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| 20100181671 | SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES AND METHODS OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME - A semiconductor device can include an insulation layer on that is on a substrate on which a plurality of lower conductive structures are formed, where the insulation layer has an opening. A barrier layer is on a sidewall and a bottom of the opening of the insulation layer, where the barrier layer includes a first barrier layer in which a constituent of a first deoxidizing material is richer than a metal material in the first barrier layer and a second barrier layer in which a metal material in the second barrier layer is richer than a constituent of a second deoxidizing material. An interconnection is in the opening of which the sidewall and the bottom are covered with the barrier layer, the interconnection is electrically connected to the lower conductive structure. | 07-22-2010 |
| 20100184294 | Method of Manufacturing a Semiconductor Device - In a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, a substrate is loaded to a process chamber having, unit process sections in which unit processes are performed, respectively. The unit processes are performed on the substrate independently from one another at the unit process sections under a respective process pressure. The substrate sequentially undergoes the unit processes at the respective unit process section of the process chamber. Cleaning processes are individually performed to the unit process sections, respectively, when the substrate is transferred from each of the unit process sections and no substrate is positioned at the unit process sections. Accordingly, the process defects of the process units may be sufficiently prevented and the operation period of the manufacturing apparatus is sufficiently elongated. | 07-22-2010 |
| 20100230824 | Metal Interconnect of Semiconductor Device - Provided are a metal interconnect of a semiconductor device and a method of fabricating the metal interconnect. The metal interconnect includes a metal line having a first end and a second end disposed on an opposite side to the first end, a via electrically connected to the metal line, and a non-active segment extending from the first end and including a void. Tensile stress is decreased to prevent a void from occurring under the via. Accordingly, line breakage due to electromigration is substantially prevented, thus improving electrical characteristics of the device. | 09-16-2010 |
| 20110195569 | Semiconductor Device and Method for Forming the Same - Methods of forming field effect transistors include forming a metal alloy gate electrode (e.g., aluminum alloy) containing about 0.5 to about 1.0 atomic percent silicon, on a substrate, and electroless plating an electrically conductive gate protection layer directly on at least a portion of an upper surface of the metal alloy gate electrode. A gate dielectric layer may be formed on the substrate. This gate dielectric layer may have a dielectric constant greater than a dielectric constant of silicon dioxide. The forming of the metal alloy gate electrode may include forming a metal alloy gate electrode directly on an upper surface of the gate dielectric layer. | 08-11-2011 |
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| 20090166257 | Ionic liquid catalyzed alkylation process employing nozzles and system implementing such process - A process for a liquid/liquid reaction employs a nozzle dispersion whereby liquid reactants and liquid catalyst are injected through at least one nozzle into a reaction zone to effect a reaction. The reaction can be alkylation of at least one isoparaffin with at least one olefin in the presence of an ionic liquid catalyst. The at least one nozzle provides intimate contact between the phases for greater product control and reaction control. | 07-02-2009 |
| 20090171133 | Ionic liquid catalyst alkylation using a loop reactor - Provided is a process for producing low volatility, high quality gasoline blending components which comprises recirculation of at least a portion of a recovered stream comprising primarily isoparaffins. Recirculation of the stream allows for an enhanced I/O ratio and a more cost effective process. | 07-02-2009 |
| 20090171134 | Ionic liquid catalyst alkylation using split reactant streams - Provided is a process for producing low volatility, high quality gasoline blending components from a number of isoparaffin feed streams, olefin feed streams, and ionic liquid catalyst streams. The process entails providing an isoparaffin feed stream comprising isoparaffins, an olefin feed stream comprising olefins, and a catalyst stream comprising ionic liquid catalyst, and subsequently splitting at least the reactive olefin feed stream for feeding into the reaction zone at different locations. | 07-02-2009 |
| 20100129921 | MONITORING OF IONIC LIQUID CATALYST DEACTIVATION - A process for determining ionic liquid catalyst deactivation including (a) collecting at least one sample of an ionic liquid catalyst; (b) hydrolyzing the at least one sample to provide at least one hydrolyzed sample; (c) titrating the at least one hydrolyzed sample with a basic reagent to determine a volume of the basic reagent necessary to neutralize a Lewis acid species of the ionic liquid catalyst; and (d) calculating the acid content of the at least one sample from the volume of basic reagent determined in step (c) is described. Processes incorporating such a process for determining ionic liquid catalyst deactivation are also described. These processes are an alkylation process, a process for controlling ionic liquid catalyst activity in a reaction producing by-product conjunct polymers, and a continuous process for maintaining the acid content of an ionic liquid catalyst at a target acid content in a reaction producing by-product conjunct polymers. | 05-27-2010 |
| 20110000824 | HYDROPROCESSING CATALYST AND METHOD OF MAKING THE SAME - The present invention is directed to a hydroprocessing catalyst containing at least one catalyst support, one or more metals, optionally one or more molecular sieves, optionally one or more promoters, wherein deposition of at least one of the metals is achieved in the presence of a modifying agent. | 01-06-2011 |
| 20110105811 | PRODUCTION OF DISTILLATE BLENDING COMPONENTS - A process to produce an alkylate distillate blending component in one embodiment comprising: providing at least one olefinic C5+ product which was produced by conversion of synthesis gas in a Fischer Tropsch process; and alkylating the olefinic C5+ product in the presence of an acidic ionic liquid alkylation catalyst with hydrocarbons selected from the group consisting of isoparaffins, cycloparaffins, and their mixtures to form an alkylate distillate blending component is described. | 05-05-2011 |
| 20110111508 | CONTINUOUS PROCESS FOR MAINTAINING THE ACID CONTENT OF AN IONIC LIQUID CATALYST - A process for determining ionic liquid catalyst deactivation including (a) collecting at least one sample of an ionic liquid catalyst; (b) hydrolyzing the at least one sample to provide at least one hydrolyzed sample; (c) titrating the at least one hydrolyzed sample with a basic reagent to determine a volume of the basic reagent necessary to neutralize a Lewis acid species of the ionic liquid catalyst; and (d) calculating the acid content of the at least one sample from the volume of basic reagent determined in step (c) is described. Processes incorporating such a process for determining ionic liquid catalyst deactivation are also described. These processes are an alkylation process, a process for controlling ionic liquid catalyst activity in a reaction producing by-product conjunct polymers, and a continuous process for maintaining the acid content of an ionic liquid catalyst at a target acid content in a reaction producing by-product conjunct polymers. | 05-12-2011 |
| 20110155632 | PROCESS FOR MAKING PRODUCTS WITH LOW HYDROGEN HALIDE. - A process for making products with low hydrogen halide, comprising: a) stripping or distilling an effluent from a reactor into a first fraction having an amount of hydrogen halide, and a second fraction having a reduced amount of hydrogen halide; wherein the reactor comprises: an ionic liquid catalyst having a metal halide, and a hydrogen halide or an organic halide; and b) recovering one or more product streams, from the second fraction, having less than 25 wppm hydrogen halide. In one embodiment the ionic liquid catalyst has metal halide; and the recovering recovers propane, n-butane, and alkylate gasoline having less than 25 wppm hydrogen halide. In another embodiment the recovering uses a distillation column having poor corrosion resistance to hydrogen halide; and the distillation column does not exhibit corrosion. There is also provided an alkylate gasoline having less than 5 wppm hydrogen halide, a high RON, and low RVP. | 06-30-2011 |
| 20110155640 | PROCESS FOR RECYCLING HYDROGEN HALIDE TO A REACTOR COMPRISING AN IONIC LIQUID - A process for hydrocarbon conversion, comprising: a) stripping or distilling a hydrocarbon effluent from a reactor comprising an ionic liquid catalyst having: a metal halide, and a hydrogen halide or an organic halide into a first and second fraction, and b) recycling at least a portion of the first fraction comprising at least 5 wt % and less than 95 wt % of the hydrogen halide to the reactor. A process comprising: a) stripping or distilling a hydrocarbon effluent from a reactor comprising an ionic liquid catalyst into a first fraction having at least 5 wt % of hydrogen halide and a second fraction having less than 25 wppm hydrogen halide; and b) recycling at least a portion of the first fraction to the reactor to improve the selectivity of products. A process comprising recycling of the catalyst, the first fraction, and a portion of the second fraction that is an isoparaffin to the reactor. | 06-30-2011 |
| 20110183423 | PROCESS FOR CONTROLLING IONIC LIQUID CATALYST ACTIVITY BY TITRATION - A process for determining ionic liquid catalyst deactivation including (a) collecting at least one sample of an ionic liquid catalyst; (b) hydrolyzing the at least one sample to provide at least one hydrolyzed sample; (c) titrating the at least one hydrolyzed sample with a basic reagent to determine a volume of the basic reagent necessary to neutralize a Lewis acid species of the ionic liquid catalyst; and (d) calculating the acid content of the at least one sample from the volume of basic reagent determined in step (c) is described. Processes incorporating such a process for determining ionic liquid catalyst deactivation are also described. These processes are an alkylation process, a process for controlling ionic liquid catalyst activity in a reaction producing by-product conjunct polymers, and a continuous process for maintaining the acid content of an ionic liquid catalyst at a target acid content in a reaction producing by-product conjunct polymers. | 07-28-2011 |
| 20110184219 | ALKYLATION PROCESS COMPRISING MONITORING IONIC LIQUID CATALYST ACIDITY - A process for determining ionic liquid catalyst deactivation including (a) collecting at least one sample of an ionic liquid catalyst; (b) hydrolyzing the at least one sample to provide at least one hydrolyzed sample; (c) titrating the at least one hydrolyzed sample with a basic reagent to determine a volume of the basic reagent necessary to neutralize a Lewis acid species of the ionic liquid catalyst; and (d) calculating the acid content of the at least one sample from the volume of basic reagent determined in step (c) is described. Processes incorporating such a process for determining ionic liquid catalyst deactivation are also described. These processes are an alkylation process, a process for controlling ionic liquid catalyst activity in a reaction producing by-product conjunct polymers, and a continuous process for maintaining the acid content of an ionic liquid catalyst at a target acid content in a reaction producing by-product conjunct polymers. | 07-28-2011 |
| 20110226664 | Flexible production of alkylate gasoline and distillate - A process for producing hydrocarbon products, comprising: a) operating a process unit in an alkylate mode wherein greater than 50 wt % of a C | 09-22-2011 |
| 20110226669 | Market driven alkylation or oligomerization process - A process comprising adjusting a level of conjunct polymers in an ionic liquid catalyst between a low level that favors production of C | 09-22-2011 |
| 20110230692 | Process for producing high quality gasoline blending components in two modes - We provide a process for producing high quality gasoline blending components, comprising: a) operating an alkylation reactor in an alkylate mode wherein a gasoline blending component is made having a RON of 90 or higher; and b) operating the alkylation reactor in a distillate mode wherein a second gasoline blending component and a distillate product is made, and wherein the second gasoline blending component has a RON of 85 or higher. Also, we provide an alkylation process unit, comprising: a control system connected to an alkylation reactor, that enables the alkylation reactor to operate in both an alkylate mode that produces a gasoline blending component having a RON of 90 or higher and in a distillate mode that produces a second gasoline blending component having a RON of 85 or higher. | 09-22-2011 |
| 20110319694 | STARTUP PROCEDURES FOR IONIC LIQUID CATALYZED HYDROCARBON CONVERSION PROCESSES - Methods for starting and operating ionic liquid catalyzed hydrocarbon conversion processes and systems to provide maximum process efficiency, system reliability and equipment longevity may include: purging air and free water from at least a portion of the system; introducing at least one reactant into the at least a portion of the system; and re-circulating the at least one reactant through the at least a portion of the system, via at least one feed dryer unit, until the at least one reactant exiting the at least a portion of the system has a water content at or below a threshold value, prior to the introduction of an ionic liquid catalyst and/or additional reactant(s) and feeds into the system. | 12-29-2011 |
| 20120024750 | HYDRODECHLORINATION OF IONIC LIQUID-DERIVED HYDROCARBON PRODUCTS - Processes for the hydrodechlorination of one or more hydrocarbon products derived from ionic liquid catalyzed hydrocarbon conversion reactions provide a dechlorinated product and an HCl-containing off-gas. The dechlorinated product provides liquid fuel or lubricating base oil, and the HCl may be recovered from the off-gas for recycling to the ionic liquid catalyzed hydrocarbon conversion reaction as a catalyst promoter. | 02-02-2012 |
