Patent application number | Description | Published |
20110199344 | DISPLAY APPARATUS, DISPLAY DRIVING APPARATUS, AND METHOD OF DRIVING THE DISPLAY APPARATUS - A display driving apparatus for outputting control signals to a number of driver integrated circuits (ICs). The plurality of driver ICs are connected in a cascade manner such that, when a first control signal is input to a first driver IC, a transmission signal corresponding to the first control signal is transmitted to a subsequent driver IC using a cascade method. The display driving apparatus includes a restoration signal generation unit for generating restoration signals with respect to the first control signal and transmission signals of the number of driver ICs; an error detection unit for detecting an abnormal driver IC that does not operate normally from among the plurality of driver ICs; and a restoration signal output unit for outputting a restoration signal to the abnormal driver IC. | 08-18-2011 |
20120223659 | Flexible printed circuit board assembly and flat panel display apparatus using the same - A flexible printed circuit board (FPCB) assembly including a plurality of FPCBs configured to be plugged into a single combination slot of a single connector, each of the FPCBs including a body, and a plug unit at an end portion of the body, wherein the plug units of the plurality of FPCBs are configured to be combinedly plugged together into the single combination slot. | 09-06-2012 |
20140319480 | ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE DISPLAY - A pixel includes a capacitor coupled to a transistor, a first insulating layer over a semiconductor layer of the transistor, a second insulating layer over the first insulating layer, and a blocking layer between the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer. The first plate of the capacitor is on the first insulating layer and a second plate of the capacitor on the second insulating layer. The blocking layer may be made of a natural oxide layer and the first insulating layer may be made of a material different from the blocking layer. | 10-30-2014 |
Patent application number | Description | Published |
20100232162 | Organic light emitting display apparatus - Provided is an organic light emitting display apparatus in which process efficiency and contrast are increased. The organic light emitting display apparatus includes a substrate, a display unit that is formed on the substrate and includes an organic light emitting device, an encapsulation layer that is formed on the display unit so as to encapsulate the display unit, a color filter layer that is formed on the encapsulation layer, a protection layer that is formed on the color filter layer, and a black matrix that is formed on the protection layer. The black matrix is aligned not to overlap the color filter layer. | 09-16-2010 |
20110291116 | ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE DISPLAY AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME - An organic light emitting diode (OLED) display is disclosed. In one embodiment, the display includes i) a substrate, ii) a driving circuit formed on the substrate, iii) an organic light emitting diode formed on the substrate and electrically connected to the driving circuit, iv) an encapsulation thin film formed on the driving circuit and organic light emitting diode and v) a spacer formed on the substrate and surrounding the encapsulation thin film. | 12-01-2011 |
20110291117 | ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE DISPLAY AND MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREFOR - A manufacturing method of an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display device includes forming a thin film transistor and an organic light emitting diode in a display area of a first substrate, forming a thin film encapsulation layer that has a layering structure of an organic film and an inorganic film on one substrate of the first substrate and a second substrate, forming a sealing member by coating a sealing material that includes an inorganic sealant and an organic compound on an edge of the second substrate, removing the organic compound of the sealing member by baking the sealing member, layering the second substrate on the first substrate so that the sealing member contacts the first substrate, dissolving the sealing member by using a laser beam, solidifying the sealing member, attaching the sealing member to the first substrate, and removing the second substrate from the sealing member. | 12-01-2011 |
20120133275 | Flat Panel Display Device and Method of Manufacturing the Same - In a flat panel display device and a method of manufacturing the same, the flat panel display device is manufactured by forming a display unit on a substrate, forming a hydrophobic barrier layer for preventing a material of an organic layer from flowing around the display unit, and forming a thin film sealing layer by alternately stacking an inorganic layer and the organic layer on the display unit. Accordingly, formation of an edge tail of the organic layer is prevented, thereby preventing penetration of external moisture. | 05-31-2012 |
20120146492 | ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DISPLAY APPARATUS AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME - In an organic light-emitting display apparatus and a method of manufacturing the same, the organic light-emitting display apparatus comprises: a substrate; a light-emitting unit formed on the substrate; and an encapsulation film, which covers the light-emitting unit on the substrate, and which includes a plurality of organic layers and a plurality of inorganic layers which are alternately stacked. | 06-14-2012 |
20130203193 | ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE DISPLAY AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME - A method of manufacturing an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display is disclosed. In one aspect, the method includes preparing a substrate, forming a spacer on the substrate along an edge of the substrate, forming a driving circuit and an organic light emitting diode on the substrate to be surrounded by the spacer and forming an encapsulation thin film so as to substantially cover the driving circuit and the organic light emitting diodel. The mask that is used in the forming of the driving circuit and the organic light emitting diode is supported by and contacts the spacer. | 08-08-2013 |
20150188079 | FLEXIBLE ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DISPLAY APPARATUS AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME - A flexible organic light-emitting display apparatus includes a flexible substrate, a barrier layer on the flexible substrate, a display portion on the barrier layer, an encapsulation layer covering the display portion, and a porous layer between the flexible substrate and the display portion. | 07-02-2015 |
20150188084 | FLEXIBLE ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DISPLAY APPARATUS AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME - A flexible organic light-emitting display apparatus includes a flexible substrate, a barrier layer on the flexible substrate, a display portion on the barrier layer, an encapsulation layer covering the display portion, and a moisture absorption layer between the flexible substrate and the display portion. | 07-02-2015 |
Patent application number | Description | Published |
20100182249 | TOUCH SCREEN PANEL - A touch screen panel for an image display device or the like. The touch screen panel includes a transparent substrate; a plurality of first sensing patterns on the transparent substrate; an insulating layer on the first sensing patterns; a plurality of second sensing patterns on the insulating layer; and a plurality of metal patterns on the insulating layer and coupled to the first and second sensing patterns at edge portions of a region in which the first and second sensing patterns are formed. The metal patterns electrically couple the first and second sensing patterns to position detecting lines on the transparent substrate. The touch screen panel further includes first conductive patterns below the metal patterns positioned on edge portions of the insulating layer. | 07-22-2010 |
20100182250 | TOUCH SCREEN PANEL - A touch screen panel provided in an image display device. The touch screen panel includes: a transparent substrate; a plurality of first sensing patterns on the transparent substrate and coupled to each other along a first direction; a first insulating film on the first sensing patterns; a plurality of second sensing patterns on the first insulating film and coupled to each other along a second direction, the first and second sensing patterns being alternately arranged not to overlap with each other; and a second insulating film on the second sensing patterns, wherein the first insulating film and the second insulating film are composed of materials having different optical refractive indexes. | 07-22-2010 |
20100182253 | TOUCH SCREEN PANEL AND METHOD OF FABRICATING THE SAME - A touch screen panel for an image display device and a method of fabricating the same. The touch screen panel includes first and second substrates facing each other, the first and second substrates being joined together by a sealant; a plurality of first sensing patterns coupled to one another along a first direction on a side of the first substrate facing the second substrate; a plurality of second sensing patterns coupled to one another along a second direction on a side of the second substrate facing the first substrate; a plurality of first dummy patterns between the first sensing patterns corresponding to the second sensing patterns; a plurality of second dummy patterns between the second sensing patterns corresponding to the first sensing patterns; and an insulating layer between the first and second substrates. | 07-22-2010 |
20140099743 | FLEXIBLE DISPLAY DEVICE MANUFACTURING METHOD - A flexible display device manufacturing method includes preparing a substrate assembly in which a flexible substrate is formed on a carrier substrate; piling up a plurality of the prepared substrate assemblies in a heating furnace in multi-stages; performing heat treatment by providing hot blast onto each of the piled substrate assemblies in a horizontal direction; forming a display unit on the flexible substrate of the heat-treated substrate assembly; and separating the flexible substrate and the carrier substrate from each other. According to the above-described manufacturing method, since warpage of a flexible substrate after a carrier substrate and the flexible substrate are separated from each other may be suppressed, a subsequent process may be appropriately performed, productivity may be improved, and damage of products caused while the flexible substrate is handled may be reduced. | 04-10-2014 |
20140368451 | TOUCH SCREEN PANEL - A touch screen panel provided in an image display device. The touch screen panel includes: a transparent substrate; a plurality of first sensing patterns on the transparent substrate and coupled to each other along a first direction; a first insulating film on the first sensing patterns; a plurality of second sensing patterns on the first insulating film and coupled to each other along a second direction, the first and second sensing patterns being alternately arranged not to overlap with each other; and a second insulating film on the second sensing patterns, wherein the first insulating film and the second insulating film are composed of materials having different optical refractive indexes. | 12-18-2014 |
20150021565 | ORGANIC LIGHT-EMTTING DISPLAY APPARATUS AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING SAME - An organic light-emitting display apparatus including: a substrate; a display unit having a plurality of organic light-emitting devices on the substrate; an encapsulating layer sealing up the display unit; and a protective layer between the display unit and the encapsulating layer, wherein each of the plurality of organic light-emitting devices includes: a pixel electrode; an intermediate layer on the pixel electrode, the intermediate layer including an organic emission layer; and an opposite electrode on the intermediate layer, and the protective layer includes: a capping layer covering the opposite electrode; and a blocking layer on the capping layer. | 01-22-2015 |
20150193058 | TOUCH SCREEN PANEL - A touch screen panel provided in an image display device. The touch screen panel includes: a transparent substrate; a plurality of first sensing patterns on the transparent substrate and coupled to each other along a first direction; a first insulating film on the first sensing patterns; a plurality of second sensing patterns on the first insulating film and coupled to each other along a second direction, the first and second sensing patterns being alternately arranged not to overlap with each other; and a second insulating film on the second sensing patterns, wherein the first insulating film and the second insulating film are composed of materials having different optical refractive indexes. | 07-09-2015 |
Patent application number | Description | Published |
20110095274 | ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DISPLAY DEVICE AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME - An organic light-emitting display device, which may be configured to prevent moisture or oxygen from penetrating the organic light-emitting display device from the outside is disclosed. An organic light-emitting display device, which is easily applied to a large display device and/or may be easily mass produced is further disclosed. Additionally disclosed is a method of manufacturing an organic light-emitting display device. An organic light-emitting display device may include, for example, a thin-film transistor (TFT) including a gate electrode, an active layer insulated from the gate electrode, source and drain electrodes insulated from the gate electrode and contacting the active layer and an insulating layer disposed between the source and drain electrodes and the active layer; and an organic light-emitting diode electrically connected to the TFT. The insulating layer may include, for example, a first insulating layer contacting the active layer; and a second insulating layer formed of a metal oxide and disposed on the first insulating layer. | 04-28-2011 |
20110108831 | ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DISPLAY DEVICE AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME - An organic light emitting display device and a method of manufacturing the device are disclosed. The method includes forming a layer over an oxide semiconductor layer to protect the oxide semiconductor layer from damage as further layers are formed and etched. | 05-12-2011 |
20110140112 | ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DISPLAY AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME - An organic light emitting display and a method of manufacturing the same are disclosed. In one embodiment, the display includes a gate electrode formed over a substrate and an active layer electrically insulated from the gate electrode, wherein the gate electrode is closer to the substrate than the active layer. The display further includes i) a first gate insulating layer and a second gate insulating layer formed between the gate electrode and active layer so as to electrically insulate the active layer from the gate electrode and ii) source and drain electrodes each contacting the active layer. | 06-16-2011 |
20130109119 | ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DISPLAY DEVICE AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME | 05-02-2013 |
20130341614 | ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DISPLAY DEVICE AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME - An organic light-emitting display device, which may be configured to prevent moisture or oxygen from penetrating the organic light-emitting display device from the outside is disclosed. An organic light-emitting display device, which is easily applied to a large display device and/or may be easily mass produced is further disclosed. Additionally disclosed is a method of manufacturing an organic light-emitting display device. An organic light-emitting display device may include, for example, a thin-film transistor (TFT) including a gate electrode, an active layer insulated from the gate electrode, source and drain electrodes insulated from the gate electrode and contacting the active layer and an insulating layer disposed between the source and drain electrodes and the active layer; and an organic light-emitting diode electrically connected to the TFT. The insulating layer may include, for example, a first insulating layer contacting the active layer; and a second insulating layer formed of a metal oxide and disposed on the first insulating layer. | 12-26-2013 |
20140001951 | FLEXIBLE DISPLAY APPARATUS AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME | 01-02-2014 |
20150340417 | ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DISPLAY DEVICE AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME - An organic light-emitting display device, which may be configured to prevent moisture or oxygen from penetrating the organic light-emitting display device from the outside is disclosed. An organic light-emitting display device, which is easily applied to a large display device and/or may be easily mass produced is further disclosed. Additionally disclosed is a method of manufacturing an organic light-emitting display device. An organic light-emitting display device may include, for example, a thin-film transistor (TFT) including a gate electrode, an active layer insulated from the gate electrode, source and drain electrodes insulated from the gate electrode and contacting the active layer and an insulating layer disposed between the source and drain electrodes and the active layer; and an organic light-emitting diode electrically connected to the TFT. The insulating layer may include, for example, a first insulating layer contacting the active layer; and a second insulating layer formed of a metal oxide and disposed on the first insulating layer. | 11-26-2015 |
Patent application number | Description | Published |
20160116804 | DISPLAY DEVICE - A display device includes a first substrate comprising a pixel area a first pixel electrode on the pixel area and a second pixel electrode overlapping the first pixel electrode; a second substrate including a common electrode and facing the first substrate; and a liquid crystal layer between the first substrate and the second substrate. The first pixel electrode includes first and second sides parallel to a side of the pixel area; third and fourth sides respectively extending from first ends of the first and second sides, inclined with respect to the first and second sides and parallel to each other; and fifth and sixth sides parallel to each other, and connecting the second and first sides with the third and fourth sides, respectively. An acute angle between each of the third to sixth sides, with respect to the first and second sides, exceeds about 135 degrees. | 04-28-2016 |
20160116805 | DISPLAY DEVICE - A display device includes a first substrate including pixel areas, a second substrate including a common electrode, the second substrate facing the first substrate, and a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, in which the first substrate includes data lines disposed on a side of each pixel area, a first pixel electrode having a hexagonal shape disposed on the pixel areas, a shielding electrode overlapping the data line, the shielding electrode disposed on the same layer as the first pixel electrode, and a second pixel electrode disposed on the first pixel electrode, and a first distance between the shielding electrode and a first side of the first electrode disposed on a first pixel area of the pixel areas is greater than a second distance between a second side of the first electrode and the shielding electrode disposed on a second pixel area of the pixel areas. | 04-28-2016 |
Patent application number | Description | Published |
20110012816 | Organic light emitting diode display - An organic light emitting diode display including a plurality of pixel areas and a transparent area interposed between the plurality of pixel areas, the display includes a substrate member, thin film transistors and capacitor elements on the substrate member, the thin film transistor and the capacitor elements overlapping with the pixel areas, a gate line, a data line, and a common power supply line on the substrate member, the gate line, the data line, and the common power supply line overlapping with the pixel areas and the transparent area, and being connected to corresponding ones of the thin film transistors and/or the capacitor elements, and pixel electrodes on the substrate member, the pixel electrodes overlapping with all of the thin film transistors and capacitor elements, and with respective portions of the gate line, the data line, and the common power supply line that overlap with the pixel areas. | 01-20-2011 |
20110133215 | ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE DISPLAY AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME - A method of manufacturing an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display includes forming an upper electrode power source line outside of a pixel area over a substrate, forming a lower electrode in the pixel area, forming at least one layer of an organic material layer in the pixel area and areas outside of the pixel area, forming an upper electrode in the pixel area, selectively removing portions of the organic material layer that are exposed outside of the upper electrode, thereby exposing the upper electrode power source line, and coating a conductive material between the upper electrode and the upper electrode power source line in a normal pressure condition such that the conductive material overlaps the upper electrode and the upper electrode power source line, thereby forming a connection portion. | 06-09-2011 |
20110163664 | ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DISPLAY DEVICE - An organic light emitting display device that prevents distortion of the image by preventing the transmitting light from scattering, and by preventing the degradation of the brightness and color coordinates caused by external light transmitting through the organic light emitting display device. The device includes a transmitting region and separate pixel regions interposed within the transmitting region; thin film transistors, a passivation film covering each thin film transistor; a pixel electrode that is electrically connected to the corresponding thin film transistor; an opposite electrode that faces the pixel electrode and is able to transmit light; an organic light emission layer that is interposed between the pixel electrode and the opposite electrode; a first electrode formed on a second surface of the substrate; a second electrode facing the first electrode; and a light transmission adjusting layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode. | 07-07-2011 |
20110175095 | ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE DISPLAY APPARATUS AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME - Provided are an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display apparatus and a method of manufacturing the OLED display apparatus. Pixel-defining layers (PDLs) are formed of inorganic and organic insulating layers to minimize non-uniformities of the thicknesses of organic emission layers (OEMLs) and planarize lower thin film transistors (TFTs). Therefore, a lifespan of the OLED display apparatus is improved. | 07-21-2011 |
20110272715 | ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DISPLAY DEVICE AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DISPLAY DEVICE - An organic light-emitting display device and a method of manufacturing the same are disclosed. The organic light-emitting display device includes: a substrate, a plurality of pixels on the substrate, a plurality of first electrodes, each disposed in each of the plurality of pixels, a pixel defining layer including a first pixel defining sub-layer disposed between each two adjacent first electrodes, and a second pixel defining sub-layer covering the first pixel defining sub-layer and surface edge portions of each two adjacent first electrodes, an intermediate layer disposed on each of the first electrodes and including an emission layer, and a second electrode configured to face the first electrodes. | 11-10-2011 |
20120007057 | ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DISPLAY DEVICE AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME - An organic light-emitting display device including a substrate; at least one thin-film transistor (TFT) formed on the substrate; a planarizing layer covering the TFT; a pixel electrode, which is formed on the planarizing layer and is connected to the TFT; a protective layer surrounding an edge of the pixel electrode; a pixel defining layer (PDL), which has an overhang (OH) structure protruding more than the top surface of the protective layer, covers the protective layer and the edge of the pixel electrode, and exposes a portion of the pixel electrode surrounded by the protective layer; a counter electrode facing the pixel electrode; and an intermediate layer, which is interposed between the pixel electrode and the counter electrode and includes a light-emitting layer and at least one organic layer, where the thickness of the intermediate layer is greater than the thickness of the protective layer. | 01-12-2012 |
20120012850 | ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DISPLAY APPARATUS - An organic light emitting display apparatus in which image quality can be improved. The organic light emitting display apparatus includes: a substrate; a first electrode disposed on the substrate; a pixel definition layer formed on the first electrode and having an opening portion through which a region of the first electrode is exposed; an intermediate layer connected to the first electrode through the opening portion and including an organic emission layer; a second electrode electrically connected to the intermediate layer; and an inorganic planarization pattern portion disposed between the substrate and the first electrode and formed to at least correspond to the opening portion. | 01-19-2012 |
20120097951 | ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DISPLAY DEVICE AND MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREOF - An organic light-emitting display device includes a substrate including a rectangular light-emitting area and a circuit area, the circuit area including a thin film transistor, the light-emitting area including an electroluminescent layer produced by a solution deposition process, the light-emitting area being bounded by a first major side, a second major side, a first minor side and a second minor side, the first major side being opposite from and parallel to a second major side, each of these sides having wiring or dummies arranged thereat, and a pixel defining layer arranged on the wirings and on the dummies. In order to produce a uniform thickness electroluminescent layer via a solution deposition process, top surfaces of the pixel defining layer on each of the wirings and dummies that border the light emitting area are arranged in a same plane that is parallel to the substrate. | 04-26-2012 |
20120097952 | Organic Light-Emitting Display Apparatus - An organic light-emitting display apparatus comprises: a substrate in which a pixel region is defined; a thin film transistor (TFT) disposed on the substrate and spaced apart from the pixel region; a planarization pattern covering the TFT and spaced apart from the pixel region; a first electrode electrically connected to the TFT and formed so as to correspond to at least the pixel region; a pixel-defining layer formed on the first electrode so as to expose a predetermined region of the first electrode; an intermediate layer connected to the exposed region of the first electrode, including an organic emission layer, and formed to correspond to at least the pixel region; and a second electrode electrically connected to the intermediate layer. | 04-26-2012 |
20120190144 | ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DISPLAY DEVICE AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME TO PREVENT DAMAGE TO AN INTERLAYER - An organic light emitting display device prevents damage to an interlayer including an emitting layer and reduces IR drop in face electrodes, and a method of manufacturing the same. The organic light emitting display device includes: a substrate; a pixel electrode disposed on the substrate; an interlayer comprising an emitting layer disposed on the pixel electrode; a face electrode on the interlayer; and a sealing member disposed on the face electrodes, wherein the sealing member and the face electrode are bent along a curve of an upper portion of a layer below the face electrode so as to prevent a gap between the sealing member and the face electrode, and between the face electrode and the layer below the face electrode. | 07-26-2012 |
20140161968 | INKJET PRINTHEAD AND APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING ORGANIC LUMINESCENCE DISPLAY USING THE INKJET PRINTHEAD - An inkjet printhead, and an apparatus and method for manufacturing an organic luminescence display using the inkjet printhead. An apparatus for manufacturing an organic luminescence display including an inkjet printhead placeable over a substrate and including a plurality of nozzles; and a moving unit configured to move at least one of the inkjet printhead or the substrate relative to the other, and the plurality of nozzles includes one or more ink ejecting nozzles ejecting an organic light-emitting ink; and one or more solvent ejecting nozzles ejecting a first solvent. | 06-12-2014 |
20150060781 | DISPLAY APPARATUS AND RELATED MANUFACTURING METHOD - A display apparatus may include a substrate, a transistor that overlaps the substrate, and a pixel electrode that is electrically connected to the transistor. The display apparatus may further include a first insulation layer disposed between the pixel electrode and the substrate. The display apparatus may further include a second insulation layer. A first portion of the second insulation layer may be disposed between the first insulation layer and the pixel electrode. A second portion of the second insulation layer may overlap the transistor without overlapping the first insulation layer. The display apparatus may further include a pixel-defining layer that partially covers the pixel electrode and exposes an exposed portion of the pixel electrode. The display apparatus may further include a light-emitting layer that overlaps the exposed portion of the pixel electrode and is configured to emit light. | 03-05-2015 |
Patent application number | Description | Published |
20100015876 | METHOD FOR REPARING DEFECTIVE LINE OF ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DISPLAY DEVICE - A method of repairing a defective line of an organic light emitting display device which repairs a short defect occurring between a bidirectional line and an adjacent line includes separating a portion where a short defect occurs from the bidirectional line by cutting a portion of the bidirectional line; and applying a signal toward an end of the cut portion from both sides of the bidirectional line. | 01-21-2010 |
20100039016 | STRUCTURE FOR REPAIRING A LINE DEFECT OF AN ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DISPLAY AND A METHOD OF REPAIRING THE DEFECT - A structure for repairing a line defect in which a short can be easily repaired using an adjacent wiring line despite limited repairing space and a method of repairing the defect are disclosed. | 02-18-2010 |
20110084279 | Organic light emitting diode display - An organic light emitting diode display that includes a first electrode arranged on a substrate, an organic emission layer arranged on the first electrode and a second electrode arranged on the organic emission layer, the first electrode includes a first layer, a second layer and a third layer stacked sequentially on the organic emission layer, the second layer has a lower work function than the third. Here, the second layer has a higher work function than that of the third layer. | 04-14-2011 |
20140319493 | SUBSTRATE FOR DISPLAY APPARATUS, AND DISPLAY APPARATUS USING THE SAME - A substrate for a display apparatus includes a barrier layer disposed on a base substrate. The barrier layer includes a silicon oxide layer, and the silicon oxide layer includes a first part and a second part along a thickness direction of the barrier layer. The amount of silicon in the first part is different from the amount of silicon in the second part. | 10-30-2014 |
20150123098 | FLEXIBLE DISPLAY AND MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREOF - A method of manufacturing a flexible display includes: forming a first barrier layer on a flexible substrate; forming a second barrier layer including silicon nitride on the first barrier layer; releasing stress of the second barrier layer; forming a first buffer layer including silicon nitride on the second barrier layer; forming a second buffer layer on the first buffer layer; and forming a thin film transistor on the second buffer layer. | 05-07-2015 |
Patent application number | Description | Published |
20140305595 | APPARATUS FOR PREVENTING CURL IN BOTTOM PROTECTING FILM FOR DISPLAY DEVICE - Disclosed is an apparatus for preventing a curl in a bottom protecting film for a display device. The apparatus includes a working table on which the bottom protecting film is mounted, and a plurality of pressing apparatuses which is spaced apart from the working table and presses an edge part of the bottom protecting film. The plurality of pressing apparatuses includes a corner pressing apparatus which presses a corner part of the edge part of the bottom protecting film and a side pressing apparatus which presses a longitudinal side part of the edge part of the bottom protecting film. | 10-16-2014 |
20150090971 | DISPLAY APPARATUS - A display apparatus includes a substrate, a display unit, a first metal oxide layer on the display unit, and a second metal oxide layer. The display unit may include an emission region and a non-emission region. The second metal oxide layer may be on the first metal oxide layer in the non-emission region. The first metal oxide layer and the second metal oxide layer may each include a metal oxide, the transparency of which varies according to a degree of oxidization of the metal oxide. | 04-02-2015 |
20150115254 | DISPLAY DEVICE INTEGRATED WITH TOUCH SCREEN PANEL - A display device integrated with a touch screen panel may include a display device and an anti-reflection layer. The display device may include a plurality pixels arranged therein. The anti-reflection layer may include a plurality of metal layers and a plurality of dielectric layers that are sequentially laminated on an upper surface of the display device. In the display device, one or more metal layers among the plurality of metal layers constituting the anti-reflection layer may be operated as sensing electrodes of the touch screen panel. | 04-30-2015 |
20150123085 | DISPLAY APPARATUS AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME - A display apparatus includes a substrate, a display unit on the substrate and including an emission area and a non-emission area, a first blocking layer at the non-emission area on the display unit, the first blocking layer having a thickness that tapers toward an edge of the first blocking layer, and a second blocking layer on the first blocking layer and configured to block external light reflection. | 05-07-2015 |
20150243930 | DISPLAY APPARATUS AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME - According to one or more embodiments of the present invention, a display apparatus includes: a substrate; a display unit which is formed on the substrate and includes an emission area and a non-emission area; a first coating layer which is formed on the display unit and has an uneven area formed on the emission area; a first blocking layer which is formed on the non-emission area of the first coating layer; and a second blocking layer which is formed on the first blocking layer and prevents reflection of external light. | 08-27-2015 |
Patent application number | Description | Published |
20130001523 | ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE AND FLAT DISPLAY DEVICE INCLUDING THE SAME - An organic light-emitting diode includes: a substrate; a first electrode; a second electrode; an emission layer between the first electrode and the second electrode; and a hole blocking layer between the emission layer and the second electrode. The hole blocking layer includes a first layer including a first material and a second material, and a second layer formed on the first layer and including the first material. The first material includes a hole blocking material having a highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level in the range of about 5.5 to about 6.9 eV, and the second material includes a green or red phosphorescent host material. | 01-03-2013 |
20130009162 | ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DISPLAY DEVICE - An organic light-emitting display device may include a substrate; a plurality of thin film transistors (TFTs) on the substrate; a plurality of first electrodes respectively on the TFTs; a pixel-defining layer between the first electrodes, the pixel-defining layer including a covered portion and an uncovered portion; a plurality of organic layers respectively on the first electrodes, each organic layer including an emission layer; a second electrode covering at least a part of the organic layers and the pixel-defining layer, a portion of the pixel-defining layer covered by the second electrode defining the covered portion, wherein at least one outgassing hole is in the uncovered portion of the pixel-defining layer, the uncovered portion being an exposed area of the pixel-defining layer. | 01-10-2013 |
20140103306 | ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE, METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME, AND METHOD OF FORMING MATERIAL LAYER - In an aspect, an organic light-emitting diode, a method of manufacturing the same, and a method of forming a material layer are provided. | 04-17-2014 |
20140170315 | THIN FILM DEPOSITING APPARATUS AND THIN FILM DEPOSITION METHOD USING THE SAME - A thin-film deposition apparatus includes a deposition source, which ejects deposition vapors toward a substrate via an ejection hole, and an angle restricting plate, which is arranged adjacent to the ejection hole so as to restrict, within a set range, an angle of ejecting the deposition vapors from the ejection hole. The angle restricting plate includes a fixed restricting plate, which is fixed with respect to the ejection hole, and a movable restricting plate, which is movable with respect to the ejection hole. | 06-19-2014 |
20140209874 | ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE - Provided is an organic light emitting diode that is highly efficient and has a long lifespan. The organic light emitting diode includes a carbazole-based compound for improving light emission efficiency. In certain embodiments an electron transport layer can include an anthraces-based compound. The organic light emitting diode may be included in a flat display diode including a thin film transistor (TFT). | 07-31-2014 |
Patent application number | Description | Published |
20110221991 | Thin Film Transistor, Method of Manufacturing the Same, and Display Device Having Thin Film Transistor - A thin film transistor, a manufacturing method thereof, and a display device having the same are disclosed. The thin film transistor includes a semiconductor layer formed on a substrate, a gate insulating layer formed on the substrate including the semiconductor layer, a gate electrode formed on the gate insulating above the semiconductor layer, source and drain electrodes connected to the semiconductor layer, and 3.5 to 4.5 protrusions formed on the semiconductor layer overlapped with the gate electrode. Malfunction of the thin film transistor and inferior image quality of the display device can be prevented by adjusting the number of protrusions to minimize leakage current and defects. | 09-15-2011 |
20110241005 | DISPLAY DEVICE AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME - A display device capable of implementing the light shielding effect and process simplification, and a method of manufacturing the display device. The display device includes a transistor formed in a first region on a substrate, a pixel electrode formed in a second region on the substrate, a buffer layer formed beneath the transistor in the first region, and a light shielding layer formed between the buffer layer and the substrate in the first region. In the display device, the light shielding layer may include a semiconductor material. | 10-06-2011 |
20160086563 | SOURCE DRIVE INTEGRATED CIRCUIT AND DISPLAY DEVICE INCLUDING THE SAME - A source drive integrated circuit includes a source driving circuit, output buffers, and voltage protection circuits. The source driving circuit generates data voltages according to a source timing control signal and digital video data. The output buffers output the data voltages from the source driving circuit to output terminals. The voltage protection circuits are connected between the output buffers and the output terminals. A voltage supplied to at least one of the voltage protection circuits is different from a voltage supplied to remaining ones of the voltage protection circuits. | 03-24-2016 |
Patent application number | Description | Published |
20140346460 | ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE DISPLAY DEVICE AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME - An organic light emitting diode display device is disclosed. The device includes, for example, a thin film transistor with an active layer on a substrate, a gate electrode, a source electrode, and a drain electrode, a pixel electrode formed on the same layer as the gate electrode, an electrode pattern partially exposing the pixel electrode and formed on the pixel electrode, a pixel electrode contact formed between the electrode pattern and the drain electrode and electrically connected to the drain electrode, a pixel defining film exposing the pixel electrode and formed to cover the drain electrode and the source electrode, an intermediate layer formed on the exposed pixel electrode and comprising an emissive layer, and an opposite electrode formed opposite the pixel electrode to at least partially cover the intermediate layer. A method of manufacturing the device is also disclosed. | 11-27-2014 |
20150108450 | THIN-FILM TRANSISTOR ARRAY SUBSTRATE, ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DISPLAY APPARATUS, AND MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREOF - A thin film transistor (TFT) array substrate, an organic light-emitting display apparatus, and a manufacturing method thereof are disclosed. One inventive aspect includes a first gate line formed on a substrate and a second gate line formed on the first gate line. A third gate line is formed on the second gate line and covers a top surface of the second gate line and the side portions of the first and second gate lines. | 04-23-2015 |
Patent application number | Description | Published |
20120098426 | Organic Light Emitting Display Device and Electronic Device Including the Same - An organic light emitting display device has the function of buffering external impacts so as to improve the resistance of the organic light emitting display device to impact. An electronic device includes the organic light emitting display device. The organic light emitting display device includes: a frame; a first substrate disposed on the frame, a display unit being formed on a surface of the first substrate; a second substrate disposed so as to face the first substrate; a driver integrated circuit (IC) disposed on either the first substrate or the second substrate; and a buffer member formed so as to cover the driver IC. | 04-26-2012 |
20120099251 | DISPLAY DEVICE - A display device is disclosed. In one embodiment, the device includes a display panel displaying an image and an integrated receiving member supporting the display panel. The integrated receiving member includes a press molding portion including a bottom portion and a side wall portion bent and extended from the bottom portion and having a through-hole formed therein and an injection molding portion including a frame portion integrally attached to at least one side of the press molding portion, facing the display panel and a flange portion extended from the frame portion and protruding through the through-hole. The flange portion of the injection molding portion is wholly or partially separated from the side wall portion of the press molding portion within the through-hole. | 04-26-2012 |
20120212966 | ELECTRONIC DEVICE HAVING ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE DISPLAY - An electronic device improves an impact-resistance characteristic of an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display. The electronic device includes an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display including a panel assembly for forming an organic light emitting element, and a housing including a housing main body for receiving the organic light emitting diode (OLED) display. The housing includes a housing main body including a first space for receiving the panel assembly and a second space for receiving a printed circuit board, an upper cover, and a lower cover. The housing main body includes a bottom formed to distinguish a first space and a second space in the housing, and also includes a bent unit on an edge, and a side wall in which the bent unit is buried to be combined with the edge of the bottom. | 08-23-2012 |
Patent application number | Description | Published |
20100224125 | DEPOSITION MASK - A deposition mask that includes a mask sheet and a frame to support the perimeter of the mask sheet. The frame includes a contact surface that is attached to the mask sheet, and a non-contact surface that faces and is spaced apart from the mask sheet, the non-contact portion extends from the contact portion, to an opening formed in the center of the frame. The non-contact portion may form an acute angle, with respect to the plane of the mask sheet. | 09-09-2010 |
20100267227 | Mask frame assembly for thin film deposition and associated methods - A mask frame assembly for thin film deposition including a frame having an opening portion and a support portion, and a mask having a deposition area in a position corresponding to the opening portion, wherein the mask includes a first layer including the deposition area and a peripheral portion disposed outside the deposition area and a second layer including a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface, at least a part of the first surface of the second layer faces the first layer and contacts the peripheral portion, and the second surface is welded to the support portion of the frame. | 10-21-2010 |
20120156812 | MASK FRAME ASSEMBLY, METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME, AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DISPLAY DEVICE USING THE MASK FRAME ASSEMBLY - A mask frame includes a frame and a mask installed on the frame while being stretched in a first direction. The mask includes a deposition area including a plurality of deposition pattern portions, an edge unit formed to have a thickness greater than a thickness of the deposition area and including a first edge and a second edge that extend in the first direction on two sides of the deposition area, and two or more ribs formed to have a thickness greater than the thickness of the deposition area between deposition pattern portions adjacent to each other in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction. | 06-21-2012 |
20120174952 | Mask Cleaning Apparatus - A mask cleaning apparatus comprises: a bath containing a cleaning liquid; an ultrasonic wave generation unit for generating and applying ultrasonic waves to the cleaning liquid; a supporting member for supporting the mask; and a driving unit formed to rotate the mask in the bath. As a result, the mask cleaning apparatus achieves an improved mask cleaning capability. | 07-12-2012 |
20120240850 | Deposition mask - A deposition mask that is placed on a mask frame by a tensile force includes first through n | 09-27-2012 |
20120325143 | MASK FRAME ASSEMBLY FOR THIN-FILM DEPOSITION - Provided is a mask frame assembly for thin-film deposition. The mask frame assembly including a mask frame having an opening defined therethrough, the mask frame configured to retain a mask, at least one supporter configured to contact the mask for supporting the mask, and a fixing unit coupled to the supporter and the mask frame. | 12-27-2012 |
20120328851 | MASK UNIT - A mask unit includes: a unit mask having a plurality of patterned areas arranged along a length direction of the unit mask and a dummy area disposed between two of the plurality of patterned areas; a mask frame coupled to lateral ends of the unit mask in the length direction of the unit mask to apply a tension force to the unit mask along the length direction of the unit mask; and a cross-tension member coupled to the dummy area of the unit mask and extending in a direction crossing the length direction of the unit mask to apply a tension force to the unit mask in the direction crossing the length direction of the unit mask. | 12-27-2012 |
20130205568 | METHOD OF MANUFACTURING A MASK FRAME ASSEMBLY FOR THIN FILM DEPOSITION - A mask frame assembly for thin film deposition including a frame having an opening portion and a support portion, and a mask having a deposition area in a position corresponding to the opening portion, wherein the mask includes a first layer including the deposition area and a peripheral portion disposed outside the deposition area and a second layer including a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface, at least a part of the first surface of the second layer faces the first layer and contacts the peripheral portion, and the second surface is welded to the support portion of the frame. | 08-15-2013 |
20130318774 | TENSIONING APPARATUS FOR MASK, MASK SHEET, AND MANUFACTURING SYSTEM FOR MASK - A mask tensioning apparatus is disclosed. In one embodiment, the mask tensioning apparatus includes: i) a clamp supporting a mask sheet disposed on the mask frame to couple the mask sheet to the mask frame and ii) a tensioner connected to the clamp and applying a tensioning force to the clamp to fix the mask sheet fixed by the clamp to the mask. The clamp may be arranged in a substantially vertical or oblique direction with regard to the elongation direction of the mask sheet, thereby supporting the mask sheet. | 12-05-2013 |
20140028176 | ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DISPLAY DEVICE AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME - An organic light-emitting display device includes a first substrate and a second substrate that face each other, a pixel between the first substrate and the second substrate and the pixel emitting primary light toward one of the first and second substrates, and a black film arranged on another of the first and second substrates. The other of the first and second substrates being opposite to the one of the first and second substrates toward which the primary light is emitted. | 01-30-2014 |
20140065355 | MASK AND MASK ASSEMBLY - A mask supported at a frame when a tensile force is applied in a first direction is provided. The mask includes a mask main body in a band shape extended in the first direction, and a plurality of pattern openings formed in the mask main body. the mask main body has ends supported by the frame, and the pattern opening are arranged in the first direction. The mask further includes a dummy opening provided between the pattern openings and one of the ends of the mask main body. The dummy opening has a form that is different from forms of the pattern openings. | 03-06-2014 |
20140239049 | METHOD OF MANUFACTURING MASK ASSEMBLY FOR THIN FILM DEPOSITION - A method of manufacturing a mask assembly for thin film deposition includes: positioning a division mask on a mask frame, wherein the division mask has a length in a first direction that is greater than a width in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction; and spot welding opposing ends of the division mask along the first direction to the mask frame, wherein the spot welding comprises: forming first welding points in a first zigzag pattern starting from a peripheral portion along the second direction of the division mask toward a central portion along the second direction of the division mask; and forming second welding points between the first welding points. | 08-28-2014 |
20150047560 | MASK FOR DEPOSITING AN ORGANIC LAYER AND MASK ASSEMBLY FOR THE SAME - A mask having two end terminals supported by a frame is provided. The mask includes a mask main body, a plurality of active patterns, and a plurality of first dummy patterns. The mask main body has a band shape extended in the first direction. The plurality of active patterns is separately disposed in the first direction on the mask main body. The plurality of first dummy patterns is disposed between neighboring active patterns from among the plurality of active patterns. Each of plurality of active patterns has a first shape and each of the plurality of first dummy patterns has a second shape. | 02-19-2015 |
Patent application number | Description | Published |
20100045953 | Laser irradiation device and method of manufacturing organic light emitting diode display device using the same - A laser irradiation device and a method of manufacturing an organic light emitting diode display device using the same. The laser radiation device prevents the scattering of the laser light into portions of the donor substrate that correspond to non-transmissive regions of a mask pattern. To reduce the scattering, the mask pattern is designed so that 1) non-transmissive regions of a surface of the mask pattern that faces the laser source have a reflective layer, 2) the surface of the mask pattern that faces the laser source is oriented to have a certain angle with respect to the laser beam axis, and 3) a surface of the mask pattern that faces the donor substrate has an anti-reflective layer. Each of these design aspects of the mask pattern prevents laser light from being scattered and prevents irradiating portions of the donor substrate that corresponds to a non-transmissive region of the mask pattern. | 02-25-2010 |
20100276680 | ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DISPLAY HAVING A GAS VENT GROOVE TO DEREASE EDGE OPEN FAILURES - An Organic Light Emitting Display (OLED) and its fabrication method has a pixel defining layer provided on a first electrode which is formed with a gas vent groove to allow gas to vent when the pixel defining layer is being formed, so that gas is not left in a pixel but vented when a donor film is laminated by a Laser-Induced Thermal Imaging (LITI) method, thereby decreasing edge open failures. | 11-04-2010 |
20110084286 | DONOR SUBSTRATE AND METHOD OF FABRICATING ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE USING THE SAME - A donor substrate for laser induced thermal imaging and a method of fabricating an organic light emitting diode (OLED) using the donor substrate are disclosed. In one embodiment, the donor substrate includes a base film, a light-to-heat conversion layer formed on the base film, a buffer layer formed on the light-to-heat conversion layer, and a transfer layer formed on the buffer layer. The buffer layer is formed of magnesium (Mg), an Mg alloy, or magnesium oxide. In the donor substrate for laser induced thermal imaging, the buffer layer is formed between the interlayer and the transfer layer or between the light-to-heat conversion layer and the transfer layer, so that surface characteristics between the donor substrate and the transfer layer can be improved. | 04-14-2011 |
20110136278 | METHOD OF FABRICATING ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE DISPLAY DEVICE - An organic layer of an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display device is formed by transferring a transfer layer of a donor film to aligned pixel openings in a pixel defining region of the OLED display device such that the organic layer is formed in the pixel openings. Each aligned pixel opening has a pair of long sides and a pair of short sides, and the transferring of the transfer layer is performed by applying tensile force to the donor film in a direction perpendicular to the short sides of the pixel openings. | 06-09-2011 |
20110240970 | ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DISPLAY APPARATUS - An organic light-emitting display apparatus is disclosed. The organic light-emitting display apparatus includes a first sub-pixel, a second sub-pixel, and a third sub-pixel, where each of said first, second and third sub-pixels displays a different color, a substrate, a first electrode disposed on the substrate, a second electrode disposed on the first electrode, facing the first electrode, an organic emission layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, including a first organic emission layer, a second organic emission layer, and a third organic emission layer, and an electron acceptor layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode configured to contact the organic emission layer, where the first organic emission layer is disposed in the first sub-pixel, the second organic emission layer is disposed in the second sub-pixel, and the third organic emission layer is commonly disposed over the first sub-pixel, the second sub-pixel, and the third sub-pixel, and where the electron acceptor layer is disposed between the first organic emission layer and the third organic emission layer in the first sub-pixel and between the second organic emission layer and the third organic emission layer in the second sub-pixel. | 10-06-2011 |
20110260954 | ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DISPLAY APPARATUS - An organic light-emitting display apparatus includes: a plurality of thin film transistors (TFTs); a planarization layer covering the plurality of TFTs; a plurality of pixel electrodes formed on the planarization layer, each of the pixel electrodes being connected to a corresponding one of the plurality of TFTs using a via-hole passing through the planarization layer and having a light-emitting portion and a non-emitting portion, and each of the via-holes being located at a point farthest from each of the light-emitting portions surrounding the via-hole; a pixel defining layer formed on the planarization layer to respectively cover each of the via-holes and the non-emitting portions; organic layers, each organic layer including an emission layer and being disposed in a corresponding one of the light-emitting portions; and a counter electrode disposed on each of the organic layers. | 10-27-2011 |
20120001207 | ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE DISPLAY - An organic light emitting diode (OLED) display is disclosed. In one embodiment, the OLED display includes i) a plurality of pixels comprising a blue light emitting region, a green light emitting region, and a red light emitting region on a substrate and formed by stacking a lower electrode, an organic layer, and an upper electrode. In one embodiment, the blue and green light emitting regions are formed in a microcavity structure, and the red light emitting region is formed in a non-microcavity structure. | 01-05-2012 |
20120099615 | LASER INDUCED THERMAL IMAGING MASK, LASER IRRADIATION APPARATUS INCLUDING THE SAME, AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DEVICE BY USING THE SAME - Provided are a laser induced thermal imaging (LITI) mask, a laser irradiation apparatus including the LITI mask, and a method of manufacturing an organic light emitting device by using the LITI mask. The LITI mask including an opening corresponding to a pixel region and an opening corresponding to an edge of a pixel is used to form an organic layer in an upper portion of a substrate of an organic light emitting device, thereby transferring the organic layer to an edge of the pixel region. | 04-26-2012 |
20130001631 | ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DISPLAY DEVICE AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME - An organic light-emitting display device and a method of manufacturing the same. The organic light-emitting display device has a structure including an organic layer between a pixel electrode and an opposite electrode, the organic layer including a emissive layer and an insulating layer defining a light emission area. Accordingly, the insulating layer included in the organic layer functions as a pixel-defining layer, and thus, “edge open”, which is generated when forming an emissive layer on a thick pixel-defining layer according to the comparable art, may be reduced or prevented. | 01-03-2013 |
20130285290 | LASER IRRADIATION DEVICE AND METHOD OF FABRICATING ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DISPLAY DEVICE USING THE SAME - A laser irradiation device and a method of fabricating an organic light emitting display device (OLED) using the same are disclosed. The laser irradiation device includes: a laser source generating a laser beam; a mask disposed below the laser source and patterning the beam and a projection lens disposed below the mask and determining magnification of the laser beam through the mask, wherein the laser beam penetrating the mask has different doses in at least two regions. Thus, the laser irradiation device can maximize emission efficiency and enhance the quality of a transfer layer pattern when an organic layer of the OLED is formed using the laser irradiation device. | 10-31-2013 |
20140326404 | LAMINATING APPARATUS AND LAMINATING METHOD USING THE SAME - Provided are a laminating apparatus and a laminating method using the same. In an aspect, the laminating apparatus includes a stage, a heating bar, and a press part. In an aspect, the laminating may be performed in a state where the donor film is closely attached to the substrate to prevent defects of the donor film from occurring during the laminating, thereby improving reliability of the laminating apparatus. | 11-06-2014 |