THE TUDEH PARTY: VEHICLE OF COMMUNISM IN IRAN (ORE 23-49)

Created: 7/18/1949

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THE TUDEH PARTY: VEHICLE OF COMMUNISM IN IRAN

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THE TUDEH PARTY: VEHICLE OP COMMUNISM IN IRAN

CONTENTS

Page

THE TUDEH PARTY: VEHICLE OF COMMUNISM IN

Historical

Formal Program and

PartyLead

Party

Party

APPENDIXof the&

APPENDIX

APPENDIXon

APPENDIXBiographical

THE TUDEH PARTY: VEHICLE OF COMMUNISM IN IRAN

SUMMARY

the now banned Tudeh (Masses) Party of Iran purports to be only areformist movement of Marxistlt is, for all practical purposes, theParty of Iran. Party propaganda has consistently parroted the Communist line, while the party organization in the field has repeatedly acted to advance the SovietThe party machinery, organized along Communist linesemocratichas been dominated from the outsetombination of veteran Soviet-trained agitators and Marxist intellectuals, most of whom have been comrades In arms ever since they were thrown together In the prisons of Iran during the Rcza Shah regime. There Is every Indication that the Tudeh Party, like the openly Communist parties of otherenjoys direct command liaison with the USSR.

The Tudeh Party is significant not only because of Its Soviet connections, which make lt the logical nucleusuislingshould the USSR accelerate Its efforts to interfere In Iran, but also because of thc head start it has obtained in rousing certainelements of the Iranian people from their political apathy. The other parties which have sprung up in Iran since the fall of the Rcza Shah dictatorship are at present chiefly loose associations of notables, leaving the Tudeh Party as the only political group which has achieved any degree of genuine popular support. Although the Tudehhas scarcely begun to organize Iran's vast peasantry, lt has made notable strides in thc towns, which constitute the principal centers of power and control in Iran. Utilizing the Tudeh-created Central United Council of Trade Unions, the party at one time

had morene-third of Iran's Industrialhas been particularly active In such keyas the Iranian State Railway, the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, and government-owned factories.

Thus far the party has not been completely successful In capitalizing on Its opportunities. Its various attempts to obtain powerulminating in the establishment of thePeople's Republicudeh offshoot, proved premature; the partyevere setback Just as Its strength was increasing most rapidly. Inhenwas believed to number0 and the party's comeback was far fromthc Tudeh organization was outlawed by the Iranian Government,umber of Its leaders were arrested (and later convicted) on charges of treasonable activity.

Despite these reverses, thc Tudeh Parly will continue to be an important factor In Iran's future so long as the lagging of social and economic reformeservoir ofunrest upon which to draw. While the party has been temporarily drivenit will undoubtedly proceed with its announced intentions of carrying on thc struggle, although the leadership mayfeel It.wise to setew organization ostensibly free of Communist associations. It is hardly likely that the Tudeh leadership has any real hope of gaining power throughmeans, especially in view of the tightover electoral processes exercised by Iran's present ruling class.ore or lessgroup, however, the Tudehis well fitted to further Soviet policy by undertaking sabotage, work stoppages, and

The Intelligence organizations of the Departments of State. Army, Navy, and the Air Force have concurred In this report. It Is based on Information available to CIA aa of IS

SECRET

at critical points within Iran or by settingew group of regionalmovements. Although such acts would notecisive threat to the Iranian

Government if unaccompanied by active Soviet assistance, they could be arranged so as toretext for Sovietin Iran.

T

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. THE TUDEH PARTY: VEHICLE OF COMMUNISM IN IRAN

Hisfoficol Introduction.

The Tudeh (Muses) Parly represents the culminationevolutionary mcrcmcntas far back as the first decade of the twentieth century, when Russian radicalsto use the liberal Iranian press then In existence to attack the Crarlst regime and to prepare Iran for radical governmentthe Bolshevik seizure of power ln Russiaommunist agent activity In Iranoviet Republic of Gllan wos proclaimed0ommunist-backed revolt took place at Tabrizoth of these revolutionary efforts, however, soonapsed In the wake Of the Treaty of Friendship signed by Iran and the USSRnd the Iranian agents of the USSR turned theirto the organization of peasant and labor groups along the Caspian coast and at Tehran. These efforts were interruptedhen thc autocratic regime of Reza Shah suppressed the labor movement andsome fifty of Its leaders, but they were shortly thereafter resumed.

By the latter thirties tho Soviet-trainedhad been Joinedew class of opponents of thc Reza ShahIranian intellectuals, many of whom hadconverted to Marxism. The chiefof thisersuasive German-educated professor named Dr. Tag! Eranl, was arrested alongumber of hisinn the so-called Trial of the Fifty-threein November of the following year, forty-five of tills group were convicted of receiving funds from the USSR and ofactivity and were sentenced to penal servitude in theajar Prison nearThere, despite strict regulations, they managed to associate with thc Soviet-trained agitators who had been previously Imprisoned and to obtain newspapers and studyAlthough Rrani died in prison, hiswho had enteredajar Prison as

Actually, only forty-nine were tried.

Inquisitive intellectuals, emerged as aband ot Communists."

At tbe end ofritish and Soviet troops entered Iran, forcing the collapse of the Reza Shah regime. According to the Tudeh Party's own account. Its firstmeeting was heldonth later,ctober, at the Tehran home of Solcyman Mohsen Eskandari. The prison-trained group of revolutionaries formed the majority of the party founders; at least throe of thc five men at the original meeting had come recently from Jail, while most of the nineteen men who Joined soon afterwards were graduates of theaJar Prison, releasedaw passedeptember granting amnesty to political prisoners.At first set up as the Tudeh Stock Company, the group soon assumed the permanent name of the Tudeh Party of Iran,nd most3 toarty press, and setting up connections with the labor movement and other front organizations. Byhe party was publishing three dally newspapers in Tehran, bad organized some twenty liberal newspapersoose federation known as the United National Front (later Freedomnd had fostered the establishment of thc Central United Council of Trade Unions. By the fallhen elections for thc XXV MaJUs began, the party was ready for Its first real test

The partytrenuous effort In the Majlis elections and demonstrated far greater strength than had been expected, particularly in the north, where thc Soviet garrisongave It useful (although less than maximum) support. Nine deputies,six members of tho party Centralwere seated under the Tudeh label

a'far Pi&hcvart, one of Uie older group of prisoners, later wrote of the Eranl croup: -They learned from us how to resist andoc-ton and prolruorx who were tbe Intellectuals ol Iran acted like trained political warrior*."

4

Pishcvari, later head of the freeregime, was elected from Tabriz but the Majlis refused to seathile anseven deputies axe believed to have been covert members of the party. This small Tudeh -fraction" in thcalert, more skilled In debate, and more sure ofthan the otherveryIn the chamber and did much tothe legislative process. Meanwhile, the Tudeh organization In the field worked to strengthen Its hand In preparation for the Soviet-directed attempt to shatter the Tehran government's authority which was made at the end of the war.

At the end ofroup of Tu deli-backed army officers began arevolt in the Khorasan area cast of thc Caspian Sea. Meanwhile, however, the very active Tabriz section of the party had setupew and nominally distinctthe Democratic Patty of Azerbaijan, and had begun Its agitation for autonomy. By the spring6 the Iranian Government was confronted with Soviet-backedregimes in both Azerbaijan andnew Tudeh agitation In Khorasan and along the Caspian coast, Soviet demands for an all concession, and strong opposition from the right-wing politicians. The term of the XIV Majlis was ending In confusion. Its final sessions left quorum! ess because of the Tudeh demonstrators massed before Its meeting place.

Prime Minister Qavam, enabled to actby Uie adjournment of the Majlis onarch, turned first against Uie so-calledelement in Uie opposition, arresting Sayyid Zla ad-din Tabatabal and General Hasan Arfa and ending the activities ofZla's allegedly anti-Soviet National Will Party. Toward the USSR and its supporters, Qavamonciliatory policy, with an immediate view lo obtaining Uie evacuation of Soviet occupation troops from Iran. In Mazandaran Uie Tudeh Party proceeded to arm the workers, to take over the government-owned factories, and to policeThe Tudeh-backed Central United Council of Trade Unionsash of unauthorized strikes, Tudeh members seized

factories at Isfahan, and party speakers at Abadan heaped abuse on Uie government and Uie Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, all without governmental opposition. In June aagreement was reached between Qavam and the "Azerbaijan Democraticwhile Abbas Ksknndari. brother of Uie Tudeh Party leader, was named mayor of Tehran; In August, Qavam named threeTudeh leaders to bis cabinet, thusthem to place loyal followers In Important government posts, even In such former right-wing strongholds as Tazd and Kexman.

The mushrooming of Tudeh influence was soon checked, however. Qavam was already becoming annoyed with Uie Tudeh Partyof its pressure for- ratification of Uie Soviet oil concession agreement and! forconcessions In Uie forthcoming elections, and when Uie powerful Qashqai tribes openly rebelled against thc ascendancy of Tudeh leaders in thc government, he movedively. Quickly making an agreement with the Qashqais, he dismissed the Tudeh mayor of Tehran, forced Uie Tudeh members out of bis cabinet, and stressed Uie rapid expansion of his own newly formed poliUcal party, Uie Democrats of Iran. With much of thepopulation rushing to Join the new party and sentiment In favor of Uie Azerbaijan regime fading, Uie government became bolder.onthudeh-sponsoredstrike took place In Tehranie Tudeh press was suppressed, and onecember the Azerbaijan regime collapsed in Uie face of government troops sent in to supervise the elections there. Some of the Tudeh-dominated factories were occupied by troops, scores of Tudeh and labor leaders were arrested, and In several towns Uie Tudeh party and labor clubs were closed.

The party reeled before these blows. Its leaders faded briefly from sight and thenthat the party would boycott Uie comingeriod of soul searching followed. Moderate members deserted to Uie Democrats of Iran, while some of theissued pamphlets attacking tbcand "ill-defined and disorganized course" of the party.7 the Central Committee was replacedemporaryE T

* SE/RET

Council, and lhe Tudeh leadership confessed that the party, by encouraging quantity rather than quality, had granted membership to corrupt opportunists andwho had Ignored the Instructions of the Central Committee and injured theof many of their fellow countrymen.

The party began thc long road back: byInto reorganized local cells, which operated quietly and without publicity.the national organization slowly began to revive. As early as7 Qavam allegedly offered cabinet positions to the party, andthe fall ofafter the passage of a' general amnesty bill by theof the old Democratic Party of Azerbaijan drifted back into the TudehThe mohajirssupposedly Iranian nationals returning after residence within theifting down from thc northwest, were especially successful ln penetrating the Iranian State Railway. In November the leader of the trade unionwas released from prison, hithe Tudeh Youth Organization reopened its club at Isfahan, and on May8 the party's Annual CongressewCommittee, in which all of those who had been dropped after thc near-debacle6 were reinstated in power.

The party was not officially represented In the Majlis, but It began to play ah Increasingly strident role in public affairs through theof its revived and revitalized8 the party leaders made apresentation of demands to PrimeHajir and during the fall8 Its press attacks became Increasingly* bitter.the party was obviously gaining strength with each passing month and, by its collection and storage of arms and vehicles, was apparently preparing for some sort of direct action.

Thc revival of the Tudeh Party washalted, following the attemptedof the Shahhen martial law was proclaimed throughout thc country, the Tudeh Party was officiallyand some five hundred individuals were arrested on the ground that the party had

been involved in the assassination plot."April the trials of some fourteenseven lesser lights ended with-nineteensentenced to terms of one toay eight leaders (seven of themof thc Central Committee) triedwere sentenced to death, whileparty members were-sentenced tofive to tenthese blows, the' Tudeh Partytoignificant threat tostability. By virtue of its broadand vigorous organisationalis the only contemporary politicalbi Iran which has achieved any realof support among the people..Its pretense -of beingovement, thc Tudeh Party Is, forpurposes, the Iranianand is unmistakably under Soviet - . *

% Formal Program ond Policy.

Ostensibly, the Tudeh Party Is merely areform organization; the party leadership has taken pains to convey the impression that the party wishes only to effect the* social and economic reforms which most Western visitors would admit were necessary inA stm: liar tactic was adopted by the Democratic Party of Azerbaijan, whichoderate line until its assumption of power enabled It to start an extremely radicalhe Tudehdopted at the first partyists asaims that thcepresents the oppressed classes oftands for thc independence and integrity of Iran as againstavors international cooperation toward the attainment of worldartisanruly democratic government;s dedicated to tbeof outmoded economic systemsrogressive organization beneficial to the majority of the people. The partycalls for freedom of thought andracial and religious equality, universal free elections, reform of thc Judiciary, and

"The government announced, however, that II would not attempt to prosecate ordinary, rank-and-file members of Uie party.

Sec Appendix A.

e

ET

of laws unjust to the masses, while tbe party has also advocated such objectives as the eight-hour day, recognition of the rights ot unions, social insurance, protection of mothers and children, and legal and social equality for women. Although most of its platform relates to the laboring; classes, lt has asserted that It Is notarty 'of the workers but the spokesman forercent of the nation. It has repeatedly stated that It works to uphold the Constitution, la in no way opposed to "constitutionalnd "has no

quarrel with the principles of private

Apparently nothing has angered thc leaders of the Tudeh Party so much as the accusation that the party Is Communistic and has ties with the USSR. Statements In Tudehand books stress the democratic,and anti-reactionary character of the party. The official line Is that the partyative organization, working for the good of the Iranian nation, which Is not and will not become Communist; "If our party publishesarticles, lt Is because the Soviets fight well against the.7 the

" nv IMS:

"There seem* to be an established opinion that tbe Toothn organ ofhyne-sided policy? Why think that ereryanU only Uieor other countries Into tbe Soviet Union? Tbe Tudeh works for the Iranian nauon. for the main tens nee of our ownf our party publishes pro-Sonett Is because the Soviets debt well against the fascists. We are gore that Use Soviet government neither intends tobolshevik Government In Iran, nor toIran."

The pamphlet "Know the Tudeh Party" (Tehran.ontained the similar assertions that: The statement that the Tudeh party of Iran has

communisttatement that the croup of Baj rid Zla Tad-din Tabatabal] are spreading without reason to frighten the merchants and the capitalists. Is an error and far tram thec believe that communistic and aoclaiistic thoughts need special social condiUons which do not exist In Iran and If oneommunist party comes Into existence In Iran that party willnot ben our situation there axe certain Ues with Uie Soviet governmenthat] we have confidence that the Sorlet government, contrary to whatnemies say. has no Intention of making Iran Iwlsh ovist nor of_It,"

Tudeh leadership feltince the party Is neither communistic norto denounce the "Marxist Trotskyltes" within its ranks asleftsince then, however, the Tudeh Party has devoted less energy to denying any tics with the Soviet Union and more energy ,to attacking thc "enemies" of the USSR

The Tudeh Party's real Was, while veiled in Its statement of domestic aims, Is madeIn Its published statementshe major outside powers. The officialof the party toward the US and the UK was at first mild;4 it spoke ofa government "on the type of thehile the party leaders then appeared to view the USertain amount of good win. However, the party line soon thereafter began to harden, first against the UK and then against the US. Against the British, the Tudeh leadersthe theme of the "one-aidedrguing that the British had maintainedover Iranian foreign affairs andpoliticians, particularly of theelement, ever since the pro-Worldtruggle for Influence with Russia, andormal haiwnr* in Iranian foreign policy should be re-established by development of friendly relations with the USSR which had refrained from following the old Czarist policy of Interference In Iran. In more recent months the Tudeh Party has also attacked the British on specific points, demanding that the Bahrein Islands In thc Persian Gulf, whose ruler Is in effectritish protectorate,

Analyttt of (A* Conditions of Ihehe writer assumes an air of greatover tbc attitude taken by the "Marxist TToUkyltes-:

"Theyeft deviation who wanted to gain control of the party by parliamentary means! They said that It was an aristocratic party and that Its leaders were not workcrsl They said that the workers should have all affairs in their own hands and Uial they would revolt by founding aparty. They said that the Tudeh has relations with Imperialists bat that they are connected with the Comintern. They said that the Tcdeh party violated Marxist theories and was taken In bydemocracy! They made use of phrases of Man. Engels, Irnln and Stalin!"

The writer closes byassage from Lenin against such devlaUonlsla.

RET

returned to Iran; Insisting that Irana much greater return from theof the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company;that the British-owned Imperial Bank of Iran Is operated entirely for the benefit of .the UK; stating that thc Shah's visit to the UK In the summer8 was for the purpose of receiving instructions from the British; and repeating the common charge that many of the presentleaders of Iran arc In the pay of the British.

With respect to thc US, the Tudeh Fatty's Initial good-will soon evaporated. Evidently fearing that the US financialight succeed in improving the living conditions of the people, the party soon began to launch attacks against Dr. Mlllspaugh, the director. The Tudeh leader 'And es-Samad Kambakhsh asserted in the Majlis that "Dr. Mlllspaugh was commissioned by certainto destroy Iran's industries andand In general the economics of the country, that he might provide markets for those capitalists after the war Is over."

6 on, the party organs haveSoviet pronouncements about the US, whether directly related to Iranian affairs orarty directive ofhat "the US in general and US policy in Iran, with emphasis on the arms credit program In particular, should be the subject of severest presshe party has argued that the plans of Roosevelt have been perverted and altered since his death (and the opinions of his former deputy,as heaped criticism upon US aid to Greece and Turkey and on the Marshall plan; and has flatly accused the US of having an Imperialistic policy designed "to enforce American political, economic, and military rule all over the

* Speech by Dr. Radmanesh before Tudeh Central Committee.ctober IMS. Radmancsh also charged that: The World War mongers, the Wall Street masters, have started vast propaganda against the decisions of thehe American policy of expansion, which was draeetoe Britain and France along In their search for dollars, prevented the world, destroyed by World War H, from be Ine convertedeally peaceful

The party is most vehement, as might be expected, about US activities In Iran. Itopposed the US arms credit bill whkh was finally passed by the Majlis ln8 and has consistently demanded rti qnjreai of the US military missions to tbe Iranian Army and to tbc gendarmerie, alleging that US activities ln Iran are partlan for creating military bases in various parts of the world and charging that airports are being constructed in Iran under US supervision. According to the Tudeh doctrine, the ruling classes of Iran have decided to serve both the "British and the American Imperialisms' lnet one of themree hand lo the army and gendarmerie and In theof military bases; satisfy the other one by raising the exchange price, robbing theoil resources, and giving power to its agents."

It Is within this framework that the Tudeh Party explains its approval of the USSR; the party Is describedartisan of friendship not only with the Soviets but with "allopposed to Imperialism and the wards of imperialism taowever, theof Tudeh leadership andwell as its attitude In practice Indicate that thc party Is linked with tbe USSR hi far more substantial ways.

3. Porty Leadership.

From the very beginning, the Tudeh Party has been under Uie complete dominationelatively small group of men, all of whom have long been linked with the USSR by either Marxist convictions or by actual training in the USSR The numerically larger element ta this group is made up of Iranianwithout direct ties with the USSR;among the fourteen or more members of this group arc at least ninemen who were first attracted tothrough their advanced studies on the Continent or through association with Dr. Eranl, andew prominent figures such as thc Eskandarl brothers, who are related to thc Qajar dynusty overthrown by the present Shah's father, thc late Reza Shah PahlcvL The second element In the Tudeh Party lead-

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is made up of such proicssional Soviet agents as Ja'lar Pishcvarl, leader of theregime, who has been active politically3 nnd who was one of the original supporters of the Bolshevik: Revolution; Reza Rusta, who was organizing peasant unions In Oilan as long ago; and Ardeshir Ovanessian, who reportedly had alreadyfrom the Young Communist School in Moscow when he was arrested for Communist underground activity In Iran

Despite thc turbulence of the Tudeh Party's short history, the original group of leaders has remained more or less Intact, thus providing the party with remarkable continuity ofInine of the twenty-four surviving' founder-members were still on the Central Committee, with others of thegroup, notably Pishcvari, Ovanessian, and Rusta, unavailable only because they had to drop from sight to evade the police. Seven of these nine survivors, all of whom have been members of thc party Secretarial, wereof Dr. Exanl's original coterie duringandful of later recruits did gain temporary prominence, but most of themthree deputies In the XIV MaJUs -Fcrdows, Parvin Ounabadi, and Taggl Fcdakar) have since been removed from positions of prominence or actuallyfrom the party.

As would beew of thc founding members seem to have dropped from sight, presumably as their native abilities orconvictions proved Inadequate for theof leadership, but there Is no evidence tliat any of them were purged from the party. Even after the establishment of theExecutive Council Ino reliable trained agents were expelled, andIraJ Kskandarl was allegedly subjected to disciplinary action heear laterember of the Central Committee. There is thus no basis for the fairly popular belief that events and the passage of time have altered thc nature ofecent statement of Abbas Eskan-dart that thc party, at first "composed of patriotic young Iranians who felt the need for

fell

a social nfortunately under the Influence of the Soviet

Although there are occasional reports from the field of disagreements withintrongly pro-Soviet blocit* radical, more nationalistiche Tudeh Party appears to have enjoyed adegree of internal harmony than mostparties have experienced. Although the intellectuals in the hierarchy with nocontact with themany Individuals who have been well liked andhi Iranian publicboto place Iranian interests above those of the USSR, they have consistently beento Soviet direction and haveneglectedo shift fromagitation to an, attempt to pushpecific program of social reforms.

* Tbe same belief ii reflected Inrecent articlerained British observer who war In Tehran from IMS onUlThere is no doubt that there was then, and stillonsiderable troop within the ITudeh] party'* ranks whose left-wing views an notith any subservience to Soviet policy, though they have rarely been able to exert much influence In Its' As the war drew nearhe Russians began to look more closely at the Tadah partyossible Instrument of policy, land] Uie more sincereof reform. If they did not actually leave the party, lost whatever influence they had over Its line orL. P. El well-Sutton. ToUUcal Parties inddle East Journal,M.

In the spring of WI. prior to the arrival In IranFTU delegation. Dr. Boseln Jodat, the deputy Fcdaknr. and one Tabriz! appeared to bo on tbe point of aUempUng toore moderate faction in tbe party, but the arrival of the WFTU party madeove Impractical. On7 Fcdakar was dismissed from the party. Later reports of dissension center about KhaUl Malekt. who started the shortlived splinter orgmoiraUon, the Tudeh Socialist Party. Inuring the fallalckl reportedlyobs In the Central Committee on the question ot Soviet direction of the party and there are reports that members of Malekl's faction were meanwhileto gain promises of support from thcMinistry of Labor. Inhlrmr newspaper stated that Malckl hadro-Tito stand in opposing tbe Central Committee'6 policy of cooperation with the TJSSK. although later. In the springe turned up as one of thelawyers In the Tudeh trials before the Tehran Military Tribunal.

ET

Che head of the party la Itspost held by IraJ Eskandari from the founding of the party6 and since then by Dr. Reza Radmanesh, until9 an engineering professor at the University of Tehran. However, field reports have suggested that liaison with the USSR and. In eflect, over-edl control of the party,

hare been carried onecret section.

which probably Includes Ehsan Tabart.

Oharar Simon lan. and Kambakhsh, and may

also Include Rusta and Cnmnesslan.

Material at hand suggests that theliaison agent with the USSR, and thus the key figure In the Tudeh hierarchy. Isemberamily closelyto the deposed Qajar dynasty who stud-led aeronautical engineering ins. was Incarcerated foractivityhree years after histo Iran as an Instructor in the Iranian Air Force, and helped organize the Tudeh Party following his release from 'prisonambakhsh reportedly went tovia Czechoslovakiaut Is believed to have returned to Iran Ineputy to the Majlis from Mazandcran stated that at least twice In the previous sixoviet plane had brought ln Kambakhshr. Jabanshalu to confer with Tudeh leaders.

The pattern established with otherand Communist-front parties suggests that in thc eventoviet-supportedupheaval, thc overt leadership of the party -Dr. Radmanesh and his intellectualbe usedront during the opening stages of thc action but then would be eliminated In favor of trained Soviet agents who had been tested on the revolutionarylines and who would be less likely to have any scruples about Sovietlzing Iran.such as Rusta and Pishevarl. who have failed to carry out their assignments In the past, would probably not be given major posts. The leadership would probably be entrusted to such men as Kambakhsh, although ln the final stage control might well be taken over by anyumber of obscure Iranian-born Communist agents long resident in Moscow,

including such elusive figures as Lahuli, Ka-vian, and Sultanzadeh.

4. Or

a. The Party Proper.

Communist organizational concepts have been applied throughout tbe structure of the Tudeh Party, the blueprint for which ishi Ovancsslan's short and largelybook, FundarrientaU ofarty, which was first published hi the Tudeh newspaper Rahbarnder the standard Communist concepts ofand "centralism,'* which Ov an ess lan stresses as fundamentals' of organization to be followed as though they were "holyhe national party organizationierarchy on the Sovietresponsive to the will of thc rank and file but In fact tightly controlled from the top.

The basic organization hi this structure is the Annual Congress of the party, delegates to which arc elected, theoretically on the basis of one for each three hundred party members, by local conferences elected by ordinary party members for theThe Congress, after theoretically .making the major policy decisions for the year, proceeds to name two Interim bodies, the Inspection Commission and the more Important Central Committee, which functions for the Congress while the latter body Is not ln session. <

The Central Committee, to which about twenty members were named by the Congress ofonducts plenary sessions about once every three months, leaving thedirection of policyive-man Political Bureau or PcUtbureau. selected from Its own ranks. The Political Bureau, In turn, names three of Its membersecretariat, headed by the party's Secretary-General.

In practice, as with the Communist parties of the USSR and other countries, the top leadership is sclf-pcrpetuating and virtually

* Secore detailedhe size of tbe two "annual" Congresses held thus far. IC* delegates for the first Congress "hlcii*rleeates lor thcofS. do noteliable Indicationctual Tudeh membership.

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free lo set Its own policies. Judging by tbe two Congresses held thus far, thc partywhich meets only at the call of thcCommittee. Is an occasion for oratory rather than declsloa-ma)dng and is expected to ratify not only the party hierarchy'son policy but also the new slate ofCommitteemen named by the outgoing group. Even thc plenary sessions of theCommittee are sometimes held primarily for the Issuanceolicy statement rather than for discussion, as when Dr. Radmanesh In8ong analysis of the world situation before the Third Plenary Session of the Central Committee. Control Is centralized in the Poll Heal Bureau and In thc Secretariat, which performs the day-to-day supervision of all party agencies with theof the Inspection Commission.

An elaborate machinery has been set up under the Central Committee, Politicaland Secretariat to direct party activity In the field. At the top of this administrative hierarchyumber of staff sections with broad functional responsibilities, the mostof them being the Publicitytrh is responsible for all aspects ofand propaganda; the Organizationwhich would appear to be charged with selection, assignment, and promotion of party functionaries; and the Defense and Security Commission (sometimes referred to as thcand Vengeanceiilch has thc task of defending the party against internal or external attacks. Thc Publicity Sectionarticularly vigorous agency of the party, being responsible not only for the publication of Tudeh newspapers, books, and handbills but also for the maintenance of party clubhouses, schools, and movie houses and the preparation of cell meeting materials. The Defense and Security Commission, which Is apparently headed by the party Secretary-General, Dr. Radmanesh, runs the party's courts and is also probably responsible for thc other secret police establishments which thc party Is known to maintain.rison In Tehran, an espionage organization, strong-arm squads, and arsenals. Inlo such major stafl" sections, other bodies

have been set up to deal with specialthe population. Including the Tudehthe Tudeh Women'sa Peasants* Commission, and aCommission. It is probable that aalso

Tudeh Party organization In the field Is based on the hauza, or cell, which contains between four and sixty members normally. There appear to be three types of such cells: the guild or craft type, used to organize such groups as chauffeurs and tiuckdrtvers; the factory type, used to organize all the workersiven plant; and the area type. There may also be special cells for soldiers, peasants, women, youth, and for members ofsecret party activities. In places where party membership is high, there Is anorganization, comprising between four and twenty-five hauza, knownabof. These essentially local organizations are usually linked with national headquarterseries of conferences and committees, on thc model of the countrywide Annual Congress and the Centrallthough Inareaskeleton Intermediatemay be in existence. Relationsthe Secretariat and the party's local units are supervised by the Tehran Provincial Organization Committee, which main tains contacts with representative regionalon behalf of the national

b. The Central United Council of Trade Unions.

A major position In the Tudehis occupied, for all practical purposes, by the nominally independent Central United Council of Trade Unionshich was organized in3 by Rusta and other Tudeh leaders, many of whom had been active In the labor movement before Rcza Shah clamped down on unionismhc CUCTU organization chart parallels Uiat of the Tudehsuch agenciesentral Executiveecretariat, and an Inspectionaof key individuals have heldpo-

E Cdffk T

slUons In bothnlter both tho CUCTU and the Iranian Govcinincnt hadelegation from the World Federation of TradeWFTU) to visit Iran.'* Rusta was allegedly removed from bis position as Secretary-General of the CUCTTJew Centraly the govexmnent-dlrected workers, but this switch had no lastingTwo of the three WFTUoviet representativeebanesecensured the Iranian Government forlabor conditions but made no comment on tho CUCTU. The British member of the WFTU delegation, however, reported that the Tudeh Party and the CUCTU were "one and the samedding that "all those in the trade union organization called It the Tudeh union."

In the field, the CUCTU and the Tudeh Party have worked closely together in both labor organization and politicaland In general their fortunes have risen and fallen together. Originally set up ln thc textile plants ofhe CUCTU grew steadily In size as the war drewlose,particular progress along the Caspian Sea coast. In the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company's Installations, and In the state railroad system. Under Qaram's policy of cooperation with the Tudehomprehensive labor law was enacted by cabinet decree on6 and during the fall of the sameinistry ot Tabor was which the

* AlUiough tbe rosters of the Ccotral KxccuUve Committee we not available. Rusta, IraJ Kakandart aad Bamad Hakimi. ail of the "Tudeh Centralwere CUCTTJ delegates to the WFTUInndnown that other member* of the Tudeh Central Committee have also served with the CUCTU.

WFTU. at Its Parts Conferenceccepted the Invitation,irce-man committee consisting of thc famous Lebanese COmmunlit leader, Mustafa Arts, as chairman. Pel* A_ nortaov, aa Soviet representative, and Edcar Phi HInanles. as British representative. The committee lett Parti toward the end of February and went to Moscow, where It remained for come Ume. It arrived In Tehran in

1

s

11

CUCTU promptly arranged to infiltrateadt thc height of its power, the CUCTUffiliated unions andembers.

The CUCTU demonstrated Its strengththe summerhen Its members seized the Isfahan factories in defianceovernment orderorty-day arbitration period andhort but violent strike at tbe Aba dan refineries while Its were being consideredpecialat Tehran. However, its visions ofwere short-lived. After the Tudeh members were dropped from the cabinet toew labor federation, the Central Labor Syndicate, was established under Qa-vam's party, and after the CUCTU had staged an unsuccessful general strike in Tehran ln November, the government closed down the labor clubs, arrested or dismissed scores of workers, and set about regaining control of the Mazanderan factories which tbe workers had seized. On IShile the WFTU observers were still present, Rusta was Jailed on charges of embezzlingials ln union funds and of Indulging totreasonable activities.

Since Rusta's arrest tho CUCTU has beenecline, despite thc failure of theCentral Labor Syndicate loworker support. Rusta was released in7 on ball of one million rials supplied by Tudeh leaders, but he has neither been tried nor publicly active since then and Is believed to be In thc USSR. He isstill titular head of tbc CUCTU, allhough there are indications that Dr. Jodat orBoggcratl of the Tudeh Central Com-

Duringfter the Iranianhad asked the French Ministry of labor to supply Uuee non-partisan French union leaders to advise Uir Iranian Labor Ministry. AUghetehl of Use CUCTU wrote RuiU from Parts stating, that he had quietly arranged to have two "comrades" (Lenamed and hoped to be able to do the same (or tbc third position. The letter was later seised by Uic Iranian police.

RET

12

an named Rasulzadch may be ln active control."

The CUCTTJ has been consistentlyJn the WFTU. to thef which Itelegation headed by Ira] Eskandari when the government put Rusta In Jail and attempted toele-gatlonof its own. The WFTU recognized the CUCTU as the sole representative of Iranian labor In the summernd ta Jane of the following year censured the Iranianfor "anti-democratic" anti-union practices.

c. ASUIalfd Organizations.

The Tudeh Party has been Involvedumber of other organizations. Includingabortive regional groups similar to the Democratic Party of Azerbaijan; the Irano-Soviet Relations Society; the stall activeParty, organized ln Azerbaijannd the Qoran Society, which was reportedly set up,over for Illegal Tudeh activities in the armed forces. Included among thewhich have been linked with the Tudeh Party are two more broadly basedparties which ultimately fell apart as the result of Tudeh penetration: the Anti-Fascist Society, which was founded2 by Mostafa Fateh, the highest rankingofficial of the Anglo-Iranian Oiland thc Jangal Party, whichduring the winter5 In Mazande-ran and Gilan provinces under the leadership of Esma'ii Khan Jangali and was represented in the XJV Majlis byeputy from Rasht. The Anti-Fascist Society and its newspaper Mardum soon fell under Tudeh control, with the result that Fateh resigned Inhe Jangal Party fell apart during the critical fallith the larger part of the membership uniting with thc Tudeh Party.

The only splinter paxby to emerge from the Tudeh ranks thus far is the Tudeh Socialist

* AccordingUCTU statement of8 the orGsnliaUOn was beaded by an Acting Committee. The CUCTTJ foiled toentral Executive Committee In May of that year, possibly because Rusla's followers wished to avoid anstruggleaction headed by one Sayyid Baeher Emaml.

Society, which was announcedy twelve moderately important Tudeh leaders with the statement that they did not oppose the Tudeh Party but wished totheir own slightly different views. This group failed to get tbe trade union support It sought and vanished within lessonth.

d. Soviet Cooperation with the Party.

A great number of organizational contacts exist between the Soviet agencies ln Iran and the Tudeh Party. Although the formalInvolved cannot be precisely defined. It appears that Soviet guidance Is extended to thc party through the Embassy, andesser extent through the Soviet consulates and satellite diplomatic establishments, while the more practical types of Soviet support arc provided through appropriate Sovietand cultural organizations in Iran. The assistance provided by such organizations is considerable. The Soviet Hospital at Tehran has supplied the party with newsprint; Iransovtrans has supplied weapons andhas transported individuals, and has maintained courier services; Iranian-Soviet Fisheries Companyhas used Its boats to smuggle Individuals and weapons Into Iran; and VOKS and Tass haveumber of Soviethave supplied the party withassistance, and there iseport, as yet unconfirmed, that the party receives (via thc Czcchoslovakianonthly subsidyn cash or easily disposable merchandise. In Tehran. mohajirs have been supplied withclothing to hawk in the street and have received free meals at the HotelO against ration cards Issued by thc SovietAgents have been supplied for Tudeh organizational work; forzecho-siovaloan Communist named Franz Jin gar has been active with the party at Isfahan,ussian-bora agent named Hushangi was at one tune the leader of organizational activity at Nowshahr, on the Caspian Sea. Finally, after the party was suppressed early inhe Soviets made available

a-Sh uravL

facilities of the Baku radio for longby the Tudeh Central Committee and the Tudeh Youth Organisation proclaiming their intention to carry on the struggle.

5. Size ond Character of Membership.

Because of the marked fluctuations which hare taken -place in the Tudeh Party's strength and thc surreptitious quality iteven before its recent dissolution. It Is difficult to estimate with any accuracy the number of supporters the party could muster at anyhe party was clearlyrue mass party; the best available estimates place5 strength0 rather than atembers (most of whom would presumably be also members of the Tudeh Party) claimed by the CUCTU at the WFTU meeting of that year. Despite the party'sof ground following Its near-collapse In the winter, total Tudeh-CUCTU active membership Just prior to the outlawing of the party In the spring9 wasIn the neighborhood ofith the hard core of fanatic Communistssomewhere. Some sixty percent of this membership consists of factory and railroad workers, with thcscattered rather evenly through Iran's other social classes. The country'speasant population accounts for only about eight percent of the membership total Tehran probably contains about half of the party's members, other centers of party strength being located at Abadan and Khor-ramshahr, Isfahan, Mashhad, Qazvin, Ah rax. and RashL"

Although these estimates class the Tudeh Partyonspiratorial party rather thanull-grown popular movement, theyin the party's present shrunkennotable potential strength at such key points as thc oilfields, the railroads, and thc factories, and among the Intellectual classes. This strength Is augmented by the existence of various categories of secret mcin-

" Geeor discussion of membership cstlrnatas.

"There Is probably also considerable party sirens th in Azerbaijan, although overt Tudeh-DPA acilvlUes have been banned there ever since IMS.

bcrs or fellow travellers who might beto assist the party openly In any new test One group is exemplified by the two high-ranking Ministry of the Interior officials In Azerbaijan who suddenly emerged as DPA members5 and by the apparentlyconservative Anglo-Iranian Oil Company representative at an mternationnl petroleum conference who turned out toember of the Tudehnother group consistsumber of Intellectuals and socially well-placed opponents of the Pahlevi regime such as Monammad Taggloctprofessor who Is known throughout Iran as the "King of thend Manuchehr and Iran Tey-murtash, whose father was Minister of Court under Rera Shah. Both Manuchehr and his sister are violently anti-court.

6. Capabilities of the Party.

Despite the fact that the Tudeh Party is for the moment officially defunct, with its principal leaders either in prison or in hiding, lt continues toajor, factor In Iran's political future.onspiratorial body It already possesses both tho leadership and thc organization required .to-setuisling government under the protection of Soviet arms. Moreover, although the Tudeh leaders have thus far been frustrated In their efforts toenuinely large-scale popular following, they have succeeded Inthe biggest, the most cohesive, and the best organized of any of Iran's political parties;ountry where constitutional government has just begun to emerge, theirs Is the only political organization which has made any real headway in rousing the labor-ing population from its political apathy There is little doubt that the party, under Its former nameew one, will resume its organization work at the earliest opportunity, regardless of whether or not it is restoredegal status.

The speed and extent of the Tudeh Parly's revival will depend not only on the repressive action taken against it but also on social and economic conditions within Iran. So long as genuine social and economic improvements lag, the party's internal reform program will have an obvious appeal to all of the poliUcally

S

classes except for the more well-to-do, while the party's positive approach and conspiratorial organization will continue to provide an attractive antidote to the sense of frustration which pervades certain sections of the Iranian population today. These appeals, which are counter-balanced somewhat by the individual ism of Lhe Iranian and by theInspired by the party's obviouswith the USSR, are not as yet strong In the hinterland It Is doubtful that the party will be able to wean the major tribes away from their traditional loyaltiesor that, in the short run. it will have any notable success in stimulating political consciousness among thc peasants who form the preponderantIn the Iranian population.over the next few years the party may weU be able to build up considerably greater strength In the towns, which constitute the principal centers of power and control In Iran.

For the future, the Tudeh' Party appears committed to tactics of upheaval, not onlyof Its Soviet connections but alsoof the internal situation lt faces. In view of the limited number of districts in which the Tudeh organization would have any real hope ofajority and the tight control over electoral processesby Iran's ruling class, lt ishat the party would be able to gain control of the government through peaceful means In the foreseeable future. On tbe oilier hand,

* ThexcepUons arc such tradlUonallyminority groups as tbe Kurds.agltatJoa among the Kurds appears to have been carried out by Soviet agents directly, however, rather than through the Tudeh organization.

Its potential at such key points as the oilthe state railroads, and the state-owned factories makes It ideally situated for attempts either to mtirnldate the government through political strikes or to provide active assistance to the USSR throughriots, and sabotage. Tudeh plans for participationoviet-hacked revolt (which are probably already In existence) may well contain provisions for breaking up the party to provide new organizations suited to theof the moment. Tire party leaders might thus decide to replace the Tudehwith regional separatist groups, as they did In Azerbaijanr might feel lt expedient to set up splinter groups,free of the Communist stigma. In order to obtain wider popular support

Although the Tudeh Party would scarcely attempt to gain power without the activeof the USSR, Inase the Tudeh leadership would undoubtedly attempt at first to portray its relationship with the Soviets as one of friendly cooperation rather than subservience, particularly In view of the falling off in popular support which resulted from overt dependence on the Sovietss the party's control was consolidated,eriod of reshuffling would undoubtedly follow. In which the more Idealistic, fellow travelling element In the hierarchy would be displaced and thecharacter of thc top leadershipIn time, other changes might take place; control of the party might be assumed by obscure Iranian Communists long resident within thc USSR

MV. T

'sEGKET

ONSTITUTION OF THE TUDEH PARTY OF IRAN

Aim* of the Party.

The Tudeh Party of Iranarty of the classes who suffer oppression: the workers, the peasants, the bberty-Ioving enlightened, the tradespeople, and the craftsmen.

The Tudeh Party of Iran stands for the independence and integrity of Iran and struggles against any form of colonial policy directed toward IL

The Tudeh Party n' Iranor friendly cooperation with all liberty-loving nations toward thc attainment of the rights of peoples and the maintenance of world peace.

The Tudeh Party of Iran stands for thc establishment of government by tho people andruly democratic regime.

The Tudeh Party of Iran opposes such remnants of thc outworn economic regimes of earlier society as pastoral economy and feudalism; it standsrogressive economic organization, based on the maintenance of benefits for the majority of the people of Iran

* As contained In The Tudeh Party ot /run: What Does it Say and WhatanIT Tehran, no date, "with the saneUon of the publicity Committee of the Tudeh Party."

The Program of the Party.

J. To struggle toward the establishmentemocratic regime which shall secure all Individual and social rights, such as theof language, speech, writing, ideas, and

assembly.

To struggle against dictatorial and

To bring to an end the wilful deeds of the police and other public servants against the people.

To setigh court for tryingagainst the rights of the people

To establish the Independence of the judiciary and to effect the legal separation of the Judiciary from the executive branch of the government.

To eliminate all laws and regulations which have been enacted to the harm of the

masses.

To revise the compulsory military service law in the interests of*

To revise the electoral laws so as tofreedom of voting and of choice for the entire electorate.

To establish the complete social equality of al) individuals of the Iranian nationregard to race or religion and to grant religious and educational freedom to the

minorities.

TUDEH PARTY OF IRAN

TEACOM

9

lATtON

Ti

AM) MOIOKAL

LZOCO

UllMllAI

APPENDIX B

ORGANIZATIONAL- NOTES

organisation of the Tudeh Party Isgraphically ln the accompanying chart Thc data Included In the chart, as well as the discussion of party organization ba the body of this estimate, are mainly based on field reports and Ovancsslan'sof the Organizationarty, whichmany specific references to thc Tudeh Party, despite its predominantly theoretical character. Notes to accompany the chart follow.

1. Central Control Bodies.

Congress; the highest council of the

party. Delegates chosen, on call of theCommittee, by regional conferences which are also supposed to draw up recommendations for the program of the Congress. Inally of party leaders for purposes ofdecisions of the Central Committee which, along with the Inspection Commission, theominally selects. First Congress4elegates. Second Congress8elegates. (Each delegate theoreticallyembers.)

Committee.

An Interim committee designated by the Congress to carry on the hitter's functions when It is not In session; in practice, the party's real policy-making body. The Centralmembership (about ten In the first Central Committee named bywenty in thc Committee designateds supposed to Include representatives of each large district or province, but most of the members are actually resident in Tehran. Plenary sessions are held about once every three months with the Tehran group meeting aboutonth. Party practice seems to require that most of the major operational

sections or divisionsIn the'party be directedember of the Central

c Paltfu&Biaw(Polttbvrexixt.J

A steering sub-committee of the 'Central Committee, consisting of five key members, which meets severaleek to exercise continuous control over party-

< .-

. Secretariat-. -t* hJJU- -

be executive^or:supervisory-body,he party, made-up ol three, members of theBureau and Including the party*chead, the secretary-jfrenerah .

e.emi-eecret.lxyly. second in Importance only to the Central Committee; which Isdesignated by the Annual Congress.members of the two committees often exchange places. In alternate .elecuons. ,financial'nvestigates thcof party'members, and checks thcof party agencies. . _ .

ecret Section.

The liaison body between the Secretariat and agencies of thc USSR.

2. Operational Agoncici, a. Publicity Section.

One of the most Important and perhaps the most active unit In the party organization Charged with responsibility for all phases of disseminating the party's message, following the Communist concept of agitation (directed at the general public) and propagandatoward partybe section is headed by Ahmadrolificand has been highly successful intalent from the student-Intellectual class Major activitiesof the official party newspaper Mardom at Tehran and several provincial papers at such towns as Mashhad, Rasht, Tabriz, Isfa-

SE

houses specialising In Sovietain' tenance of partyhe running of party schools;he procurement of study materials and speakers for local party meetings.

Section. .

An Important body according to Tudeh statements, although little is known about its precise responsibilities. Probably charged with personnel management, includingof new organizations and the selection, promotion, and assignment ol party

Commission.

Thc party treasury has had open accounts with the National Bank of Iran and probably also administers cecrct fund*.. V|J, Defense and SecurityApparently charged with party police,and military defense functions.

e. Administrative Commission.

Exact functions not known. May be anchannel between various echelons of the organization Reportedly runs theBureau, which may be theagency for the Publicity Section's output.

embership Council.

Passes on membership applications.

Commission.

Has not appeared active but Is probablyto setarm organization parallel to the CUCTU.

Commission.

Existence ofody Is probablenot established.

ET

inorities Commission. Has worked most effectively with Armeniansand Student Commission.

institutions of education, although this field may be covered by an agency of the Publicity Section. L-iLti

" k. National Factory Organization.

. Little known about this organization.an agency for coordination of Tudeh Party and CUCTU policy on such matters as strikes "and attitude toward factory owners.

ranian .'State-Railwayi Central Organ-

izattoni-'*

Probably parallel to National Factory.

m. Tudeh Youthudeh).

.Has shown considerable activityellsembers.Boys givenand military training, girls less specific instruction.

ru.rudeA Women's Organizationran).

Not particularly conspicuous for its activity. Has agitated for political rights and economic freedom for women.

3. Local Organizations.

Local organizations of thc party consist of the hauza (cell) of usually four to sixtythe rabat or grouping of four to twenty-five hauza, and the town, district andconferences, each of whichontrol mechanism similar to that of the national party. Contact between local parties and the national party Is maintained through the Tehran Provincial Organization Commission.

APPENDIX C

NOTES ON MEMBERSHIP

Membership

n Tehran)

(Tehran only)

0 (hard core)

(Communists only)

embers,entative total0reat number of descales, however, probably rcpre-sented groups of leasembcra, and though the party appears to have grownthe spring8 and0 members appears to be the most reasonable estimate of party strength at the time It was outlawed. It is assumed that at any given time moat.members of the CUCTU were also members of the Tudeh Party, which Included,considerable element which would not be eligible for CTJCTTJOther available figures on Tudeh membership are listed below:

Source or'Jlasts 'T^ "'

Annual Congresselegates, each theoreticallyembers.

MA. "The Tudeh Political

Statement of Ira) Eskaadari. then PartyBritish1

Statement of Intelligence officer of US Persian Gulf Command, Washington

ommittee on Foreign Affairs, "National andMovements, III. Communism hi the Near

orld Communism Today, New.

CIA report, 'Tudehased on calculationellsembers each.

Annual Congress attendedelegates,embers.

OIRWorld Strength of Communist Party

Composition of Membership.

The Tu<Ieh Party's secretary-gen era!5 then stated (British1hatercent of the party consisted

Occupational Group iAbor

(Factory, AlOC, railroad workers) Transport workers

(excluding railroad men but Including taxi, carriage, and truck drivers, who are largely moha)lrt)

Peasant-

Artisans

(Bazaar craftsmen, rug weavers, etc) Middle Class

- (Shopkeepers, rmvernment and private

clericalArmenian) Army

Professionals

(Doctors, lawyers, engineers) Intellectuals

(Teachers, Journalists, artists) Students

of workers,ercent of Intellectuals, andercent of peasants. The estimatedof the party inn the basis0 members, was as follows:

Percentage o] Estimated Number Party Membership

E

IGNIFICANT BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

ALAMUTI

One of four brothers active In the Tudeh movement, Zla-aJ-Din Alamutl has achieved prominence primarily as an agitator among peasants and laborers in the Caspian area. Nothing Is known of his career priorhen he emerged (along with his brotherormer president of the Iranian Civil Courts) as one of the founders of the Tudeh Party, Alamutl was elected to the Inspection Commissi on4 and was the Tudeh leader at Chalus Ine has sinceember of the Central Executive Committee of CUCTU and the head of the TudehCouncils for Mazanderan and Gflan, and he Is believed to have headed the Peasants Organization of the party. He may have been re-named to the Tudeh Inspection Commission inlamutl was an official of the Iranian State Railways uphen he was arrested and tried along with other Tudeh leaders before thc Tehran Military Court. He was sentenced, onpril, to three years in prison.

All Bozorg AI.AVI

Alavl has been active in thc party from the start and Is believed to have played anrole in direction of the Tudeh Youth movement and the National Factorydespite his lack of prominence asublic speaker or agitator. Trained In Germany ns an engineer, Alavl later worked for Uie German contractors building the Trans-Iranian Railway and taught in the

* This appendix lists only Uiendividuals most prominently identified with the Tudeh Party at present and does not Include data oa secret agents or leaders who have dropped out ofore complete listing, containing biographicalon all known Tudeh leaders, will be foundorthcoming publication of the Department of State. Bluttv. "Leaders and members of the Tudeh Party and certain Iranians engaged In pro-Soviet acUrltles"

ndustrial School In Tehran.7ember of Dr. Eranl's group, Alavl was sent lo Jail, where he learned Russian and gained materialook of prisonand foil'uv)ng his release1 he helped found the Tudeh Party. Alavl was chosen to the Inspection Commission4 and was named to the Central Committeelavl was one of those whose arrest was called for following the attemptedof the Shah In9 and he Is now presumably In biding.

'All AMTRKHT7.I

'All Amlrkhlri ranks as one of the Tudeh Party's more effective organizers, particularly in his native Azerbaijan, and has consistently been nigh in party circles. Born in Tabrizmlrkhlri speaks fluent French, Russian, and Turkish and at one timeeacher In the Tabriz schools. Hiscareer began under the Reza Shahwhen heember of the opposition MosaTat (Equality) Party and served in prison for alleged Communist activity. AmirkhizI was one of the founders of the Tudeh Party1 and was named to both the Centraland the Political Bureau at the second party Congressmlrkhlzi was the titular head of the party'shen the drive for autonomy started, and was active In the DPA'sassumption of power there, although the only office he held was thatember of thc Tabriz Municipal Council. He was active in fomenting disturbances in Mazanderan inore recently, AmirkhizI hasumber of organizing teams sent out to the provinces, in addition torolific contributor to thc Tudeh press. In8 he secretly ledroup to Khuzlstan and in September of the same year heive-man delegation sent to Maslihad and other parts of Khorasan. In8 he at-

K T

seojKet

to reconstitute the Tudeh Party in Tabriz but was forced to leave by tbe police. His present whereabouts aren9 he was sentenced to death, in absentia, by tbe Tehran military tribunal.

Oholam 'all BABAZADKHLittle is known shoot Babatadeh except that he was named to the party Central Comrai ttec8 and Is presently tmaceormted for In the roundap of Tudeh leaders begun taepeaker at the firstof the Hallway Workers* Union ln the fan

Dr. Mohammad BAHRAMI

Dr.erman-trained medical man who was director of the Healthof the Iranian State Railways as late ass one of the most prominent Intellectuals In theember of the Erani group imprisoned after his return from Oermany,ounder of tbe Tudeh Party, Bahraml shares with Dr. Radmanesh, the party's titular head, the unique distinction of having been named to the party Secretariat In4espite Dr. Bshraml'a high position In the party, his role appears to be thatolicy-maker rather than that of an organizer, since there Is no evidence of his participation in party activities in the field.

Mohammad BOQKHATT

Little Is known of Boqcrati, who reportedly look over the leadership of thc CUCTUReza Rusta's arrest Inxcept that he is another veteran of Dr. Erani's circle and of the Tudeh founding group and was named to the Central Committee In4oqcrati was cited In5 for his leadership In Tnfnhan, suggesting that he may have been thc party's originalthere.

Abbas ESKANDARI

A skilled debater of attractive personality long prominent In Iranian public life. Abbas Eskandari must be reckoned as one of the Tudeh Party circle despite his announcedfrom tbe party and his subsequent careerominally Independent deputy ln the Majlis. The elder brother of the Tudeh

H

Party's first secretary-general, Eskandari, was born0ranch of thc nowQajar dynasty, and despite early success as an official spent the years of the Reza Shah Pahlevi regime ln exile, ta prison, or taresidence ta Tehran. He was listedoviet agent as earlyt-snnart states that (after helping found the party and after editing the first Tudeh newspaper, Slasat,e resigned from the partye has since continued to farther party tateresta.6 he wasmayor of Tehran as the resultargain between Prime Minister Qavam and the Tudeh group, and though Qavam later helped him win election ta the Majlis from Ham ana n. Eskandari voted against Qavamote of confidence and has consistentlyevery succeeding government. He has been particularly outspoken against theta advocating return of Bahrein to Iran and the cancellation of the AIOC concession In8 Esksndari informed the US Embassy that he would welcome US economic aid for Iran, but there Is no more tangible evidence that any change ln his pro-Soviet attitude has taken place. In9 Eskandari washree-months leave of absence from the Majlis and Is newta Europe.

I raj ESKANDARI

Although now resident ta Paris, IraJthe Tudeh Party's first secretary-general, continues toajor figure ta theember of one branch of the deposed Qajar line bornskandari studied law ta France and then went into practice ta Tehran There heember of thc Eranl group and was Imprisoned with the othersskandari was one of thc original members of the Tudeh group, along with bis brother Abbas and his uncle Soleyman Eskandari (who would have headed thebut for bis premature death) and4 was named secretary-general as well as editor of the Tudeh paper Rahbas. fn the previous year he had been elected to the XTV Majlis from Sari. He headed5 CUCTU delegation to5 WFTU meetings and was appointed Minister of Commerce and Industry

E T

s part of Qavam's deal with the Tudeh group. Following the party's reversesskandarl wentemporary decline; he was not named to the Temporary Executive Council set up In7 and was dropped from Rahbar. Nevertheless, he was renamed to the Centraland the PoliUcal Bureau)8 and he was one of the Tudeh leaders wanted by the police In their roundup ofn Paris he has allegedly been active among Iranianand Is said to have been planning to setrench dress shop in Tehranover for Communist activity. On9 he was sentenced to death, in absentia, by the 'Tehran military court.

Dr. Gbolam Hosein FtJRUTAN (or FURUTAN-RAD)

A professor of biology at the University of Tehran, Dr. Furutan was named to thc Temporary Executive Council of the Tudeh Party In7 and to the Central Committee in the following year and has been active in the party's Publicity Section. In9 Dr. Furutan failed to heed orders to appear with other Tudeh leaders before the Tehran Military Court and in the following month was dismissed from his post at the university. Mohammad Parvln GUNABAD1

Gunabadieading Tudeh figure In Khor-asan. where he was born0amily long noted for friendship with thenetime teacher of Persianat Mashhadoor education. Gunabadi was named to the Tudeh Central Committee4 and during Uieember of the editorial board of Rahbar, editor of the Tudeh paper In Khor-asan, andime) bead of thc party's Publicity Section. Gunabadi was oncandidatecat in Uie xiv Majlis from Mashhadut was later elected from Sabzevar. His present activities are

SaniadHAKIMI

IilUe information is available aboutdriving instructor" and onetime member of Uie Tudeh committee atofld who was

elected to thc party's nationalrrestede was one of two Tudeh defendants acquitted by the Tehran Military Court onpril.

Dr. Hosein JODAT

Dr.rofessor of physics at theof Tehran's Engineering College until his arrests one of tbe more active members of the Tudeh hierarchy. Bom0 In Azerbaijan, Jodat -was not one of the original members of the Tudeh leadership, although he was associated with the pro-Soviet Ettehad Party In Azerbaijanowever, he was elected to the Tudeh Central Committee4 and reelected8 and herominent role in the Azerbaijan regime as editor of the ArdahQ newspaper Jodat, as deputy and parliamentaryIn the autonomous parliament, and as Minister of Arts and Sciences in the Azerbaijan Cabinet. Jodatember of the CUCTTFs Central Executive Committee (as well as of the official Supreme Labor Council)7 and Is one of those reported to have taken Rusta'i place as head of the CUCTU. Be was active in the Tudeh Youth organizationne of those tried before the Tehran Military Court inodat wasto five years in prison.

'Abd es-Samad KAMBAKHSH

Kambakhsh, who Isember of the all-Important Secret Committee andthe real leader of thc Tudeh Party,ong history of pro-Soviet activity.7amily related to the deposedline of shahs, he attended the Soviet School In Tehran and studiedsubjects in Moscow before Joining Uie Iranian Air Forceilot Instructor3 be was arrested for Communist activity and remained In prisonhen he became one of the founders of the Tudeh Party. Kambakhsh was named to the Tudeh Central committee4 and, after his elecUon to Uie Majlis from Qazvin during the same year, was an active member of Uie Tudeh bloc He went to the USSR at thc time of the collapse of the Azerbaijan regime6 but Is believed to have returnedhen

E

was again circled to the'CentralSince then he is believed to havefrom the USSR, although hemay be In Paris atie was one of 'the .Tudeh leaders wanted by thc police following theassassination of Uie -Shah 'In9 and onay was sentenced-to death, in absentia, by tlie Tehran Military Oaurt

Bornbe son of one cf theelected to the Majlis, Dr. Keshavars Is.inreceived

professional training and experience In Paris beforerofessor of hygiene at -the University of Tehran during Uie. An outstanding speaker, Dr. Keshavars Joined tbe Tudeh Party soon aftcr.lt was-founded, was electedudeh deputy fronvpahlevind .was named to.theo thc Temporary Executive Councilnd to the revived Central Committeee was editor* of Uie Tudeh paper Jtazm48 and briefly held Uie Ministry of Education under Qavamr. Keshavars evaded arrest by'the police in the9 roundup and in9 was expelled from Uie University. He Is rumored to have taken refuge In Uie Soviet Embassy. Onay he was sentenced to death, in absentia, b; tbe Tehran Military Court

Nur-al-din KUIANURI

A senior lecturer on building andand fine arts at Uie University of Tehran's College of Fine Arts until his arrestbianurl has been acUve in Uie Tudeh Partye was elected to the Inspection Commission4 and to the Central Committee8 and ranfor the XV Majlise was editor of the CUC'i'U's newspaper Besharhlanuri was sentenced on9 to ten years In prison.

Khalil...

Khalil Malcki, who led the short-lived Tudeh Socialist Societyeturned to thoscenehen, after signing aopen letter congratulating the Shah

on his escape from death, he appeared as one of thc defense lawyers in the Tudeh trials. Bora5 and educated In Berlin, Malckilose friend of Dr. Kranl and7 as one of" He was named to the Tudeh Inspection Commission4 and to the Temporarynd served under Keshavars In the Iranian Ministry of Educationrequent contributor to the party press,has been noted in Tudeh circles for bis thorough grounding In Marxist theory.

Ahdol Iloscin NUSBTxT

Playwright, director, actor, musician, and translator, Nushln Is one of the most notable figures In the Tudeh group, of which be was one of the original mernbers. Nushln has been active in Uie party leadership throughout Its history, having been named member (andchairman) of the Inspection Commissionember of Uie Temporary Executive Councilember of Uie Central Committeeushln helped set up thc Irano-Sofiet Relations Society3 and6 did organizing work at Mashhad while his Armenian wife Loretta acted as anfor the Azerbaijan regime's radioat Tabriz. Nushln Is the founder of Uie Ferdowsl Theater In Tehran, Uie most popular and modern In the city, which has specialized in the production in translation of European plays critical of Uie upper classes. Early9 Uie theater was closed by thc government and Nushln himself arrested and laterto three years in prison.

Ardeshir (originally Ardashes) OVANESSIAN

Veteran agitator, author of the treatise on Tudeh Party organization, and one of theSoviet-trained leaders in Uie party, Ovanessian was born50 at Rasht, thc sonoor carriage driver of Armenian extraction. Educated at Tabriz, Ovanessian allegedly attended Uie YoungSchool at Moscow and then went to France before returning to Irane knows Persian, Armenian. Turki, and Russian. Ovanessian was arrested4embei of the Communist underground In Iran and was exiled to the island of Qcshm In Uie Per-

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:et

Gulf until Lhe general release of political prisonersounding member of Lhe Tudeh Party, Ovanessian was elected to the XTV Majlis as an Armenian representatiTe4 and In Lhe same year was named to the Tudeh Central Committee- In5 heeasant rebellion ln Azerbaijan' and biter, after the Tehran police had found documents Implicating himlot against the government, abandoned his position ln the Majlis, fled to Rasht, and eventually became Director General of Propaganda for theregime When the Azerbaijan regime collapsed he fled with Pisherarl to the USSR, and although he is bcliered to have returned to Iran Ine is probably Ln the USSR at the present, allegedly working with the Tudeh Secret Committee on liaison with the Soviets. Be has been wanted by thepolice ever since the roundup of Tudeh leaders9 began and onay wasto death, in absentia, by the Tehran Military Court.

Ja'far PISHEVARI

Ja'far Pishevari, head of the short-lived Azerbaijan Government and now allegedly leader of Tree Azerbaijan" elements In tbe USSR, hasong and distinguished careerevolutionary. By his own account, he was bom ba lhe Khalxhal district of Azerbaijanhere he supported himself from thc age of twelve andoracious reader until his entry Into active political life at the age of twenty. Editoraper called Eorriyat (Liberty) during the war years, Pisherarl claims to have "had an active part In the liberation of lhe peoples of Russia" and was undoubtedly engaged In various Communist activities of the period. When the Jangal separatist movement arose in Gllan, Pishevari became an active writer and speaker, and he states that he was activeumber of other groups,nionorkers ba Tehran, following themovement's suppression Forced to chance his group's headquarters five times (and finally to print his propaganda ln Europe) after the advent of Rexa Shah, Pishevari and hiswere finally,ent to prison, where they languished alone until the arrival

of the Erani group enabled them to spread the gospel of revolution. Freed along with the othersishevariember of thc founding nucleus of the Tudeh Party, although be turned to publication of the "independent" papernd avoided open contact with thc partyhen (after turning down one Tudeh offer) he agreed to run for the XIV Majlis as the party's candidate from Tabriz. Pishevari was elected bat bis credentials were subsequently Invalidated by the Majlis, and he then turned to orgaruratlon of the DFA ln Tabriz. He held the post of Prime Minister ta the Azerbaijan National Government from Its creation untilentative agreement was reached between his regime and lhe Iranian Government. He thereafter confined himself to de facto control of the gov-ernnrant and armed forces in Azerbaijan, through his role as DPA secretary-general, until thc collapse of the regime to6 forced him to flee to Baku to thc USSR According to an unconfirmed report by Lhe Iranian Consul in Bakuishevari was subsequently killed to an automobile accident, but as late as8 the Treeradio to the USSR was referring to bun as prime minister of the Tree Azerbaijan

Ahmad QASEMI

Head of thc Tudeh Party's Publicity Section, the Journalist Ahmad Qaseml has been one of the most prolific writers in the Tudeh camp. He first appeared4ember of the Inspection Commission.5 be was active in the Gorgan area, where he worked with the abortive officers' revolt at Mashhad. He was named to the Central Committee8 and wasember of theSection and the Financial Commission. Arrested with other Tudeh leaders Inaseml was sentenced onpril to ten years Imprisonment

Dr. Reza RADMANESH

Dr. Reza Radmanesh, secretary-general of Lhe Tudeh Partycientist trained in Germany and France who held the chair of electricity measurements to lheof Tehran's College of Engineering

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ntil bis dismissal Ine was bom6 in Lahljan (Mazanderanr. Radmanesh, who may have met Dr. Eranl In Germany, was Imprisonedember of tho Eranl group7 and was subsequently one of the principal founders of the Tudehe was named to theCornmlUee4 (ln which year be alsoeat in the XIV Majlisudehfromo the TemporaryCouncilnd to the party's .top poste was editor of tlic officialpaper, Mardom,nd in theyear was also active in the CUCTU. as well as personally heading both the Tudeh Youth Organization and the Defense'and Security Commission within the Tudeh organization. Dr. Radmanesh disappeared fallowing theon the Shah ln9 and wasto have taken refuge ln the SovietOnay be was sentenced to death, fat absentia, by the Tehran Military Court

Reza RUSTA

Reza Rusta, the Tudeh Party's leading trade anion organizer,ong record as anAccording to bis own statements, he was borneasant familyillage near Rasht2 and was aided by the servant of the landlord ln carrying hisup through tbe College of Agriculture at Rasht before he became politically activeusta claims to have organized the first peasants' union ln Gllan province, was engaged in organizing Tehran workersnd later did union work In Isfahan, Kerman, and Bandar Abbas before Reza Shah's police caught up with himusta spent the following ten years In prison or exile on one charge or anotherone formerging from prison1 to become one of the Tudeh Party founders and, by his own account, "the first to begin organizationalusta was the prime mover ln thc union organizing which led to the creation ot Lhe CUCTUhereupon, he was electedof the new organization and bis newspaper Zafar was made Its official organ. He was named to tbe Inspection Commission

Of tbe Tudeh Party5 and named toof the WFTU5 despite bisby the Tehran authoritieshis attending lhe WFTU meetingsRusta's career was checked inwhen he was arrested on charges ofone WaWotiunion funds, and committing otherremained ln Jail until November, whenreleased on bail furnished by Dr.He has since dropped from sight,he was named to thend it is reported thatto Farts and then to the USSR.described as hard-working, ruthless,to Marxistis wifeoviet agent On9 beto death,bsentia, by theCourt

SHARMTNT

Sharmlnl, who was the bead of the Tudeh Youth Organization lns known to be an engineer and to have been elected to the Central Committeetheris lacking, however, even his full name being unknown.

Obazar STMONIAN

Ghazar Slmonian, who Is reportedly aof lhe key Secret Committee of the Tudeh Party, was bom at Tehran8 of an Armenian family. After studying in the American College of Tehran, he taught in the Soviet School at Tehran and also engaged In political activity which resulted ln hissome seven years ln JaiL He knowsi. Persian, Russian, French, German, and English. After Joining the Tudeh Party) he ran unsuccessfully for the XTVth Majlis as representative of thc southerncommunities of Iran, thereupona translator for the Journal de Tehranontributor to the Tudeh press. He was also active In the Central United Council of Trade Unions and is believed to haveember of its Central Executive Committee.8 he was employed by thc Czechat Tehran as Iranian advisor and chief translator.

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(Dchgan) TABARI

Said to be the youngest of the TudehTabarlounding member of the party and was named to the4 and to thc TemporaryCouncil6 he achieved the rfigOnction of beingember of the Secretariat. Tabarl headed the stillbornof Tabarestan6 and has served as editor of Rafibar and Maraom. He speaks Russian andife who was employed by Tass ba Tehran. Following the attack on the Shah ba9 Tabarl disappeared. It was rumored that he was ln hiding ln the Soviet Embassy, Tehran. Onay he was

sentenced to death, fn absentia, by the Tehran Military Court.

Dr. Mortaza YAZDI

Dr.rilliant German-trainedboraho founded theorphanage, has been active ba Tudehever since he Joined the Eranl group ins, having been named to tbe Inspectiono thend to thens one of three Tudeh leaders given office by Qavam, he was briefly Minister of Health. Following theon the Shah9 he was arrested and onpril was sentenced by thc TehranCourt to five years In prison.

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Original document.

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