed by President Marchak, is likely to be particularly impeetaat to Gorbachev's program. ina*tnach asia-iMc-sgsr-mrg Academy basic aad applied research on principally Dew lechnologws
Perfsrnslng BAD
The Acadcany of Sciences, the ind a* trial branchnd higher edacational eatabbihments (VUZy) cooduct RAD. The term* sea demy science, branch science, and VUZ science are ccanrnonly ased in referring to thisvisioo. of the researchacked. Soviet science is divided predominant-ly along liulllntsoaal and idmmkirs tivr lines rather than according to different kind* of activity, such as bask research, applied research, or Inrsovauoo
Al the endha USSR Academy badesearch hnpJtntos and employedersons,3 sesentihe workersercent of all scientific workers! Included4 workers with advancedxreentof
all doctors of science and ti percent of all candidaies ofhe concentration of scientific expertiseewormidable. For example, tbe Isstitf Radio Engineering aad tlectroosca and Ibe P. N. lebedev Physic* lastitatc employ ilasost as snaay artvaaeae degree bolder* a* al the branches of the esectreasics and corn mucks uonsnd us-tries. Tha esttk* aoadernyrepublic, and specssllred branchrnploysercent of all adenlific* percent of all doctors of science, andercent of all candidate* of science ta tha USSR.
According to recent Soviet pnbbsbed soaroea and aeccuung nsastaorea, the academy system accountsercent ofik the branch cakaslrks gamer theercent (secimilarly. Academy Instituiea have fewer thanercent of all scientific workers, while the industrial ministries employ mere thanercent
Although declining ia strength, tha Academy still ocsminate* Soviet bask research Several Soviethave reported that the Acsdeany share of eapea ditures for basic research ha* declined fromorcent In the0 percent in, The other half is conducted by the branch ministries (aboutercent) and theercent) Soviet published studies have es lima led that expenditures for bask rescuca now squal aboutercent of total officiil science spending Tha* ratioercent decrease ba tha share of bask research since the.6 lecture at Leningrad University, leonidoted authority on Soviet *cteace, said ihat over the lastear* there hasrop In basic research fromercent ofctivity.
At the same time. Academy institutes have been doing more and incre.esult of this shift In ernphaais. the share of applied research in the Academy'* total funding has esientiall) doubled, from
Shares af Soviet Research ind Development) bj Performer.
erceni Inooercent In. Accordant to roe in mtimatc* recently pubiiahed by Ihe ScMeit
- At ansnta ofercent of all State Budget financing for the Academy gay* goea for wcefc OS national SA Thalf of vrhicfa concern*. Amonga-utraro* inI-S5 economic plan, the USSR Academy participated, or tarothtrdi, of the program! (includingfargeta all.cademyotal ofinvolved Is that activity.
The than of contract research conducted by then demy for industrial ministries has grown.his iharetoercent of all work:J. alrcad,ercent;4
percent; aad7 percent. Ie republicthis tha re ia much greater, and ia tome academics neubty the Ukrainian aadB-- aaontda JO percent-Overall, the Academy now accounts forerceot of total Soviet aptaUed research, upecade ago. According toRAND Corpo-ratioo analysts ef Academy Institute researchotal of moreesearch Insulates of the USSR and republic academics are important contrib-utort to incbncsogy deiekraaent- Moat an Iocs led tn the iadawtrUI arena of thend Ukrainian Republics, and about cne-hsif specialize at various fields of phytic* and chemiitrj."
oan Kaid ind Cethken Campbdi. TX*dcmy oftm,m. RANDilJARPA. Deeea-.ee. IM0
This shift ia emphju toward more appliedchi* Boos Ike Academy's increased irmarceitent over theecades ia rcscaieh with militaryCr
ftofchorov. sea
denuesanisry as Ike General Faytnca aad As irooomytme.nl, oace said that Use Academy would pay only foi; that which "sheets, burns, orar tdeaufjesiioo aad saalysis of research pro/rei" rod sponsors Indicate that between one-third and two-fifths ofcademy iastitalc* do some work for the defense seotor. We estimate that military RAD undertaken by Academy Institutes5 coatillionilbon rabies,ercent of estimated total Soviet military RDTcVEures.1
1 aip Semen ring Resattts
The Academy sbo rartkapatot actively in tnoving ideas from the Isborstory into produetloa andoviet sdearific publication recently noted that,, USSR Academy Institute* and the en terpriics and organisations of spproxlmatelyln'saalaasaaassl snoreAO results.evelopment* from Academy Institutes were repeatedly put Into use by Soviet industry
Academy Sasfm-i. The abOrtiea ofapport implementation depend on their researchome Institutes eocom pass the entire rc-sesjcb-innovation cycle, bdading pilot and small production. The Ukrainian Academy of Sciences In particular ba*trong experimental design and pilot prodjetioo base,5 there acreilot production subdivisions tn the Ukrainian Academyotal prodactiou setasne of aboutillionear.) this namber bad increasednd the total amount of workillion ruble*
la general, tow ever, the laadeqaecy of pilot ptaat sad Urge-scale testing facilities within theajor bottleneck to translating research result* Into raodwctioe aad ase. Man* Academy Institute* have no pilot bate at all. Although 50
peroral of tbe employees at the Ukrainian Academy of Sciesteeaand Mtweentat the Bdceirnian,and Latvian Academies arc engaged ia pilot production, al the Georgtaa Academyercent arc, at the Kirghiz Academyercent arc, and none are al the Ksxakh Academy. The absence or kadeqaaey of pilot prcduetioo itnajor deti-ciency La,many USSR Academy institutes. At pre seat, the total aaaabcr of weaker* katolnd ka eapeei -mental dosign and pilot production at the republic sea demies is nearly bvcfold greater thaa at the USSR Academy of Sciences, according lo Soviet pa hi abed source*.'
Academy leaders, moreover, complain about theexperimental couiptneai aad (he ewer allhis ahorUgeofincluding computingwotthe research chert, ten la scene bradsexpeximenlslist* unable to enoctlrclyin fotefroetorascr AcademyAnaiouj Aletundrov ia5 aoted ull situation" bad developed la thisaad heaaat ae* hanttramenlS would be the step overaewlyMsrchuk abo *tra*ed, "It (eetns to metime hasor the ealablishmeot ofprogram for these taprruttssnrtaai anddirccrioni la the developraent of scion timaking, newadin limited qusittitkes. taunting more
faearrWaf Aeietitmtc The Academy generally can only recommend and advise industry about what idea* to accept- The rico*ioa to adopt SAT advaaota rest* with the minim lea, the GKNT. aad Qearssn. The Academy's set entice authority aad bores aera lieare generally usseffieicetnose tbe minii-tries io accept It* resccording to SewScJonlyeroral ofesearch ccanoktcd by the USSR Academy in tha past ftyw year* has been accented by the ministries.ork dona by the Academy and VUZy make tap ka*f ihe workload of sectoral RAD orginirstioeu
' Inndr
Incuirlry i, psrt**darty dow u, .oop. Acadert.,
raaterv
ah, andDurinrUn period for eouunplc. tbe Acadeoiy *cnt tothc GKbTT Go^ VUKIke niWrie. Bore the.otrcd>*tna; Iu ineal Important research of an laier-branch nature.. raywaver. onlyf
oot received widespread imilarly. iB IMS tbe Academy protxaed .hat
i i1 ihm,,
aad inducted ia tbe lltbcar Plan Byowever.liustrto. hsd not even replied to theeco numerations.omplet-od reaearch protect! proexaed by the Siberianof (be Academy for tocluakm ia theHan. Gorpiafincrudin-orta national SAT recartmi
Beeunse (he Soviet Industrialha,, veto over Academy ra^b, theOf tha Academy', coeuribwtteo to technical pro-ares, denenda attbrUntklly on iuBecause of lemasurdin,
Uck of coeramonch creation" eraUy not been dene. For all practical purpose* (be Academy ttandi outride theten andlaeaa aa effective -outlet- into the ecopcenyechanum for iirurfemeniini iu scienUAc roulli.
Although theentral actor la the Sovietcqi'iiitjoo oroceaa, apocial mocha-ansms bdp ensure last Acsoera, research
aacae effectively acrutiated aad taiiiznd by theT' -
-dernand pall- foradvu.ee la defense, sweated la part by the military erwusetition with the Wen. In addition,rrester Technology tmth*owerful cutoeaer thai bu Mron. lMiil IIIell a* irmrr,-tfves to mpoort ihe SAT needr of weapon,and defense InduiuUl modcroUatioo. For example,o dvilian counterpart to tbe W
presidium of the Aeaderny. luffed by the Minutry of Defense, and serve* at the focal point ft* coordinatins all miliury-reJsied reaearch in the Academy (seeor I* ibereeal counterpart on the
unmake fo, ,he Ministry of Defend major losk of the SPP^eportedlyentail
ttfyandprvmate imkncdogj ,hat could ruppc^ Sl-tar, interests or be applied toms. Tht lection in theeputedlyey role la maneafing the mwkommission lasheaf to forecast new weapon tyttemi
The SPP ts formally subordlnal, to thebat alto reports to tke Ministryprobably developed from tkt Academy'sofiachwork between the Academy and
resto-vet sfiht
^ of Scitmet has tUamhoHty to reject proposals from the SfF. The lection reportedly maintain, correspondingt ihtberian Depart mem and at each of the republic academies
>ioScd by mUlier, persomneL Sincehe section kas been headedvra-tiar general.'"knlcol wiener,rreial-nomlnaudfor. but rj7urted Z.rmprrrnip fa the Academy', Department ofMa-ekanla and Ccmsrol Processes Ckuyer's predecessor mtUT wws Germespenatted gem.ol.n artificial Intelligence speciallrt at the Academy'! Moscow Computer Crmer andafull member of the Academy's nevr trmrpna^ tecknalogy department
civilian sidehe Military-Industrial Ccmmisiion (VPK) of the USSR Council of Mutlucn. which oversees and monitor* tbe implementation of Sovieieiopment programs. In fact, largelyof theserehaniiim and systemicMoscow has long been more lucccaful at bunesaing SAT progress for military power than for economic growth,"
Foaterlng Acndeany Devetopatca* af New TeehneJoio
Soviet leaden icncralty regard the Academy ofUSSR's preeminent authority iaas tbe ultima lercc of lachrtkalheyeins iaaavnaiagly to the Academy to nuke up for seriousacienca naaf laggingin the branch rninistrica. Although the Academy is being called upon to do more bask researchsupport of fundamentally newit i* *tepping up Its applied RAD work even morecqulrtfti greater responsibility for teeing that its invention* and incovtiioni are adopted.
These initiative* arcongrtandina debate over tne ranpet rote of the Academy. Although basic research always has been the Academy's primary mission and tlrcngtti, the Academy hat bad anbut widely varying responsibility for applied RAD. As part of kb effort* to enlbt the Academy in the USSR's industrial mode mi ration drive. Stab'sechnical Sciences Dernrtmenihe applied physical acitnibti soon cams to ontnamber and dominate basic resesjehera andtbts. In thehrushchev reorgsnired the Academy, aboliabing tbe Techsioal Science* Department and tramferring one-third to one-half of the Academy'* applied Imtllute* to industry
Under Oorhache* the reglme't atutade has come almost full circle The abotttion ef the Taehnicsl Science* Dcparurarat t* now publicly criticised by Academy leadersr.aiak* At iu? general meeting the Academy began dlacuuing the nucation ofechnical Sciences Section (that would embrace several depart menu) to il* structure. Similarly, Gorbachev* demand that the Academy
Table 1
StveiM Leader* Respc-niM. forey TKlactegki
"
wtSorlia
Leader
asdrdacsrarin-
n-ji, Frame, aad CWUi-
SSRVie.
frwaeeat
rileanaOoa
Silayw. Dawi rvetmer and Chair nan. Macbiat-BaaAiw .urea*
rr*K. USSR Atadeeiy
rv-nltat
m
Duett*Oeenfii DUeetor of Ibe Kvehuo>tHK. Luiliue
ad Counui. Aimlodnukl Com-miliar
USSa Academy
oMUriih aod artotatuwi teebaal
Mi hemk.
Pttaa. UkrtJai.ii Academrent aad Dirocsar of" Pilew EleoUo-
WeJiin, (BUUile
hia modernization program recall* Stalin'* eoetceirj. Such pressure baa kindled resistance among many Academy sciential! (tec inset on page 9k
Gorbachev haa given no Indication thatoing to ease up on this pressure. The new Academy preside at has long championed greater Academy-industryFormer President Aleksaadrov. who openly aad strongly defended the priority of baste research, asay km resiseed Gorbachev's drived cicaer tie* bcrareee tctcsatifk rrstoareh cegsnizs lions and induiiry.preebes indicate (hatensitive to internal Academy concerns and will seek to balance theemands for more applied research tad support for the ntodernirsiioa program while preserving tbe Academy'*nd still primary rmtttm as the rtatioa's leading perforata of
bask research.7 levestlya btisrview heawd:
/ would like lo stress once again that muck scientific rtiearck Is organ! red*ikeairy tale principle. 'Co somewheresk son where, omul bring back something,sk mehere Is very much that we tannest foresee, and hlsiorteal experience proves thai some discoveries art unpredictable
1ey Techno login and Industrial Application
Soviet SAT poticy forb Five-Yearey areas for ekvrJor-neot ekctrcjoics aad coeo-puieri. machine lutomauoa. aoeiear power, biotecb nology, *nd tdvinred materials aod prooraaing leeh-nologtca. Theseeal hare been made Ibe prioriiy direction* throughout the Soviet Bloc and arc em bodied in tbe Comprehenaivc Program lorrogress Through thedoptedy tbe countries of the Council for Mutual Eeooceak Assist* nee (CEMAJ
Soviet academic* of sciences have prominent role* in each of Ibe targetedccordingecent Soviet journal, varioui deputy premier* of the USSR Counciln in en have been assigned to oversee these priorityhile prominent member* of Ibe preaidiam of the USSR Academy have alio been appointed a* "lejeotific leaden" for each (see tabic II These appointiDCQti indicate the Importance aiiadSed lo the Academy ando*ne of it* key leaders ht implementinguategy and Induitrlal mode mi ut ion program
The Se-ncU an impleawaliag these colscica by forma biiaf priorityncluding to-called targetareriod. Althoughm liltk about ibc focuj of Ibc an program*.believe Ihey echo the thrust of program* inlaa. During lhat period, ilmcalercent ofrogram* for aesMngAT proWemi and almcuiercent of (bahoiter fern target progranu for bringing new teclirvologica on stream and into aerie* product ion concerned the lame Ave key arena that Oorbachov hai idealised a* critical io induatrial tnodcrniration. Many of the Ureal pro-tram* are aaid to have fallen behind schedule and are moat likely beini carried over Into tbe preaent plan. Tho total number of SAT prograrmbeen outo ihe current plan
In general, our analyti* cf Soviet science andIndicate* lhat the Acadooiy hai the wherewithal lo provide valuable support In each of thenora tone* rettort experimental production of microelectronic devices aad sensors that are close to Westernnd much advanced over -not le available la Soviet industry Academy ouuuruliag workait brneder reaeaort,> tha awciear power program.ong aad iwcccasful bMiory cf work in bicrtecbnology. In miirruli and naurUkvceoeeawtgchievemeaU In area* like powderand Lsduitria! later applkatiooi eppeoiimate Western development. Theentered no ntovtng available Academy aebkvementt intoappbeauon'
lefawty frriti terar*
ifPASAa:
I Carucratea, Melesa. VrgisU Far twiner .M'ASAC fwyanw. hjvi SrtarW 4awua'
sam^aawsawn.ajrrtw I
The Academyadergoiag reorganization to bettor focus effort* on critical applied technologies and to "push" Industrial sadmllittoa (see figure JJ. Several new Irsttllbte* dedicated to applied research have been eatabliihed. and research activities atfacUrllc* have been upended, eurtsiled, orlo accommodate priority 5AT thrusts. Thitbo seen la Ihe Increasing aambers of spplied reaearobcrs. laduatry-baaednd sciencearti cult rly from the defense sector, ia the Academy', rnnmbenhip. The Academy t
last elect ions ia4 refected this trend, wtaeh rs hacty lo become even more peonou need at ihe emphasis -rthin Ihe Academyih.fi toward more applied science and uecpar involvement in Gorbachev'* mcdernitatwa program.onal and parsannel change* are particularly evident in the area* cf computer technology, naeehanleal engineering, and applied ee.wiom.es and technology
Theraaarfaw Stttmct, Ctat/mitr Tickmmloay. aad Aalomaiioa Deaorr-ear The USSR Arnderny of Science*rominent role in tbe earlyof Soviet computer technology. Ia fact, ittheomputer. With Iha morgan!cf Ihe Academy la the, however.key irtttitutc* working la ihb area firsdading the Precision Mechanic* and Computation Technique* Institntc and lhe Institute ef IJectronlc Controlere tra oaf erred in iadustry. aad thecaearch program wu cat back. The creation of tbe Inform* tiao Science, Computer Technology, tad Aulomatsoa Department in IMJ-tne trst acw de-rairuneai ia the Academywat rairt cf an effort by the political leadership to bring theback iatothc computer technology heldig way and to rebuild its lentey task of tbbo help overcome (be USSR* lag behind the Westritical technologyeen by tk Sovieu to be impeding not only incdernirat.cn of the economy but development cf Soviet aoience at well. Vice President Yevgeniy Vdikhov. who heads the dernirtanerit, has defined iu maia RAD obiectlves a* follow*
To develop large loper computers.
To accelerate tbe ticvesopenent and pro taction of imallad personal) commtteri for" mass use.
To develop advanced microelectronic*evices, and fabrication methods
At iu formation labe computerwas given four research IrtsUtaliona formerly subordinate to other depart menu of tbathe large Mcacow and Leningrad coanpater centers
lidd BANDeMAStPA Aagwa IfU
and two institutes ihal *pexialiic in theoretical upecu of applied mathematics ind pecan turning. Since then, it has added nine more btaliiaiea and acejuired an RAD lechnotogy bate consisting of piloi plants and related facilities. The new institute) (and year estab-bsbcdlare:
Cybernetic. Problem. Institute,) Mfcswaeesjcavks Iutituttj) Problems of Microelectronics and UluaSneTechnology Institute,) Computer Center,nforms tics Problems Institute,) Automated Design Institute (locution)
Informatics Problems Institute)
Programing Systems Institute,
Problems of Computer Technology Instituteand date unknown)
Some of the new institutes arc spinoffs fromorganizations subordinate to industrialAt least three are beaded by prize-winning engmeers who have been closely tied to theministries of tbe electronics aod radio industries '
The4 Academy dectioos furthor indkated the enhanced priority assigned by tbe Soviet leadership to computer technology as well as the regime's cexrrmitmect to bring into thethe outside talent and experience needed for it to tackle the computer problem.esult of tbe elections, Vdiknov's department pinedull members andorresponding members- This fa nearly twice the number of allotted vacancies announced In Iiveillya onlthough two-thirds of the full members work In Academy insaiutes, fewer than one-third of the corresponding members do. In fact, almost half of the corresponding members were drawn from faril-Itlet subordinate to industrial ministries
Moreover, tbe elections reflected tbe deepof the military RAD sector tn the new computer department. At least half of the newly elected members are known to have conducted research irxcificnlly for the military. Among their predominant specialties are several that relate
clearly to weapon systems and technologies:intelligence, guidance systems, remote sensing, and radar systems. Many of the new members head major RAD facilities subordinate to tbe defense industries. Lev Ko*hkin, chiefesign bureau for rotary technology and automated ammunition production proccues. snd Ana lolly Savin, chiefesign bureau and designerissik gtrsdancc system, were elected academics* ns. New corre-iponding members with strong defense lies iadnde Pavdajor general wbo lauected the Air Defense System*Institutes and Drnitriy Koilov, chiefesign bureau for space and missile componentr
The MeektMie, aad CswrrW Procase, Deyarr-aaear. The Academy fa also being pressed hard to provide support to the machine-building sector. It fa this sector that embodies SAT advance* "in metal" and holds the key to retooling the Soviei economy. At theS Central Commrttec conference on science and technology, Gorbachev called for so Academy department on machine-building probkms. In6 the Mechanics and Controlnuirnent of the Academy of Sciences was reorganized and renamed tbe Mnchine-Building Problems, Mechanics, andProcesses Department. Academy ViceKonsunan Frolov head* this detriment end fa also director of the AcademyA. A. fflaganra-vov Machine Scienceseader in Soviet research on machinery, automated manufacturing technology,omposite matrmkls, and computcr-aiststed design and manufacturing tys-
This department fa canceled to play an instrtuncn-tal role ia meeting Gorbachev'* indastrialgoals. It brings considerable asset* to the task, being one of tha largest and most oriented to applied RAD of theubstantiveAlter4 elections. In which nine full and eight corresponding member* were selected, the Mechanics and Control Processes Deoartirieni was comprised ofull andorrapondtngore than half of tbe new member*
12
A
were drawn from industrial RAO facilities, while Iheere evenly divided between Academy institutes and hither educational establish menu.
The decwrtmentrsdiiloaatly haa had the closest tic* to military RAO. Al! of lha members elected4 had worked em mililary orre-tearch projects. Their ir^ebvidas! scaerHlneaea-asrxraft design, lewors, radar. sad space coatrol and gtUdnncc Systran*-tetVct Ufa rrnsss.he new member, hold key peuitiom at oefetute-reUied research taw teles or design bureau. Newinclude Ibe prornincm alrcrafl designers Alefc-aey Tvpolev and Genrikh Nc-orhucw. wbo bead the Tupotev and ayushla designad the design-er of ballistic rnfasile* Vladimir UlUn. who bead* the Yangel Design Bureau. New cormponding member, include Petr Belyaoln. director of tbe Aviationand Organization of Productioni-hoUy Sernikhatov. directoreaearch Inititutc for test-launched lCBMs; and Vateriype-cUliat on coenpcaiiet the Mcacow Avktton Technological Institute. ,
As part of the rccctsrattiion and csnanssdn of this important eter-rrmcm. affibate* of the BUg.nrs.os Machine Seieoces lastitnle arc being created during toe current tree-year ecoeoctuc plaa in Urge machine-building regions ofngrad. aad Saratov.l tgwaesaliwaiucuUr problem area:hardeningverdlcnak-new lecbrac-ogkal ptoccas-es in metallurgical machine building;auionutlon in machine building; anddesign system* for machine building and their software. Plans are also being Uld for additionalia Kuybytbev and Volgograd la ibeew Academy Insulate of Superhigh Has
receotTdrew"Uf"
search in iiuiehiae balding foe the Machine-Bulldogof lac USSR Cconcil of Ministers
raasissafc* Departnieat. Abelsdse aervuer to Gorbaebev. was reccatly laiuned as academician lecreury and it (nerving vigesroutly to restructure tins department and iu work. Last year, the heads of Iu two UrgeaiInalitute of BcwomJc* and ibe Central Bconomlcs and Malbc-matlcirepUcod. Both liutliutes have
been roundly critics red by ihe CPSU Central Com-mittee for Ugging rather thin leading the country in research and artalysb on the economic andem* of technological change.ew Inrtituie of fccotvomk* and Forecasting of SATwas created lo assist the Academy in its long-
reetor of tbe Academy for the Nationalevgeaiy Scrgcycv. was slso raphseed tole forties or early fifuea. reprcaeat the biggest Ujectiori of new blood into tha management of cccoormc *eience* in many yean.'
One of the key rruaiiort* of Ihe liecmcmics Deoartment and iu new iniUtutepparently to produce tbe kind of innovative thought aad solutions needed to implement reform and .ccelersle mcdernixation of Ihe Soviet economy. Fravda recently called upon ecotwmbu to be -the navigaion" of reatructnrmg effcets. Ia hi*6 report on ihe work of the Eccetum.es Deemrtroeat, Agsnhegyan emphasized fa particular the needetter rnethcdology for cetermining the ecoooouc effeswenes. of new lech-oeslcgy. He hastrong cntac of costly higb tecJincdogy. sweh a* rceeaiea. that frrowtaelj doe, do,otntncursralc eecoocroc retara Equally beam on tha score is Leontd Abattin. ihe new careoor of tbe Insiiiale of Fconomicv He lead ihe Academy's6 meeting:
If wo do.i ratal,',- our gp-arwie* lo determlnlnt many icltnttfic and leck-mledJ solutions and their Inlroductkmpw-Ike, If wo Introduce naoUfoe ike soke of robots and FMS Jfierible aaw/aiirlu *rr-temsffor ska sake Of FUS. then insteadoamruciUm of tke notional economy mt wiO rsefa ff within the mil the toean This kind of yroeress can hem out to be ruinous, disastrous, and Ineffective
A*odern, rat .on campaign atscra into high gear, ibe eceeternk and social cotes and benefits of SAT progress are likely to become an berensingty important and contentious lata* la exonerate potter" and Kremlinnteraction and conflict between
Ihe'i iiind engineers, both inside and oultidc (he Academy, will grow. Economist! will prcu (he caigtitcers lo be mote coal coasctous. while the latter will urge ihe former to be more technology or looted Aganbeeyao and other Academy ecraaeeniata may And tbcnaaetvca mere and snore tbe voice of can lion and rentra.ni against everreaioui talesmen of high Inch-notogy.ack cf adequate Soviet mcaiutea for calibrating SAT ixogrcaa and the economic eflec-livoneas of new technology will eucerbalc the debate and com plicate decisionmaking over policy choices.
Stepalaa; Up Easaasrca Ciaswloutnla
Tha Snvkt leadership ia aware cf Ihe (trained coodi-tjons under which the Academy cf Sciences opera tea and has la tea steps to improve the Academy'i capa-bflioen ioderate SAT progress, lalan. Mcacow has increased substamially tbeof resources to the tciencanctor in general and to tbe Academy in particular:
Eapenditurea on science (excluding capiulare lo rise toahou rubles0allonhis would bring the average annual growtherccat corn-paredercent. These ea-penditurea weald aDow RAD orgmizatttai tomore aad better materialsall-scale equipment. imrsrove traming. aad increase wages or boouses.
More important, (he Soviets plan to increase capital investments ia science byerccat duringaverage annual rate2 percent comperedercent daring. These increase* arc slated directly for cinitalat researchnew aad better ecmiprnent and facilities to do tcientinc research, development, tatting, and evaluationand to build up tbe RDTAE base to develop this new equipment.
Capiul Inveatmentt allocated to national SATinlan are alrnoet three (lines the amount allocated ia tbe last five-year plan.
Industry is alto twang toW tbat it thould allocatereased share of its budget to science. The USSR Supreme Soviet's Communion for Machine Building recently rejected peoposalt by some of the, ministries to spendercent of their capital In raiment en science and last cadthat up toercent be allocated "for every branch of machine building in (Ac USSR"
As part ef the increased funding for id eases.Dy more resources arc bowing to Ibe USSRcf Scisncaa during Ibe carrcat 6ve-yenr plan
period:
The general budgetary allocation for the Academy in the Soviet State Budget7 laJ percent more thansolitburo member Yegor Ligacfaev indicated that, oa the instructions of (he Central Comiruttce. precou Is are being drawn Bp to accelerate ihe doeioewncnt af research by the Academy in lhe priority areasie ml cal technology, high-energyand mathematics. The Potitbaro, lapectal decree en developing mathematics in
1 Capital investments for the Academy are being increasedame rate as for total science 5 bQBcn ruble*
Capital Investments aimed at strengthening the Academy's etper. mental- product Km base and its instrument-making "thep" will grow by ISOTbe volume cf production of precisionand meant bfaotomatidn for acterrtlncwill more than double0 (to moreillionear) and wfll more than qiudrupieccotdirvg to Ugacaev. To help acccenplish Ibisumber cf new desiga bureau tad plaats with morequare meters cf Aoctfspace will be added lo tha Academy during the current pun period. The thare of total capital investments in science devoted tonow equalsercent, op4 percent Inlanercent inlan
Managing Support co ladwalry
Scienceindustry InUSSR hare been largely separate worlds, in lining rather (hart cooperating in mewing ideas froro Ibe Uboratory row practice, in; November Fra/da characterised the reutiouiatand induatry aa similar to "commoniea-lion baiwoen earth dwellcri and inbabltanti ol* othera general, adance hai been unresfjonsive to tbe BBodi of production, whale predoclicai hai been ueeothuiiasilc aboat the result* efhe scientific activity ot* tbe Academy in perttculat baa been belaud from manufacturing activity. Thii bai contributed lo tbe endemic Ivory-tower attitude of many Academy member* aad to It* traditional public image of aloofness from dally economic prohtemt 1
A major thrual of recent organiratlonil eflorti hai been to strengthen tbe Academy'* tradKionally weak teebnotogy bate, both to ceihancc Academy capabili-tie* to conduct applied RaVD and to rabet crest aad cooftcannce ia Academy research rcauhs. Al aa iauraataonaJ acaentlac conference Inor example. Academician Gennadiyew bead cf the Academy'* Ural Scientific Center (now Uralemarked thai bis ability to "inter* face with Indu*try" will be limitedarge pilot plant ig built to lupport the center'* weak. Besides expanding their own experimental and testing base. Academy leader* are abo working to increase their access to, and joint use of, facilities and services acros* lectori on the baab of negotiated sett laments aad ibartdcademy scientists, for example, are making greater use cf the experimental design and pilot predwetion bases efthe defeasethe latter are tapping the basic and applied research capabilities of the
Sdesitiflc and political leaden have high eirecta tions that new orgamiatioeul form* mtepa ting srstntce, technology, and production win apecd theand uUliration of reaearchowever, areore skeptical view of current organizational approaches Theythat these new mechanism* are ao panacea for overcoming kngst* riding problems ia coupling science wiih pradnctsoa and. for thai matter, are no snbstitute for faulty research and dcveloprnent. Alek* sandr Bayev, who directs the Academy's Biochemb-try. Biophysics, and Chemlitry of Pbysiologlcally
Aciivc Cetmpoundi Department, lecnadedeneral meeiiag of lhe Academy that -rargaaiutional work by risen* does aot create any concccrfeal or practical vslwe bui only ensurea cowdi-tiorts for creative work. Thus, we thould aot Batter ourselves with the hope that organization canfor shonccariingt In
Orgssatutsoaal Maaaaarsa
To break down the barriers aepararing the Academy fromambcr cf linkages ore being cstabliabed or strengthened
,9aAeW/aartent ef firaaei Imetllwtet loAetUrmy Set-teiifit IsUenkip To enhance the Acadenay's ability to cooedisale and controlations ef basic reaearch outside (he Academy, aesectcd branch lasti-tuim have been made labordmatc to both their parent ministry and the Academy of Sciences.be Acadcmy'i charter was amended to enable itsto 'serene tighter scientific supervbion over such institutes. Under Ibb arrangement tbearc iu rescued to evaluate tbe state of basic research at the instittrtca every three years, lathe presidium of Ibe Academy must approve the appointment and dismissal of (he directors of these By9 branch institute* had been brought under tbe "icieniifjc methods sapervi-sioa" of the Academy
So far. however, this mcehtnram ba* act beenemployed., Academyheard reports on the work of only seven ofranch Inatitotea. Both the departrrsertt* and thehave been criticized for "passive interference" bt the affair* of these assailhe work ef one tach collective, the Scientific Research Inatitstc forTesting ef Chemical Compounda, was roundly criticized st tbe* Coogres* of tba Communbt Party of the Soviet Unionitingntitule at an example of what such aa Irrarton-tibk atlitede toward scientific method* suecrviuoe lead* to, the chief acieotlfic tccmary of the Academy in6 emphasized. "It it tame lo put an and ioituation, and at quickly as postiblc
n Academy vice prcsideiti and
acadcmicUn secretary of the Mechanics and CotUrel Processes Department sinceaa actively promoted lha form of Academy industry linkage in Ihe tnachi at- fcwi IcUag area. Akboagh the Academy's largest department ia termi of individual mem toe, it haatbe fewest Academy institutes under its jurisdiction. Thus, this mechanism would seem to offer thisarticular opportunity to extend Academy Influence over keyctors outside theibe defeasethe de>eloptneni of newtechaoaaalaa.
a
According to the Soviet press, the following Leo in -pad organizations have been put under Academy screoUfic aad mrrtbodolesrica! leadership:
The Ai:i.Mi Scientific Research Institute ofMachinemajor SAT center of buft electrics! machine building and tbe scientific beadepaaners of the giant EkktrotiU Production Association.
Tbe Central Sdentifte Researcb aod FanerimeuUl Design Institute of Robotics and Technical Cyber-netks of the Leningrad Polytechnics! Institute Inwdeading organization in the USSR In the eleveknprneat of iadastrial robots aad rrapcasslbla for the standardization aadevaluation of robot cotUpmeoL
The Aa-Uoioa ScterUific Research laMiiute ofttttnl D. I. Mendeleyev. srHh the statuseventiDc prodsciiori asaociaUon (NPO).
< The All-Union Scientific Research aadInstitute for the Merhaaricsl PrtsctuntJM ofhand organization of tha aearty csubhshed Mckhanobr ialcrbtancfa scientific and technical cr>mrJieg.
TV process is continuing. Academician Igor Olebov, chairman of the Leningrad Scientific Center, recently proponed that the Central Boiler and Turbine Iwti-tat*a NPO aad the leading orgsairsuoa ia the country for pralacrns in power machinebrought under Academy scientific supervision. Inhe NPO for Machine-Building Technology of the Ministry of Power Machine Building was added to tht list of
branch institutes under Academy scientific guidance, lathe6 issue of ihe Acs demy's nrgsaizs-tional journal. Frolov prooosed that Ihe lattllBtc of Corrosion attached to the GKNT come under the scientific meibods supervision of lac Academy.ddition, he suggested that this sunt also beu several majc* higher educationalthe Scientific Research lastrtale en* Mechaaiea aiuched lo Moscow State Ualversstyumber of Inslliutes attached to the Moscow Higher Technical Scltool tmttd N. E. Bauman.
Crttuitm mf Ttmmuftxtyaraisefrs Special Is tors lories arc being set up at Academy Instils us lo focus on developing specific applications for industry OB the basts of research performed at these inatitaies, Tbeae so-called temporary SAT laboratorieseriod not to exceed three years and are to function casenttally as special project learns forparticular problems. Funded entirely by various ministries, the laboratories permit Academy scientific workers to use the equipment, iastrumeats, aad facia-lies of the contracting ministries as well as todirectly with itdustrial RAD aad tweahtcfioa personnel who, as one academician puts it. "know ibe problems and reality.'"
Tbe idea of ihla orgs ni rational form evidently arose with Vice President VeltUsov. Theection of Physical Technical and Ma them, tics Iwhich heproposed tbe establishment of tucti collectrvea.L temporary SATwere formed oa tn experiroetrul basts at eight Academy instil*lea in Moscow. Leningrad.Goraiy. aad Vudrroitok. Seven of the wssti-lutes have been publicly cited for sigmAce-fl acioom-ptishment* (see utile 2L
On the bail* of these initial results, various Academy leader* and Soviet press corrirneaiary argw* that this crgsusiuisoaal form ba* proved It* effectiveness and -haa earned tha right toha QKNT peartivetj evaluated the esperieace of these Ubor*torse* ia5 and recommended that they ba orgsnired more broadly. Csnacquently.emporary SAT Uborato-rie* are being created at institute* under theof General Physic* and Astronomy foeeriod. According to the department's academician
1 rcaaorary SAT Laboratories al Atiiii) IhiIiki
they wfli focaa Hi pankaUrtkWit aprVjcatioei of lawn ia raedicme tod industry trad ef fiber ocaica of diffcreai typos Byboraiortet aero already operational throughout tha Academy, and nine iriore were in the planning ttagr.
OfaaizartaaMNTKiX At pan of Gorbncbev'i raod-eeulmiion program, the Sen-iels are establishing large scientific and technical complexespeed Iheof critical industrial technologies and their inlrcduction into tbe economy. .The complexes include research, development, .nd manufacturing facilities from both the Academy cf Sciences and Industrial miaiatriea and arc designed to bridge the gap between theory and predaetioo. They focus en areas In which breakthroughs would benefit tbe entire induttnal front, aad they report directly to the USSR Council of Miniiwrs. These tc-caUed interbranch scientific aad technical eanpleaes, or MNTKs, art the tnotttant organitaiinnal iaaovatioo in Sctriet SAT policy since thePOt in the
Basically. MNTKs aim at providing an outlet to the economy for major SAT ianevataona that fall outside traditional branch lines of industry and run Into Ibe greatest organizational obstacles. At Marcbuk ex-pUlm, MNTKs have been created to overcome these Impediavenu and "toide road for the meat advanced technologies that by their nature areand, if we are lo be entirely prrxase,cientific results in these key areas generally have aa "owner leai quality" and the "character ofccording to various Soviet writers. Such promising innovations tyrJcsJly fallno man'sladimir Revnivtiev. corrcspmdirtg member of the Academy and general manager of the M'i ben. -MNTK,uterbmnch SAT cxsmpieaea wiD ba vitally interealed la tba use of the eatensive poasibiiitiet of ibc no man's land."
arge client. MNTKs are aa outlet for the practical application of research results produced by Academy institutes, which have freqacnii) heen In the
Confront ia developing innovative and complexIndeed. Academy institutes are the lead organizations in at least half of the newincluding the areas of fiber optics, industrial lasers, and chemical catalysis (sechis also indicates that the Academy of Sciences ii assuming increased responsibility for tbe impkmenuikm of research
The spectrum of technologies placed under tbeof tbe complexes offers Insight into SovietAll arc oriented toward prattieal applications, and many target the develcipment cf advancedand materials for industrialespecially machine took, robots, flexiblesystems, microelectronics, computers, andmaterials. Many of tbe technologies are dualfoructido of more sophisticated weapon systems as well as for high-quality civilian goods. Some of the new complexes -Include defcTsse-related RAD and production farill-Ilea, indicating that defense Industries win be actively involved as both developers sod users of tbe newpecial responsibility of MNTKs is to oversee the implementation oftargettheir area of ipecia lira lion.
So far, however, these complexes in general haveard time getting off the ground. Inolitburo member Ligachev complained thattbem wu being "dragged out uruualifiabiy" and declared that the party leadership bad recently dis-cussed tbe situation and had -warned" leaders or rt-lniitrics and tbe Academy of theirfor effective use of this basically new form of
Raw. MNTKbled by U*nas,aeordi-ale ia tha Montry of the Defeea,l hu pioneered the eMqas.nl aadotary
leetontftgy. indadlof Iulainiaruilu.snd
eiimaor. wu electedfull rwnbd of Die USSR Academyaccording M> thagease* proa, tamttrom II mlnlslrira tra Invorrrd la tfcc wort of uses eomptti
ebranch integration of science witht the January Central Committee plenum.stressed that the party is pinning high hepesNTKs and that the closest attention must be paid to their formation and deveJcprriont- Party secretary Lev Zaykov. who oversees tbe defense indiirtrks, carried the same message when be visited tbe Rotor MNTK in February and the Membreny MNTK in May.'
According to the Soviet prcas, MNTK* led bya few notable es-orptiona, like the Paloo Electroweldlng Instituteweak and arc having growthoutalutl-cheskayo Induilrtya two-part article reportedhat most MNTK* are unable to implement their prog rams and establish reliable rela-ttons with rxoductioo UBJu. Several MNTK* are having difficulty getting capital mvestment, credit, rjualified staff, equipment, and, above all,and pilot production fncilities. Their internal organization and management are bogged down in bureaucratic red tape. Some sekntiit-leader*arc finding it difficult to be technologicalwho must market products and nurture customer/user relations Evidently because of these raobtcms. some Academy-led MNTKs (focusing on fiber optics, personal computers, and machine rchabil-ity) hare recently been resobordinated to industrislleaving tbe Academy rmponsible only for
-rvbOtaVdacsewuorM
soulo.Jut ferae. Prakleni AkWdro.'. penslbUWdnai lies between ihe Aeadeeay iwl -dunry way twr,
UoniV bins iota eoafUel -li* Mnrebttk, Ibe drt-ug fore, betted
lhe rrratiee of MNTXinitial Uimw .boat
mntu dmea nnch. lie related tSal^lrttwa rcomt Uatwould reerulre the transfer nf many Mutriilbe Academy,ibaiprc-en* "wrtw.between Uic Aendcoty ud Indutry aad Owl UHr* fcr. nahlnt wotiMe eeopaailiad tnai Iba saccta cJtkt. eetuOuiieni! lew..Ike win icobKc consider. Die help frewi aot
eoly the poillictl Vaekert* tat iba Iba tndnatrisl nutrisuwa. daoe
*wa nlll tare nee (candlanguae and real fernt of joint -ort-tibdlcflbeni-
>
Interbranck Scientific and Technical Complexes (MNTKt)
Accordingolitburo member lev Zoykov. as of MIVTKs laoviei press1 MNTKt had beet created or were la referred to proposal, lofowxd th, followingfinal itages of approval. Since the creation
Name af Complex
af Facta
EVM*
computers
optics
Lattry'
laser,
Mashln'
means to Improve machine reliability
catalysis and new catalytic processes
Prlbory
instruments
applications of radiation technologies
*
not yet confirmed,
Mas/tiny*
machines and
not yet confirmed,
devices
design and
not yet confirmed)
systems
Eleklrosvarkl Ye.aton
and tiecXrometaUurtv
and rotary-coervtyor lints
and flexible manufacturing systems
and rnembrane filtration systems
and gas enhanced^eccrvery technology
Glasa
microsurgery
equipment
Mttallurpya
metallurjy
andputverlilng rjulpmenl
synthesis of new inorganic compounds and materials
Antkorrosion techniques and protective covering.
t -a -jr
Geological prospecting and exploration af mineral resources
technology
A USSR Academy of Selena, tnati.t, urv,
tin tret organtmk*.
Tke Laser Technology MNTK
User Technology MNTK Is subordinate to bosh the USSR Academy of Sciences and tht Ministry of the Electrical Equipment Industryhe lead organisation Is tke Academy'sReaearch Center for Industrial Lasersocated In Shatura, near Moscow. NTTsTLAN's director. Galym Abll'sttiov. also serves as the director of lhe
Besides NTTtTLAN, she MNTK Includes theGeneral Physics Institute. P. N. UbedevInstitute, and Problems of Mechanics Institute. The complex also encompasses at least seven Mlne-Uktroiekhprom organizations or suburdts. According6 newspaper article by Abll'sillov. kowever. some of lhe facilities existed only on paper. Before the complex can become fully operational, lhe ministry must organise andew Institute for later technological equipment as wellpecial design bureau. <
The complex, as envisioned, will differ from many of lhe other Academy MNTKs In lhat Its activities wilt extend beyond lhe pilot production tiage into series production.he complex Is to produce
hundreds of laser unlitowerllowatl or higher to be used for tke treatment and processing of materials for machine building. Current production Is mainly focused on carbon dioxideasers and Ion lasers. Planned work also Indudts ihtaf lasers for medicine and communications. '
Like other MNTKs. Ike complex has encountered difficulties and bureaucratic obstacles In gelling started. According lo Abil 'siltov. major problemsack cf support In obtaining supplies, fadlillts, and worker housing. He called for lhe State Committee for Science and Technology, responsible for procedural support of the complexes, not only to make recommendations on how to organize the MNTKs. but also to assist tke MNTKs by responding quickly to queries and interceding and resolving bureaucratic disputes. Abil'siiiov warned that,total support, inert wasagger lhat the complex would never get beyond lhe paper-planning Stage. In effect, no or* is In charge. "Dual" subordl-nat ton fragments responsibility, leaving lhe ministry end the Academy Indifferent end wUh Insufficient authorityntegrate and menage the complexhole.
hree other eomnleae*with thermalbernjcal catalysis,tcchno<ogy) beaded by Academy Institute* haveeen realigned more closely with particular min-totrieu. They may now enjoy "dual *uborrlination" status, whereby the Academy iha re* overallre*pon*ioiIityeparateIt does in the case of the Laser Technology MNTK (tee inset)
Strengtketdng tkt Belt of Regional SdentificTbe Soviet leadership to abo pressing theto have Its regional scientific centersore acajve role ia tupporting economic mcydernizatioo-Ligachev called for "bolder steps" la this direction during his6 speech before tbe Academy. Noting that more than half the scientific workers in the Academy system are employed at the regional
center* and republic academies, Ligacbev erapha-liied, "Thbare* potential, and it mutt be used mom effectively."
While this effort to strengthen the rok of tbe regional centers began under General Secretary Andropov, Gorbachev has liven it new impetus. Marchuk, who formerly beaded theartrneot, already has signaled that this willey direction ia "restructuring" the Academy in the moot hi ahead. In generaL the regional acientific centers are beingto strengthen their technical orienution and indoatrisi ties, to concentrate resource* on priority regional eeortorriicnd to coordinate the research of industrial and educational establishment*
with that of Acndemy institutes. Pany leaden are trying, nationally and locally, to use the Academy to break down or circumvent ministerial barriers to technological change.-
Urtinsrad. Inew scientific center of the Academy was created inmajor stronghold of defense industry and high-tech notogyrimary task of the center is to ipearbcad SAT advance in the rsorthwestem and northern ccortornic regions. Construction of antbe lines of the Novoaibirakbegun on the northern outskirts cf the city in Shuvalovo Orerki. Most of the center's eliding S3 acientific organizations and more0 sdentific workers will gradually be moved there. The entire complex of buildings is planned to be completed
The Leningrad Scientific Center baa had the strong backing of and hat cooperated closely with regional party leaden. Tbe center exercises scientificover tbe act-calledrogram. Leningrad's blaeprlnt for rrxdermzatioo. More than half the center's scientific institutes are taking part In this program, which Gorbachev praised early on and may hare usedodel for bis industrialdrive for tbe USSRhole. Gorbachev also brought former Leningrad party boss Lev Zaykov into the CPSU Secretariat to oversee the Soviet defease industry and the economy
Laf -eported thai Gorbachev hasew scheme of regionalizing research institution* under the aegis cf the Academy cf Sd-enccs and that the Leningrad area has been selectedwo-year pilot program. This program began last summer aad alms at eliminating tbe duptication. lack of coxrdmafJon, and ertormous diirorilic* inpersonnel, and funding amonghe Academy, and educational estsbliihments. Tbe impetus for this Initiative rr*>cetedly ii eeemomic: tbe USSR can no longer support three distinct, independent, and cnertapping reaearch communities, ghren Iu chrona agricultural problems and thecosts of Ha military postur.
The Far East. In6 the Academy decided to upgrade the Far Eastern Scientificup Inihe statusetriment and io restructure it along the tines of the Siberian
DcrxMmcnt. Up to now the latter had been the Academy! only regional department (besides itsubstantiveuring bis4 trip to Ihe Far East, Gorbachev emphasized tbe strategic importance cf this region for tbe country's economy. Al the ssme time, be criticized tbe Academy's Far Eastern Center for Its boUtioa from practice and poor use of scientific potential in solving problem,with development cf the natural resources and productive forces of the region. Only two of itsnstitutes have an applied engineering orieoution. and fewer than li percent of iu scientific workers are In ihe area of industry.ecent scale* of the presidium of the Academy of Scieoces in Vladivostok, tbe first secretary cf the Maritime Regional Party Committee summed up the situation:
Either we change the state of again la science in the near future and secure from it the necessary, full Influence on all aspects of the region's social end economic development, or unr will continue to became ever weaker and fall further behind, while having practicallypotentialighty leap forward,
Aeexsrdiog to Marchuk, tbe new Far Easternwill be given great autonomy in planningand determining future directions. Funding for Ihe department will come from the budget cf the Russian Republic andis the case with the USSR Academy ttself-from the all-union budget. Even If resources are fcethcoming, however, building op tbe existing meager material and technical base of this department willengthy and difficult pro-
The Urals. The Academy baa alto reorganized Iu Ural Scientific Centeretriment. Together, then, "these threeSiberian, Far Eastern, andbe serving tbe moat dynamic oblasu and regions of the Russian Federation In the East of ourccord,rig to Marchuk.
Leadership efforu to promote SAT in the Urals, ooe Of the USSR's oldest industrial and mostbackward areas, predate Gorbachev', risewer.be CPSUpecial decree on tbe Academy's Ural
Scscnunc Comermproving lu work. The decree called opo. lk* Ceuutcilisien ka ka-crcasr Ibe resources devoted io (be center.
In Ibe Jprirti ofennadi, Mcsyats waa made bead of Ibe Ural Sdencific Center ia Sverdlovskember of Ihe USSR Academy presidium- Foemerly director of tbe Inaiilaic of High Cttrrcnt Beetirmics la l i. hetomloeni espcrt oa pulsed power and reportedly i> deeply engaged la SDI-typeHe hat told other tcacnt fats that be was brought to the Ural Coaler to work oa commercial applications of bat pulsed powerfn ally, Ion Impltntstlon, metal surface Irealmenl. and metal hardening C
erysu OescnocO bate iitduslrialimtioo of high
Mesy* ti liery inir-crtant pu >oe, criaiged with briogiag high technology to heavy industry ia the Urah area" '
MayaHhas
permission toew science center searthat win be similar in Aandentgorcdok lo He also has said thai one of his main icapoiui-bilities will be to espand sdcollfio-Industrialon. Al the same time VZ
Mcsysis espects thai (he Ural Center willough time irnnleVtentiag this pespailicsiUrly If support for constructionilot plant for Ibe center Is not forthcorrtsan
Although It supports the orients lion of tbe Academy toward applied research, the trend toward regional-irslion abo represents further encroachment by the party and Industry on the Academy'i Instiluiiooal autonomy. According lo the Sonet press, party edS-OsU arc rroeruneritly Involved ia several regions! scientific centers, especially in the Ukraine and parts of Ibe Russian Federation. Indeed, Ligacbev himself was aeiivety engaged la science Issues when heegional party orVial la both Novosibirsk and Tomsk. In practice, those seientifie centers appear lo fDnction uceordinailng arms of Ihcir reapoctrve party cominlt-leci ii much as of their republic academies or the USSR Academy. Local party authorities are using them to propel SAT deveieesrnent and industrial mod-central Ion in tbeir areai
Strragthcelag MollHon foe latso'siion The Soviets also arc adopting measures aimed alere favorable ctisrsaic wvtltia thefor agsptscd resea rob and lechnology dcvckipment. They ietcaadc grealtr rewardt for innovation and aanetions to wood out urtproductite research. The btue ef improving Irving aad working corsditioas for Academyyoungabo being aired ta the Soviet madia (sec inset)etter incentives policy fa the leastpart of Gorbachev's modernlration program. While ongoing measures may lead lo Improvedto some extent, they are also causing aaiiety and coafassort among Academy workers
fan eased Salaiit aai Bennies. The salaries of Academy personnel are being raised In accord13 party-govern menl decree on measures to raise the pay of Soviet scientists,adaverage byoercent la3 itsfT sdenliili at Academy Inslllales in Moscow were openly complaining to foreign scacnifats about their lowhey contrast el iheir incomes with those of foodstor* clerk* or trweadrrtert whe, becaiue ibey can make extra money through black-markeicering and other illiestallegedly -earn mote than all but the upperof rcsenlfals."
1o eugllteeri were becoming increasingly frustrated because tbey were rarely rewarded for their eSort and had few jocen- ire* to doork. Vice IVrssdent Vlsdirrur Kotel'oikov in6 noted ihat this issue had been raised several lime* at recent general meetings of tbe Academy of Science*
The aew system esuore ddfereatiBted payfor each position, alkswing management greater
fleiibility in promoting and rewarding productive
TVtSoradIf twSf afAxmUtnwfi -wa* aasM wtvlraad aabnfar atiwetaw*kmiM AU u'.fln16iW amaaat.aar
Inmmtnuwwv bm rt*wU'ly paatstf.in* tht leadef pty -
dwSwwtwM oa traaUiy iad aad remtu
Li ring omd Workingt ike Academy of Science!
wiih tht prestige of working al Academy facilities, identic woeketi have generally beena wide range of benefits and better living conditions than otherpersonnel. Benefits end privileges vary widely, af course, with ones position: academicians enjoy klgk salaries, chaufftured ears, luxuryummer dacha, and accesspecial retail shops and goods. However, over iht past decade lhe living and working conditions within lhefor JuniorThis deterioration reflects. In part, tke erosion of lhe prestige af sciencerofession, acknowledged by tke Soviet leadership as an Issue of major concern.
Housing conditions for workers al the USSR Acode-my of Sciences have reportedly worsened In recent years. Ai the scientific centers In Pushchlno. Troitsk. Chernogotovka, end Fryaiino. housing construction has lagged badly. At lhe beginninghe queue to obtain living space In Pushchlno alone came toamilies; in Troitsk.amilies;amilies; and In Fryaiino,kfeny sdentific assodates of these centers have been walling to receive better housing forr more years. The housing needs of Academy workers In Moscow and Leningrad also have not been met.
Moscowdentific Institutions of theof Sdences. but ihey have only il dining halls end IS snack bars at ikdr disposal. Many Academy buildings. Induding prestigious Institutes, areand In disrepair. The construction of many medicel fecllttles and kealth resorts for Academy workers Is far beklndolydlnle Inwhich began construction9 and was planned to be put Into operations only half finished. The building of tke Utkoyt Sanatorium has stretched over two five-year plans but still Ispercent completed.6 the value of unfirdihed construction projects at the USSRof Sdences approached *O0 million rubles.'
According to the6 report of lhechief sdentific secretary, the publishing-printing base of ihe Academy has fallen behind Ihe needs af lhe times. The equipment el the printing plants of lhe Science PublisMng House Is sorely outdated end In poor working order. The Main Editorial Board of Physical Mathematical literature even lacks acopying machine. According to Academldan Glniburg. sdentific Institutes "even In comparatively poor India" receive several times more money to but-foreign sdentific literature than the Academy's large Lebedev Physics Instlluie *< -
Instead of two scientific position(senior and junior seicntilichere now are lire; chief scientific worker, leading scientific worker, senior scientific worker, scientific worker, and jonior scientific worker. The three lower levels are now independent of an advanced degree- Il is now possiblecientist who has notissertation but has achieved high practical results toigher uggeandidate or doctor of sciences whose reaearch results seem more modest.
According to the decree, directors of Academyhave been granted tbe authority to allow pay increments of up to SO percent of base salary for the
fulfillment of very complex and crucial work and pay increments of up toercent for skilled engineering and technical workers for rneeting deadlines. New legislation inuthorised even larger bonuses but did not specify their exact tile. Directors arc able to reduce or cancel the increments ifare cot met, if work cnsality is unsatisfactory, or if work discipline Is violated. Scientific workers will be reclassified every five years based on theirDirectors canorker's salaryclassification ocrkds if bis work is of hlgb quality and timely.
Under the decree, beads of temporary SATwhich are creator!aria la bet work oa ind aitign stoats, arc pcrauticday their worter* JO percent above their normal salary ai well a*ettstaatial booua tor aacatlag aew tnestneaogyeanwhile, additions! material in-ranMive fund. aK being created at Academy instit fund forultural measuresund for housing coroaruolioo aloo* ihe lines of Ind at trial RAD org* nits lions. Institute director* have also boon fiven authority to are oorrcductive worter* and to use their wages to reward topThe tnarniiudc of these Incentive* depend,oa the courage of director*
Araaesreling to tbe Soviet press, more than BO percent of Academy institutions had shifted to the new aystem of remuneration. In ihe process, official uiarics were reduced forercent of Academy worter* and were increased for J] percent As ia ether RAD-related initiatives, however, these mesuurea have not lived up lo eapersatioea Head of (heDeoartmem Agaebecyefi reread*in theoaraal Ihalf incentive* forrtet another toed ales which -rill wither away" be-caare of failure of impiemenla lion Beikslry.Lnatirute director* have approached tht* issue lite their industrial RAD countrrparfa. Iearing conCictt and complaints, they bam been ralaetaat to get rid oforeover, institute directors, not wishing to offend anyone, have (enerally distributed any wage* saved equally to all rather than reward only the most productive workers
Gorbachevimilar assessment of theproblem in his6 ipcceh In Kras-nodar. Referringhe practice of releasing weak
- This mamlir kaska* tErvwau> oW
oT Ibr mtu.lfk.iM ot Aadawy uMmtaU.rw. If* Fewwar,PSUBr OcsnUee.0*
ataaeaa.taa aUcOmea !li awoeirek HIT Irtnlr*Manftat
t-i
i in order to reward the strata, which was first tried laad. he
noted:
ere o/ lAe cnXraoe that rfclrine courseorrect coarse. Wt deeidadto reconmend Ii lo others. BuiWtsto* Is evfsfearfy nor being trnplemerUed ar frople hare approached ihe mailerurely formal way and hare limited thingsage leveling and an Increaseew rubier to alt and sundry regardlest of their contribution, naturally, nothing hat come of It. Nothing has changed. This was not the aim, not the aim ta all.hert can be no technical progress. '"
afSeieatln-
year Sc-vel. yaaxC
Gorbacbev the Soviet* have carraaed new Interest In eederstsadirtg the practice of technologicalhip in Western market ecrxiernies sod intbis cceeepr to Soviet etsaditicatr
c
xnte oerWtali raised thisoscow sysrtfoaiam
3
Iscieertist*eading Academy institute were bang encoureied to market their oara Invent tons with manager* of Soviet industry to lapraeanont research funding
coastrainU
On private Initiative run deep and continue to dampen ihe desire of scientists to assume the burden* of
entropreneurship:
ctae bTitolay YemkotoeovQ
Jatopped bis effort* toolymerin the West He was Initially very eadted about bis invention because he saw itay of
6ccomiri( finandatly secure. He hopedhe advantage ofa limited Soviet ecooomic Incentive under which holders ol" patents would beereeni of ihe sales of tbeirot he ultimately lost interest.
other Soviet scientist enirepreneurs nave also oc-come discouraged aftor finding it very difficuii io actually obtain the profits tbey had bees, promised.
The continuing frustrations and delays encountered in iairodudng inventions prompted the chief of the patent* departmentajor Soviet Industrial enterprise In6 to tell hisWe've got peoplehere too for corapen-
sation for theirshould be tome
order established for the developers themselves as well as for those of us who have to administer the program."
most scientists were tar
more interested in publishing their research, which brought renown in the scientific community, than In seeking patents, which wereot of trouble and prettied only limited benefitsow-ever, scientist* wbo made discoveries were required to fillorm answering the question as to how tbdr discovery ceuld be iniplernented. if tbey an- -swered it positively, they would be required to applyatent and would not be permitted to publish their research, according to this source.
New and pending Soviet legislation suggests that the restriction* on private entrerxtrieursbip by scientists and engineers are not likely to be appreciably lifted sooc. The6 law expanding the rights of individuals aad families to engage in small-scale private business activity doc* open up someTaking advantage of the newrivate dlireo ha* esisblisbed the USSR's first computer referral agency to provide technical consulting set-vices to industry, acicording to lirtsilya. Staffed by eight rnoonlighting employees andented government computer, the agency located specialist! to solve problems an enterprise was having inexpensive foreign equipment. On balance,tbe new law falls short of allowing the kind of
expanded private enterprise practiced in tonic Fast European countries and urged for the USSR by prominent Soviet reform advocates. '
Norew patent law being formal* led by the USSR Sute Ccmouttee for Inventions andboldoeniic for individual scientist-en trc-preneurs. According to Ihe Soviei press, tbe new law isatent law in (be Weslem senseill not give exclusive ownership of aa Invention orto the originator. This will remain with the stale. Is fset, judging by comments of the chairman of the Slate Committee, theillreater share of rewards for an faveoiion to the errlerprise thai develops and utilize* it. since the enterprise is supposedly the one taking tbe risk. Risi-or rather riska central concern in present discussions of the law. and iu drafter* appear to agonize much more over the plight of the enterprise* and ministries attempting to exploit an invention than over the inventor
Pron-otloiiaf Young SeltiaUlt Under party pressure, Acaifcrny leaden arc beginning to address theof motivating and promoting young sdcniitt* In the Academy. With the least status, tbey arc the irsost disadvantaged and perhaps frustrated group of *csen-Ufic workers. Energetic and innovative young re-searcbers wbo are working in the frontier areaseel particularly .tilled by the lack of headroom and incentives in an increasingly geriatric trxtety dominated by the science of the past. In thisPolitburo member Ligacbev last October ilrong-ly reproached Academy *denli*t* for failure totheir ownoting that -Ibisot to the benefit of our sdeoce or oure then emphasized. "As of today, work with scientific yc-rth is one of ihe most important, most critical tasks facing the Academy. This is aa absolutely maodstory cesndi-lion for the successful development of science,uarantee against the emergence in science of such diseases as stagnation and conservatism."
Vice President Vehkhov. who chain the Academy'* Commission on Work With Young People, has been in the forefront In pressing initiatives in this area.
mpeciaUy in lie Section of Physical-Technical and Mathematical Sciences, which be cr-ersees. Specific measure* airacd tl recruiting and promoting talented youth include
Becaute they can offer hif bcr wa|ea and bonuaea. teusporary laboraloric* are being;ettca-irrely La Vclilhc-'iaae aaeaaa ofckilled junior soicntiac aaaoraatca Into pit-ority areas and applications-oriented work. Academician Zborea Alferav of lhe lofle lastitute observed6 Itvestlya atllclc The main thing is lhai it la pcaaibteromote younghis cause*owever. Aa Al/ertw captain*:
Am associate of the permanent tat-crciory comer
to you andamily,erform no less Important work. but receive lessecent undergraduate- The situation caused some complications In the moral climate of the department. But It cannot be helped. We agreed to the deliberate stimulation of weekcientific and technical direction which was very necessary for the country et the given mamumt.
The Academy's newly establishednstitute* alsoechanism for paraicg new advanced SAT ami and recruiting young scientific workers to ttaff them. Such institutes arc often spared the heavy hand of tcictrUbc tradition, domineering personalities, and nepotism cbaracter-ii tic of older institutes, lhe average age ofof the Stew Programing System*created6 under Ihe Computer Technologyonlyears eld. Academician Frcadv has also noted that it: acw aSfittcs cf tbe Machine Science Institute being set up InGorTriy. Sverdlovsk, and Saratov will be beavily staffed with young tdexrtlfic workers.
Ia Jaauary, tba Acadensy's presidium decided to organize youth collective* In (dentine establishments of the Academy In order to better utilize tbe scientific potential of young people. They wilt be focusedule from voting people ap toears old. Insulates that create tucb collective* will receive priority in Ihe
dcvcSOperveat af irteMifk direction, aad allocation cf iciource*lishn>ents lhat lag ia work with young people will be deprivedart of ibeir resources for Use betsctVt cf youth cistlectjvcs in other institutes. In addition, the Academy bai decided toompetition for young icteatbu la Ihe tphcrc ef basic and aprslled research and abo ia Ihe devctoptrteni of new methodologies. maictiaU, and technologic, ia tbe.
Stronger Alminlttrntire Pressure. Besides offering greater materialcademy leaden are increasing administrative pressure to improveand move ibe Academy toward applied science and technology. The Gorbachev regime tppeart to bemda men tally acw approach lo financing baiic research In the Academy and higher educational establishment! based en projects rather than iastrru-ttonsnset) Individual tcientiits and entireare being ordered to refocus their work:
C
Ji iI theory is being deempbssized andb going into experimentaleal attemptmade to reducetbeoettts, and
ctive discrimination against ihem. Aceord-iag to ease Scwiet leteatiat. tbeceeticiaB* are being urged to associate themselves with experimental group* to make their activities more practical. He attributed this shifteneral Soviet feeling tin present probtenui lie more ia the manufacturing process than in scientific understanding.
Karchatov Atomic Energy
eaaing out it* attciear phytic*wiD be dcanting greater resources toand tupercbeductlne teebnesdgy elttsical naeiear
fforts were being steadily downgraded al the Institute.oviet acseatbtajor Academy iasiitalc ia6 taldcweing built for the Semiconductor Phytic* Group on ibe site where the lofle PhysicalInstitute'* old cyclotronocated. The
method of financing basic research In ike USSR dlffere significantly from ihal wed In ihe Untied Slates- The Sovieti primarily award block grants to fund entireather than allocating funds for ipedfic research projects. The Soviet approach also does not subject research lo the rigorous icrutlny and juitificaticm generated by the ceimpetlttve bidding and peer review typical af the American approach. '
This system of block funding furnishes nobility lo research facilities aad perioamcl but at the tact of reduced responjlvrnass andar Soviet ggf. encehole. The Inertia of existing Institutions and ongoing projects Is hard to break. The lyttem allows lome Institutes aid programs lo go for years without producing any significant results. At the same time It Is difficult to get new Ideas and projects accepted.ovitt academician observed that it was as difficult toew development In such institutes as to find the treasure crypt la pyramids.
At tke Institute level, tkls approach gives nearcontrol to tke director and laboratorythe choice af projects to be supportedthe sttfllng effect, of ike "cult of tkeidem lit! have complained af the greatihat directors have Inflicted on ihetelenet. Creating Institutes lo reflect theirImereits, directors have squashedmailer howhaveresource! from their pet areas or favorite
c jGor-
bachev regime Is moving toward prefect oriented
funding as home and la the Bloc The mew measures
are pan of Its efforts to weed out unproductive
research, promote new areas. Improve quality, and
orient performers toward end result!
3 tn5 aiireeior of meteor research laid ihat Oorbachry waserooaied budgeting policy that will force Soviet scientists each year toound scientific program againit which their mhievannenis can be measured
ovember IVSO interna tonaloviet scientist eommerued ihal magneiohydrody-namits research was being lubfected lo greater scrutiny by th, USSR Academy af Sciences. Re-starchtrs now art expected lo show mtasurablr progress, andscientific programs are above scrutiny and evaluation."
Moscow Statt University admsntstrattvt official! Ini reportedly toldC
l
J ihat tke Soviet Governmem Itovement to make university research mart applicable and avallablt lo ikt factory. Large block grants of rtttarck funds were no longer bringnstead. Individual projects had lobe fuittfitdase-by-case basis In order to qualify for lupport.
j Dr. Istvan Lang. Secretary Central af tht Hungarian Academy af Sciences, indicatedewly establishedFund for Scientific Rtsearck will be odminxi-sered by his academy,ear revirwf.ndM-dual gram ryitemyttem will be new to tke Hungarian scientific eommuiiltp. which (like In matt Bait European eoumriei, traditionally has operated on the Soviet model af block-funding to research Institution!.
Secret
eing renovated and vied In ibeons lo nuke *ctf-absorbent diodes, which aa as cuc-swiicbed laseil.
j neoseo- <jompuice Center io6 reported thai several Soviet instil ales aad orgtaiislions iavolved with systemsthose dealing withmodeling andbeing funds-menially reorganized and Wad IO concentrate CM motebe Institute of Control Problems,ample, is being directed to focus on designing computer rystetna lhat will facilitate and esihaDOc iu torn* lion, especially in Ihe aircraft and railroad industries.
l
Jibe Acavderny'i Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, kwospbere. and Radio Wavebad begun to shift lis main focus lo SDl-type research, 1
The leaders of theandthis hard-drivingoianagceacm style called for byare energetic Individuals with strongbackgrounds, and they are all avidaccelerated rncderrsiiation of science andfor example, toldshortly
after his electionice president and head of the Mechanic* aad Control Processes Department in5 that he was givenandate to break with iroJ,lion" aad dcnwuitratc new wetrl ell-la. the Academy. According to Frolov. he has been talked to work vary bard, to lead, and to beThough he etpects scene discontent from aaso-ciatca. he has been toM -to posh tbem along whenber they like it or not'
Implication! and Prospect* The Academy
We etnect that the AcsdemyW Sciences will undergo significant changes in .iructure, management, and rruifceup over tbe neat few years. President Marchuk has laid out tbe broad outline*old program for
"realhe Academy's work, and Gorbachev hat publicly pledged in tuprnrt him. Maichuk hat charged that conservatism hat to penetratedear old iattitatioa that "now we are rxoocnisg alaro* of the struct ures and tradition* that have built up over ihatbe Academy it to meet Iheigh eipocsationi and act aa the tpark plug in Gorbachev's aodernization program. To effectivelyit* tasks, the Academy must berenewed, "firednd trans formederiatric teddy deeniaated by science cf the past into aa energetic and innovative force oriented to science and technology of the Hit century.
Renovation of thit unique Soviet institution, however, willeat difficult tnd peotracted process. The Academy elects iu members for life by secret vote There arc no viable mecbtnitm* for easily purging or rapidly renewing the membership. brTorts to change tba itrcct ii re. operating procedures, aad tejeatific activity of the Academy will encounter heavy resit-lance from its powerful and euL-encbed interest grown* (tec inset. Ia toerttoa, Soricteavily rc'ionallly dominant. While the regime may beto curb the power of agicg tcieatists aad research directors who have km the tpiril of ionovition, tbe role of powerful sdentific leaders hat been anone la the advarjcctncot of science andRestricting ibc power and position of individualcould well impede tbe iniiiativc and creativ-ity thai Gorbachev it calling for.
Keorganiration measures arc alreadylied impact oo Academy morale. Some teieattsli wescnene theodng tbem at opportunities to advance their professionalr^rsooal interests. Iacasapaier tcieatitt at the Academy* SystemsInstitute toldC 3 most Soviet scientists tad engineers are optimistic thatnew incentive raogrants aad SAT referrns wiU improve ibe dimale and overall level of prod activity at research Institutes. Junior ttaffen hope ibc changes will eJinirvaie abuse* thai alk-wed tbeir raprriors to
JO
Marchaks Challenge: Overcomingna Graapt
!
A major challenge ihal Uarchuk mail confront when restructuring ihe Academy trill be relltlanee from entrenched powerful greats* within ihe organlsatlon. The Academy! relaitre autonomy hoi faltered an crMeonmem In which tiumerous strong leaden could aye-ear. Holding hey positions as Institute directors, academician secretaries of ihe Academy departments, and presidium tricehese Indlviduali have surrounded themselves vAlh groupi af supporters who are either Academy member! or ore working wit hla the Academy system
(ft* relations between ihe
various groupi tend to be competitive and bluer and haverbllltating effect on the Academy's reuareh efforts. Key academicians will obstruct the research prefects, acquisition of Inslrumentallon. and facility construction of their competitors, fttvahto there pertinent Information with each other.
ot t'atus of re-search programs Is so dependent on ihe perianal status of their leaders that even promising protects
are discontinued when their leader fells from favor.
din. or Is rtastlgned
Similarly. In many instances, personalone's technical expertise, account for one'sto hey positions and electionVoting together In blocs, theblock eachandidates fromto tht Academy
receive most of the 1 nd materislthai Ibe junior workers desterved, ss well as lo bete personnel dcotioai oa political coetickrsliods aod personal lies (biker than merit, indeed, 4?
orking in
several key applied science aad technological areasciiod abosl the dramatic tern round in ihcsr situsUons. Matty of their labor* lories snd hutiiutc* are now reportedly- thrlvint with new equipment, ample funding. *ndoa plan*
Other Academy workers, however, are apprehensive about the reforms, viewing them a* threats in their job security, professional stand int. *nd retainer/ easycientists who arc being forced to abandon research area* (and tomelime* years of work) for new scientific priorities are demoralized. At the Kurchatov Institute, for cram pie, morale atnsrtg nuclearit repeatedly al "rock
their ouuwtm us* never been "soany believe tbey have no future at the iastitatt Space scienlists at ihe lo*titute of Terrestrial MagWrstn,apd Radio Wave ftcesagaiion io earty
1
"liaai oovtel scicolists areif issues, primarily the lowering of tbe ma ads lory retirement age, lack of rnooej for nonmiTrisry reaearch, and continued restrict ions on ti aval io the West. According to these researchers. Soviet sci en tilts are becortuag increasingly aware thai Soviet SOIwork wnl drain funds from theoretical reaearch
In leueral. recent trend* within the Academy and, enorc broadly. Gorbachevevolving domestic poJhave crested uncertainty and confusion among Soviet scientists. Gorbachev's indemitation program wiih iu emphasis oncodern" and "restructuring" seems to have generated la the tcacntific craiicnnnily much tbe same kind of uneasiness aa it bat in tbe Soviet population:
ntist at tbe Institute of the Phytic* of ibeaid Ibe general siiualion among the scientific establishment wai one of
"eslienx confusion" ud ikal importantfleeting ibc Academy were te.ng pot ironedof more pressing poliilealartylo captain policy decisions bul couldgctseraiilica Tha left tejenlieu aotbul -j
Durint aa6 lectare iaoviet adeatuu noted thai lbs ducaiors of several research Institute* bad recently cabortcd the itsout "aeotJrautJnn.b* response was "Yes. but whet do you want as to doT" According- to this lecturer, adentiits cannot be expected simply to work faster. They roan have objectives, plans, aad aa uadentaodinc of ho* their work wfll mesh with that of production units.
The initiatives Marchukew need sincethe Academy's top ait arc intended to addresi key problem* thai have accumulated but gene unre-aorwed within tbe Academy, including tbe mood and low morale of iu aaiociatcs. However, both his plans and rhetoric about restructuring *nd rejuvenating the Academy are bound to rtibtpca confusion and anxiety within iu ranks -
Tar Graying af tki Academy
Over the pan decade there haiirbitoatial
cf ihe membership amt siaB af lhe USSR Academy cf ScUmeei. This 'erayitm'of the Academy hasaster af serious concern to Ihe potUlcal leadership, prompting party "Secondtigaekev in6 to dedare:
The lask af replenishing thr Academy with young scientific forces Is on urgent one today.
Let us say bluntly that mistakes kem been committed km and obvious disproportions havt arisen. '
The situation is indeed alarming.ercent of the academicians were less than SO years old. but by6 there was only one full member under SO. The percentage cf correspondinga lids age bracket fell fromercent during this Interval. At the same time, the short of full members over IS has more than doubled and now exceeds ont-tklrd. The proportion of corresponding members overoi Increasedoercent.
to focus on three decenuiiiraiioe. and I
Rejurenasien. With ooc-
beriifcll and
fewerecome urgent (tee Insetl ship policy and procedure the Academy'i, Eastxperience; proposed to deal withember reaches
a slot fee election of aa
Hungary).
directions: reyevenation. itlixaUoo
of the Academy's mem-ewerears ef age and JO year* old. tbl* taskhanges in memberequire arncndmcaU to measure* (baaedave recentlynclude theotomatieelry creating ditkeual member (used In
Imposing an age limit of0 new members (from tbe German Democratic Republic).
Restoring the requirement (removed from) that scientist* over SS cannot be elected corresponding members
Meanwhile, the percentage of doctors of sciences in ihe Academy underas fallen by two-thirds7alk lhe percentage ef candidates of sciences undern Ihe Academy has dropped bya third42hereas3 more thanercent of all sdentific workers In the USStt Academy were3 gedy gj percent fdl In ihlt age bracket
Marchuknounced ihat live presidium hat decided io aclopl Whet measures aimed althe renewal process ai various levels ol* ibe Academy hierarchy, Theseinclude;
Enforcing the mandaiorj rcitremeni of scientific leaden alimed particelariy al iniiiiuiedeputy directors, deportment heads, aad lab-oratory chieft. That rule doet not apply loand corresponding member* of ihe Academy.
Having acaderalcinas and corrstspranchng members resign iheir kadcrship position* between the ages ofnd TO Such member* may become "advisers" to theaaiium and to institute director*.
Sctling quota* for hiring young scientists for every scientific establishment. The presidium I* reportedly propoaing that every institute mustercent of its vacancies with new. young apectallau every year.
Other prooo**is advaaced by indMdvalthat may be adopted in the nesi few yean include the 'creed reduaioo in institute itsffoear and the introduction at Academy inititute* of both permaaent and temporary tiaff position*.
DtctMutl,aadsrcbuk is likely to cootiaue loon of power within the Academy.eviation, of oecisioomaiiog from the presidium to the Academy'* rub* Unlive and regional depart menu The latter will evidently gain greater clout to define work and controladres, and international adontlAcThe structure of the department* I* accordingly being strengthened,ew post ef "deputyMercury for crganimtXealeing created in each detunmcnt to direct theWe will abo probably ace an eitension of Got bac bev'i opco-aesa or ttainott campaign to the Academy, with greater emphaai- on criticism and rank-aad-fik par-tictpailon lo Academyemocratization"
meature* willim al improving creativity and innovation within institute* and the overall climate and morale arrtoag Academy worker*.'
ike Acairmj. We aspect to acerated scser.iisis aad engineers elected to tbe Academy, starticaslarty in targeted areas of SAT where the Academy'* eapabJutsc* hare been more limited but also where Ihessuming an increasingly pivotal role In tneeding SATWe cjtpcct the aeat tscorJona of the Academy lo reflect that changing crmccaitioo of the Academy aad ibe cranunstmeat of the ncartical aad Acadcaayto the modermiatioaccording in the Academy's statutes, these rknirwa should base been held inherefoer. we anticipate that tbey will uke place this fall.)'
Anyal radical or rapid change willformidable resisUacc aad institutional inertia, and the regime will meat likely move cautiously so aa not to alienate lha vary iastrtotion oa anktchinning such higherc broadly, the Academy will face the diflkvlt task of finding the right balance between H* various respoetUhilitieseet tbe party'* demand* for more applied reaearch and support for the modernization program while preserving Iu traditional and still primary mission as the nation'* foremost performer of baalc reaearch.
The deepening ia volof the Academy indrive for industrial modernization should lead to tome modernization of Soviet acience. This, ralher lbs* modernlzstjon of the economy, appears to be the primary aim of many Academy sclent lata. They are likely to use and ruiupulsu the campaign lo benefit science as much as pcaalble, waik paying litsservtce to industrial roedermzalion goab. Esea the most iprnaed Academy sctenUsU aad strangest mpporters ofmodernization, such as acsdesnioian Hons Pa-ton, probably share this view. That b. Ihey regard the buildup aod mcKkmizstion of their own leearscaogy
base as Importaat as, if not more important than, the goal OI* rejuvenating industry's icebnology bate. Aa Pa too recently put it. ^
Academic imlUuIti err In nerd of naodernlia-lion end reeaulpplng, end ihtir need ti no tmalltr end postibly grroitr than ihoi of iht produeiion bete. Only through rttaulpplng will we he ah It lo develop ttienee along Iht Imtmlvt peek end lo do battlt not by forte of nmnnberi ban byUll '
To tba extent that tbt Amderny it able to expandand teat bate, Ita capabilities not onlynew technology Tor Industry, bat alsothe cause of Soviet bask science. willwe expect that, if tha Soviets are abb tohow of resources and capital investment tothe long haul, the prospects for importantadvances and tech noi og seal appiicationsBut the new organisational mechanismsat tpeedlng up the research-to-in novationno panacea for mereocung longstandinghave aot yet proved their efTectivcoessto raise the pay of SJtT workers mayto some extent, but they are not likelylarge gains in productivity, effidency,Numerous Sovieti stress that sdenllttsmoved by monetary incentives alone.need to take additional measures to createecsanomic cooditioasaycboiog>cjlmore coodoove to innovation and initiative.tame time, the leadership risksesources and puabing it into arena,production engineering and testing, wbkbfrom iu cxpertbe. If they press thereorient tbe Academy toward applied researchtoo far aad Wo fast, Soviet basicultimately the
Soviet technology development is Ukdy toixed picture. Some of Ibe targeted technologies and program! under way concern leading-edge highwhere the Soviets arc lagging tbe West, aad they wfj need to exert trtsewmdous effort yatt to keep from falling further behind, la other areas, tome of the technology at issue is more low-tech, and some has been aroundong time. Here the issue of technological risk appears to ba low. Suooess la developing and assimilating these technologies will depend on factors in industry outside ibe control of the Academy.'
TV Jrowoeuy
Wc believe that ibeontribulioa lo mod-emlxatlon of tbe economy will be. oo balance,mod cat. The Academy'i rote la technological developtneot and diflusWo is Inherently ItnUtrd. The Academyessentially la theofona toctttei make itt can speed iha development of arxesacc aad tiichaalngy and assist iaditttry in rinding spplieations of newpredicts, and piocessca. but it cannot dictate the implementation and use of SAT resells.'
The degree to which new lecbaotCarjai era absorbed depends oa the wsTlinspaeat aad ability cf tadnatrial managen to implecient tbem. Itot atrftoieni for Gorbachev to make science responsive to production, lie mutt alto turn produeiion to science, and make industry more receptive to tbe technological advances. For Gorbachevst uon drive to antxecd, beave to take additional and bolder stent to create
crTecll'i nruciiires and Incenli'taNtaaafN
sector to permit both the technology path aad demand pull foe new technology to work effectively. Thus, luccest in applying and diascmlnating SAT advances of Ihe Academy will depend on policy decixtom and reforms In the production sector, aad lo data such measures have aot produced any tigpioeassloraovar. the acw tecaneaogict that tbe Acaiiatj at tpear beading are geacra&yia name, and the cosuctea to thdr difliition into tbe economy are the moat formidable.ikely to be slow.
In many respects, the Academy's ability to directly influence industrial mcderniimited abo by the scale of its own efforts inercent of the national total in ruble
ielli gem Aaencr and Cestui InnSlifreee Agency report, (Undutificd)'. GwsWnev'i Modem-lit'lonlatui Rtpan ,
b dwarfed by Industry's own RAD activities. The Academy cannot labstiiute for the indsstria' RAD sector. Match of ba swoccss will depend on lha extent tn which it caa develop coopers-tlon with induaWry in advancing new technology. The aewnanaaerial schemes under way appear to heap Serge closer lira, bast many problcxrs remain, especially in selling ibe newabovs all then.i the same time, open press anklet and inclligcr.ee tepocliag/mJicale thai scene Academy inssitnies are consist to be viewed as crjenprauton withttettcanerton that may lead to increased conflict*cnce and product ton
la asty event, srtvca the long lesdiime. ia otnrtoping and aasimilatlag aew technology la the Soviet Union, modcrnirslion of Ihe economy lo the0 will involve primarilyechssotogy. Although many of the USSR's priorities for SAT developrneat arc critical for iitsuined ind us trialsnd are the principal focus of the Academy's efforts inapplication! based on major break through! by the Academy ia fuadatoeatlaiare not likely to appear at Ibe enterprise and workbench level over the neat decade. Academy accompiishmeots under Gorbaccer'i program will figure more prominently fas Soviet ecrasranscin the neat centory
IM.nse
To the client thata medermzaitoosoccecdi In enhancing Soviet civilian industrial enpsbi lilies, Ibe defense sector will obviously benefitlnrrilsr time frame. However, tbe military cstabbo likely to benefit from SAT advances that the Academy may make bat fail lo Gad eatensire application for In the civilian economy, inasmuch
the defense see"or will be belter positioned to canlinl-iu on them. This will be particularly true iffails to build aa effective orgs aeration and maaagemerti structure lo push technology ia ibe civilian rraataliie* as well as an incentive structure that creates demands for new irxhaotogy by tbe end user
Since many of the USSR's targeted technologies are essential for the next generation of weapon systems, tha defense sector will be keenly interested In follow-tag Academy etcvcsccctents. Iietter ratal-tietned than civilian irduatzy to posh certain directiont in SAT If tha cipportuniiy or perceived needhange in the international envirestunent snd military competition might weal shape the evolving course ofodernization program and Academy SAT development. Indeed, we expect that, given existing constraints cat RAD aad investmentthe conflict between the needs of defense and civilian modernization will grow citheresultore threatening intematiooal environment aodSDI-oriemed arm* raea or because the crrilisa moder-uration program falls short of eipeexatiemi. gene rutins increased pees tore for more resource* or bolderhe Academy iaikely to be tcrueezed from both tha aaititary aad drifcan side* In advancing Ihese new SAT areas. Its irsets specialists andbe caught squarely In ibe middle.
ffaasitu tutu
Original document.
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