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Babcock, US

Bruce K. Babcock, San Antonio, TX US

Patent application numberDescriptionPublished
20100065632Product, asset, and device tracking, identification, and pricing system - The invention utilizes a system that links two-way communication components with inventory, fixtures, and people. Once linked, the system permits a centralized computer network to collect information about the spatial and temporal relationship between inventory, fixtures, and people using a low frequency communication protocol. When the invention is applied to a retail situation, the retailer can track inventory throughout the supply chain and can do so without substantial human involvement. Furthermore, the two-way communication components also permit the retailer to communicate directly with products on the shelves in a way that allows for re-pricing of goods or broadcasting of messages to customers, also without the need for direct human involvement.03-18-2010

Bruce K. Babcock, Bentonville, AR US

Patent application numberDescriptionPublished
20110266338Tag Communication, Identification, and Tracking Apparatus and System - Embodiments of the present invention provide an apparatus and system for supply chain management. The system permits an application server to collect information such as, for example, the spatial and temporal relationship between tags associated with a supply chain item by using a wireless communications device. Embodiments of the present invention may be used throughout any or all locations of a supply chain. For example, when the invention is applied to a retail setting, the retailer can track inventory in an establishment with minimal human involvement. In various embodiments of the present invention, two-way communication between tags and/or an application server allow data to be transmitted and/or received between one or more tags and/or one or more application servers.11-03-2011

Bruce W. Babcock, Charleston, SC US

Patent application numberDescriptionPublished
20100314060COLORED PAPER WITH CONTROLLED TINT PENETRATION - A premium colored paper having high contrast suitable for high-end packaging applications is produced through a controlled penetration of a coloring formulation through the paper. The paper is coated on a first side with a first coloring formulation. Then, a second coloring formulation is applied to a second side (i.e. opposite side) of the paper such that the coloring agent in the second coloring formulation penetrates through the paper sheet but does not significantly interfere with the color or brightness of the first coated side of paper. When desired, the first coloring formulation may be applied on the paper on-line during papermaking process.12-16-2010
20110064926COMBINED BOARDS WITHOUT CORRUGATED MEDIUM HAVING ENHANCED SURFACE PROPERTIES - A low-cost combined board without corrugated medium is disclosed that has enhanced surface properties and bending stiffness. In certain embodiments the combined board has a surface suitable for high quality printing and without the characteristic lines that are apparent on the surface of the conventional corrugated board. The combined board includes at least two paperboards adhered together by an adhesive formulation. The adhesive formulation may comprise one or more of an adhesive component, a foaming component, and filler. The adhesive may be a pattern of adhesive comprising strands of adhesive with a diameter range of about 2 points to about 20 points. When desired, the adhesive formulation may include a spacer component to control the distance between the paper board layers in the disclosed combined board. The adhesive may include hard fillers to further enhance the bending stiffness and reduce the adhesive cost.03-17-2011
20110210164Packaging Materials With Enhanced Thermal-Insulating Performance - A packaging material including a paper-based substrate having a first surface and a second surface and a thermal-insulating composition on the first surface of the substrate, wherein the thermal-insulating composition includes, based on the total weight of the composition, filler in an amount of 20% to 70% by weight, organic binder in an amount of 15% to 70% by weight, and plasticizer in an amount of 0.5% to 10% by weight.09-01-2011

Patent applications by Bruce W. Babcock, Charleston, SC US

Dave Babcock, Cave Creek, AZ US

Patent application numberDescriptionPublished
20100057502SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR EMERGENCY TRACKING - An emergency tracking system and method is disclosed that determines location information of individuals based upon travel information and financial transaction information, receives crisis information related to a crisis and determines a subset of individuals potentially impacted by the crisis based on the location information. The system may also notify a third party regarding the subset of individuals and send message to the subset of individuals, wherein the message includes alternative arrangements to at least one of minimize or avoid the crisis. The system also allows an employer to enter search criteria to locate certain types of employees and view such employees on a graphical display of a map.03-04-2010

David J. Babcock, Spokane, WA US

Patent application numberDescriptionPublished
20110149618Current Waveform Construction to Generate AC Power with Low Harmonic Distortion from Localized Energy Sources - Methods and apparatus to provide low harmonic distortion AC power for distribution by converting energy from natural or renewable sources into electrical form, and constructing a current waveform on a primary winding of a transformer by recapturing inductive energy previously stored in the transformer so as to transform the converted electrical energy into substantially sinusoidal AC voltage at a secondary winding of the transformer. For example, AC power may be supplied to a utility power grid from raw electrical energy from renewable energy sources (e.g., solar cells). An inverter may construct the primary winding current waveform using two unidirectional switches. On each half cycle, one of the switches first applies energy previously recaptured from primary winding inductance, and then applies the raw energy to the transformer primary winding at the utility power grid frequency. Accordingly, the constructed primary winding current may exhibit substantially improved total harmonic distortion.06-23-2011
20110156522EXTERNAL FIELD INTERACTION MOTOR - Apparatus and associated methods involve thrust generation by interaction of an armature field with a stator field in an arrangement with substantially reduced flux coupling from the armature to the stator coil. In an illustrative example, solenoid coil segments may be arranged as the stator along a path of motion for the armature. In some examples, each armature may surround and overlap with at least one of the toroidal coil segments. Counter-electromotive force may be substantially reduced, for example, by stopping current flow in a stator coil while overlapped by the armature or while substantial armature flux couples to the stator coil. Thrust may be generated, in some examples, by interaction of armature and stator coil flux in arc-shaped regions external to and between each of the leading and trailing edges of the armature and their respective nearby stator coils.06-30-2011
20110157942Controllable Universal Supply with Reactive Power Management - Apparatus and associated methods involve a controllable supply adapted for controlling switch phasing and pulse width to substantially equalize power in adjacent quadrants of a sinusoidal source voltage waveform to regulate reactive power drawn from the source. In an illustrative example, the supply may, in some embodiments, deliver power to a load at a level responsive to a commanded input signal. In some examples, the power supplied to the load may be adjusted according to the command input signal to a selected value within an operating range. In some examples, the operating range may include a portion or all of 0 to 100% of rated load. Various embodiments may be adapted to supply unipolar or bipolar load excitation. In some embodiments, high power factor may be maintained over a substantial range of commanded power to the load. Certain embodiments may enhance supply efficiency by capturing and recycling inductive load energy.06-30-2011

David J. Babcock, Spokane Valley, WA US

Patent application numberDescriptionPublished
20100060246Supply Architecture for Inductive Loads - Apparatus and associated systems and methods may relate to a process for supplying unidirectional current to a load, controlling a reverse electromotive force (REMF), capturing inductive energy from the load, and supplying the captured inductive energy to the load. In an illustrative example, an operating cycle may include a sequence of operations. First, inductive energy captured from the load on a previous cycle may be supplied to the load. Second, energy may be supplied to the load from an external power source. Third, a REMF voltage may be substantially controlled upon disconnecting the power source from the load. Fourth, the load current may be brought to zero by capturing the inductive energy for use on a subsequent cycle. In some embodiments, a single power stage may supply a DC inductive load, or a pair of power stages may be operated to supply bidirectional current to an AC load.03-11-2010
20110115462Supply Architecture for Inductive Loads - Apparatus and associated systems and methods may relate to a process for supplying unidirectional current to a load, controlling a reverse electromotive force (REMF), capturing inductive energy from the load, and supplying the captured inductive energy to the load. In an illustrative example, an operating cycle may include a sequence of operations. First, inductive energy captured from the load on a previous cycle may be supplied to the load. Second, energy may be supplied to the load from an external power source. Third, a REMF voltage may be substantially controlled upon disconnecting the power source from the load. Fourth, the load current may be brought to zero by capturing the inductive energy for use on a subsequent cycle. In some embodiments, a single power stage may supply a DC inductive load, or a pair of power stages may be operated to supply bidirectional current to an AC load.05-19-2011

Patent applications by David J. Babcock, Spokane Valley, WA US

Douglas J. Babcock, Dexter, MI US

Patent application numberDescriptionPublished
20080220934HYBRID POWERTRAIN TORQUE CONTROL - A method of regulating a torque output of each of an internal combustion engine (ICE) and an electric machine (EM) in a hybrid powertrain system includes determining a desired axle torque of the hybrid powertrain system and arbitrating the desired axle torque and a first plurality of torque requests in an engine control module (ECM) of the hybrid powertrain system to provide an arbitrated axle torque request. The method further includes arbitrating a torque request, which is based on the arbitrated axle torque request, and a second plurality of torque requests in a hybrid control module (HCM) to provide a final torque request, and generating ICE control signals and EM control signals based on the final torque request.09-11-2008
20090118968ENGINE TORQUE CONTROL WITH DESIRED STATE ESTIMATION - An engine control system comprises a predicted airflow module, a first actuator determination module, a first desired air module, and an actuator position module. The predicted airflow module determines a predicted engine airflow based on a desired torque. The first actuator determination module determines a first engine actuator value based on the predicted engine airflow. The first desired air module selectively determines a first desired engine air value based on the first engine actuator value and the desired torque. The actuator position module determines a desired engine actuator value based on the first desired engine air value.05-07-2009
20090204280METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR CONTROLLING A HYBRID VEHICLE - A hybrid controller for controlling a hybrid vehicle is set forth. The hybrid vehicle has an engine, an electric motor and an engine controller determining a crankshaft torque. The hybrid controller includes an optimization module determining an electric motor torque, determining an engine torque and communicating the engine torque from the hybrid controller to the engine controller. The hybrid controller also includes a motor control module controlling the electric motor based on the electric motor torque.08-13-2009

Patent applications by Douglas J. Babcock, Dexter, MI US

Gregg Byron Babcock, Wilmington, DE US

Patent application numberDescriptionPublished
20080200611Blends of Ethylene Acrylate Copolymers With Ethylene Based Wax For Asphalt Modification - Polymer-modified asphalt compositions comprising an elastomeric ethylene copolymer and a low molecular weight plastomer and asphalt demonstrate excellent elasticity and stiffness.08-21-2008

Gregory J. Babcock, Marlborough, MA US

Patent application numberDescriptionPublished
20090041777Human antibodies against rabies and uses thereof - Human monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to rabies virus, antigen binding portions thereof, and methods of making and using such antibodies and antigen binding portions thereof for treating rabies virus in a subject, are provided herein.02-12-2009
20100233181ANTIBODIES AGAINST CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE TOXINS AND USES THEREOF - Antibodies that specifically bind to toxins of 09-16-2010
20100233182Antibodies against Clostridium difficile toxins and uses thereof - Antibodies that specifically bind to toxins of 09-16-2010
20110008360HUMAN ANTIBODIES AGAINST RABIES AND USES THEREOF - Human monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to rabies virus, antigen binding portions thereof, and methods of making and using such antibodies and antigen binding portions thereof for treating rabies virus in a subject, are provided herein.01-13-2011

Patent applications by Gregory J. Babcock, Marlborough, MA US

Hazen Babcock, Cambridge, MA US

James B. Babcock, White Hall, MD US

Jason Ryan Babcock, St. Charles, IL US

Patent application numberDescriptionPublished
20100018191CATALYTIC SMOG REDUCTION - A device, method of making, and method of using, illustratively wherein a container includes an inlet and an outlet; a catalytic converter intermediate in a path between the inlet and the outlet; at least one surface arranged to ensure at least a majority of gas received from the inlet traverses a first portion of the path from the inlet to the catalytic converter and communicates heat from the catalytic converter to the container; and an optical indicator arranged to indicate outside the container whether the catalytic converter is operating inside the container to reduce concentration of a smog-generating chemical with respect to the gas.01-28-2010
20100035103HYDROGEN EXTRACTION - Representatively, a method of separating carbon from hydrocarbon molecules, the method including: heating hydrocarbon molecules beyond their boiling point; decomposing the heated hydrocarbon molecules to generate elemental or molecular carbon and hydrogen gas; separating at least some of the elemental or molecular carbon from the hydrogen gas; chemically reacting the hydrogen gas to produce heat; and applying some of the heat in carrying out said heating.02-11-2010

Jeffrey A. Babcock, Richardson, TX US

Patent application numberDescriptionPublished
20100279481CONTROL OF DOPANT DIFFUSION FROM BURIED LAYERS IN BIPOLAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS - An integrated circuit and method of fabricating the integrated circuit is disclosed. The integrated circuit includes vertical bipolar transistors (11-04-2010
20110111553ADVANCED CMOS USING SUPER STEEP RETROGRADE WELLS - The present invention is a method for forming super steep doping profiles in MOS transistor structures. The method comprises forming a carbon containing layer (05-12-2011

Patent applications by Jeffrey A. Babcock, Richardson, TX US

John Allen Babcock, Houston, TX US

Patent application numberDescriptionPublished
20090029879PROCESS FOR ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY USING A MICROBIAL CONSORTIUM - A process and related apparatus for enhancing the oil recovery from an oil well are described. An embodiment of the process generally includes selection of a candidate reservoir; collecting oil formation water samples under anaerobic conditions; selecting media and enriching the microbes derived from the formation water; characterizing and identifying the selected consortium; mass scale production of the selected consortium; anaerobically preparing a defined composition nutrient medium, transportation of the nutrient medium by ISO tankers and the consortium by a specially designed field laboratory unit to the selected well treatment site; injecting the medium and consortium into the reservoir of the well; closing the well for the proliferation of microbes for one to three weeks; and allowing the microbes to dislodge oil in the reservoir and thereby enhance recovery of oil from the well.01-29-2009

Jonathan M. Babcock, Carmel, IN US

Patent application numberDescriptionPublished
20080311096Combinations of Cry1Ab and Cry1Fa as an insect resistance management tool - Compositions for controlling lepidopteran insects use Cry1Fa and Cry1Ab core toxin containing proteins in combination to delay or prevent development of resistance.12-18-2008
20090023782INCREASING PLANT VIGOR - Compositions and processes for improving plant vigor are disclosed.01-22-2009
20090029863PESTICIDES AND USES THEREOF - The invention disclosed in this document is related to field of pesticides and their use in controlling pests. In particular compounds having the following formula are disclosed.01-29-2009
20090221424PESTICIDES - Compounds having the following generic formula are disclosed.09-03-2009
20090325892Synergistic pesticidal mixtures - Synergistic pesticidal mixtures are provided.12-31-2009
20100041718PESTICIDAL COMPOSITIONS - A pesticidal composition comprising a pesticide, an ammonium salt, and a nonionic surfactant, is provided.02-18-2010
20110077160PESTICIDES - Compounds having the following generic formula are disclosed.03-31-2011
20110200684SYNERGISTIC PESTICIDAL MIXTURES - Synergistic pesticidal mixtures are provided.08-18-2011

Patent applications by Jonathan M. Babcock, Carmel, IN US

Kathy Babcock, Naperville, IL US

Patent application numberDescriptionPublished
20110238451SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR ENHANCING AND AUTHENTICATING AN INSURANCE ELGIBILITY TRANSACTION - The disclosure presents a system, method, and computer readable medium for execution on a computer processor, for authenticating and enhancing an insurance eligibility transaction, such as a 270/271 healthcare system transaction. In a particular embodiment, an insurance eligibility transaction request, such as a 270 transaction, is received/intercepted by the system prior to being received by the payor and data from one or more sources, such as a credit bureau database containing credit file data, is used to enhance, verify and correct the accuracy of data fields particular to the insurance eligibility transaction. The payor's database(s) can also be enhanced accordingly. The system also has capability to, among other things, identify fraud-related issues, charity qualification, and patient payment estimation as part of the transaction.09-29-2011

Ken Babcock, Hiawatha, KS US

Patent application numberDescriptionPublished
20110277404GRAIN STORAGE PIT - A grain storage pit includes an open-top chamber configured to be substantially flush-mounted in a surface and a grain-receiving grate that covers at least a portion of the open-top chamber so that grain may be poured into the open-top chamber through the grate from a truck positioned over the pit. The grain storage pit may also include one or more unloading ports for facilitating removal of grain from the pit.11-17-2011

Lee L. Babcock, Fairbanks, AK US

Patent application numberDescriptionPublished
20110275954Stool sample collector - A stool sample collector is comprised of a sheet of water-soluble material such as heavy-weight polyvinyl alcohol film, six to nine inches by 20 to 26 inches. In use, the strip is positioned across the toilet bowl against the bowl's back rim, the front edge of the strip drooping down to a few inches above the toilet water. The strip is affixed across the bowl by moistening at each end and pressing against the sides of the bowl. Positioning of the strip is facilitated by markings on the strip. Retention of stool samples is enhanced by dimples or riffles in the strip. After use, the strip may be removed and flushed in a domestic toilet.11-10-2011

Leonard K. Babcock, Dover, DE US

Patent application numberDescriptionPublished
20110017102LIGHTED RETAIL DISPLAY SHELVING - A retail shelving assembly comprises a plurality of upright posts, each post having upper and lower portions. At least one horizontally disposed shelf if releasably and adjustably connected to the posts. At least some of the posts comprise transparent light transmitting material, and a light source is associated with those posts for illuminating the posts to thereby produce a decorative and eye catching affect.01-27-2011

Megan E. Babcock, Manchester Center, VT US

Patent application numberDescriptionPublished
20090282602WATERPROOF BREATHABLE FISHING WADER - An improved fishing wader uses light weight nylon faced laminate material and taped unsewn sonic welds to achieve a durable, light weight, comfortable wader.11-19-2009

Paul M. Babcock, Spokane Valley, WA US

Patent application numberDescriptionPublished
20090073726Current Waveform Construction to Generate AC Power With Low Harmonic Distortion From Localized Energy Sources - Methods and apparatus to provide low harmonic distortion AC power for distribution by converting energy from natural or renewable sources into electrical form, and constructing a current waveform on a primary winding of a transformer by recapturing inductive energy previously stored in the transformer so as to transform the converted electrical energy into substantially sinusoidal AC voltage at a secondary winding of the transformer. For example, AC power may be supplied to a utility power grid from raw electrical energy from renewable energy sources (e.g., solar cells). An inverter may construct the primary winding current waveform using two unidirectional switches. On each half cycle, one of the switches first applies energy previously recaptured from primary winding inductance, and then applies the raw energy to the transformer primary winding at the utility power grid frequency. Accordingly, the constructed primary winding current may exhibit substantially improved total harmonic distortion.03-19-2009
20100060246Supply Architecture for Inductive Loads - Apparatus and associated systems and methods may relate to a process for supplying unidirectional current to a load, controlling a reverse electromotive force (REMF), capturing inductive energy from the load, and supplying the captured inductive energy to the load. In an illustrative example, an operating cycle may include a sequence of operations. First, inductive energy captured from the load on a previous cycle may be supplied to the load. Second, energy may be supplied to the load from an external power source. Third, a REMF voltage may be substantially controlled upon disconnecting the power source from the load. Fourth, the load current may be brought to zero by capturing the inductive energy for use on a subsequent cycle. In some embodiments, a single power stage may supply a DC inductive load, or a pair of power stages may be operated to supply bidirectional current to an AC load.03-11-2010
20110115462Supply Architecture for Inductive Loads - Apparatus and associated systems and methods may relate to a process for supplying unidirectional current to a load, controlling a reverse electromotive force (REMF), capturing inductive energy from the load, and supplying the captured inductive energy to the load. In an illustrative example, an operating cycle may include a sequence of operations. First, inductive energy captured from the load on a previous cycle may be supplied to the load. Second, energy may be supplied to the load from an external power source. Third, a REMF voltage may be substantially controlled upon disconnecting the power source from the load. Fourth, the load current may be brought to zero by capturing the inductive energy for use on a subsequent cycle. In some embodiments, a single power stage may supply a DC inductive load, or a pair of power stages may be operated to supply bidirectional current to an AC load.05-19-2011
20110149618Current Waveform Construction to Generate AC Power with Low Harmonic Distortion from Localized Energy Sources - Methods and apparatus to provide low harmonic distortion AC power for distribution by converting energy from natural or renewable sources into electrical form, and constructing a current waveform on a primary winding of a transformer by recapturing inductive energy previously stored in the transformer so as to transform the converted electrical energy into substantially sinusoidal AC voltage at a secondary winding of the transformer. For example, AC power may be supplied to a utility power grid from raw electrical energy from renewable energy sources (e.g., solar cells). An inverter may construct the primary winding current waveform using two unidirectional switches. On each half cycle, one of the switches first applies energy previously recaptured from primary winding inductance, and then applies the raw energy to the transformer primary winding at the utility power grid frequency. Accordingly, the constructed primary winding current may exhibit substantially improved total harmonic distortion.06-23-2011
20110156522EXTERNAL FIELD INTERACTION MOTOR - Apparatus and associated methods involve thrust generation by interaction of an armature field with a stator field in an arrangement with substantially reduced flux coupling from the armature to the stator coil. In an illustrative example, solenoid coil segments may be arranged as the stator along a path of motion for the armature. In some examples, each armature may surround and overlap with at least one of the toroidal coil segments. Counter-electromotive force may be substantially reduced, for example, by stopping current flow in a stator coil while overlapped by the armature or while substantial armature flux couples to the stator coil. Thrust may be generated, in some examples, by interaction of armature and stator coil flux in arc-shaped regions external to and between each of the leading and trailing edges of the armature and their respective nearby stator coils.06-30-2011
20110157942Controllable Universal Supply with Reactive Power Management - Apparatus and associated methods involve a controllable supply adapted for controlling switch phasing and pulse width to substantially equalize power in adjacent quadrants of a sinusoidal source voltage waveform to regulate reactive power drawn from the source. In an illustrative example, the supply may, in some embodiments, deliver power to a load at a level responsive to a commanded input signal. In some examples, the power supplied to the load may be adjusted according to the command input signal to a selected value within an operating range. In some examples, the operating range may include a portion or all of 0 to 100% of rated load. Various embodiments may be adapted to supply unipolar or bipolar load excitation. In some embodiments, high power factor may be maintained over a substantial range of commanded power to the load. Certain embodiments may enhance supply efficiency by capturing and recycling inductive load energy.06-30-2011

Patent applications by Paul M. Babcock, Spokane Valley, WA US

Ray C. Babcock, Fargo, ND US

Patent application numberDescriptionPublished
20100318926USER INTERFACE FOR ENTERING ACCOUNT DIMENSION COMBINATIONS - User interface features for supporting user-initiated input of a segmented account dimension combination are disclosed. The user interface features may be integrated into a software-based accounting application, for example as part of a user interface mechanism that supports a process for entering the account dimension combination on a general ledger distribution line for a record of a transaction.12-16-2010

Sally Babcock, Rocky River, OH US

Patent application numberDescriptionPublished
20110283173METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR DESIGNING PHOTO BOOKS - A method of creating a photo book based on a user-selected, predefined theme is disclosed. During creation of the photo book, design options such as styles, layouts, and design elements are adjusted dynamically based on the selected theme.11-17-2011

William Edward Babcock, Broadalbin, NY US

Patent application numberDescriptionPublished
20110198318HORIZONTAL WELDING METHOD AND JOINT STRUCTURE THEREFOR - Embodiments of the invention relate generally to welding methods and, more particularly, to methods for welding in a horizontal position and a joint structure suitable for such methods. In one embodiment, the invention provides a method of forming a welded joint between two components, the method comprising: aligning a first and second component to form a joint therebetween, the joint comprising: a protrusion of the first component, and a recess of the second component, wherein the protrusion and recess have complimentary shapes; orienting the first and second components such that a major axis of each is oriented vertically; and welding the first and second components at a substantially horizontally-oriented root opening, the substantially horizontally-oriented root opening positioned along the joint.08-18-2011

William J. Babcock, Bentonville, AR US

Patent application numberDescriptionPublished
20100065632Product, asset, and device tracking, identification, and pricing system - The invention utilizes a system that links two-way communication components with inventory, fixtures, and people. Once linked, the system permits a centralized computer network to collect information about the spatial and temporal relationship between inventory, fixtures, and people using a low frequency communication protocol. When the invention is applied to a retail situation, the retailer can track inventory throughout the supply chain and can do so without substantial human involvement. Furthermore, the two-way communication components also permit the retailer to communicate directly with products on the shelves in a way that allows for re-pricing of goods or broadcasting of messages to customers, also without the need for direct human involvement.03-18-2010
20110266338Tag Communication, Identification, and Tracking Apparatus and System - Embodiments of the present invention provide an apparatus and system for supply chain management. The system permits an application server to collect information such as, for example, the spatial and temporal relationship between tags associated with a supply chain item by using a wireless communications device. Embodiments of the present invention may be used throughout any or all locations of a supply chain. For example, when the invention is applied to a retail setting, the retailer can track inventory in an establishment with minimal human involvement. In various embodiments of the present invention, two-way communication between tags and/or an application server allow data to be transmitted and/or received between one or more tags and/or one or more application servers.11-03-2011