Patent application number | Description | Published |
20140356849 | INTEGRATED ORGAN-ON-CHIP SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS OF THE SAME - In one aspect of the invention, an integrated bio-object microfluidics chip includes a fluidic network having a plurality of inlets for providing a plurality of fluids, a plurality of outlets, a bio-object chamber for accommodating at least one bio-object, a plurality of fluidic switches, and one or more pumps, coupled to each other such that at least one fluidic switch operably and selectively receives one fluid from a corresponding inlet and routes the received fluid, through the one or more pumps, to the bio-object chamber so as to perfuse the at least one bio-object therein, and one of the downstream fluidic switches selectively delivers an effluent of the at least one bio-object responsive to the perfusion to a predetermined outlet destination, or to the at least one fluidic switch for recirculation. | 12-04-2014 |
20150298123 | ORGAN ON CHIP INTEGRATION AND APPLICATIONS OF THE SAME - A platform for cultivation, maintenance, and/or analysis of one or more bio-objects includes one or more integrated bio-object microfluidics modules. Each integrated bio-object microfluidics module is configured to cultivate, maintain, analyze and/or mimic functionalities of a respective bio-object, and includes one or more on-chip pumps; a plurality of fluidic switches; and a microfluidic chip in fluid communication with the one or more on-chip pumps and the plurality of fluidic switches, having at least one chamber for accommodating the bio-object and a plurality of fluidic paths connecting the at least one chamber, the one or more on-chip pumps and the plurality of fluidic switches, and a power and control unit adapted for selectively and individually controlling the one or more on-chip pumps and the plurality of fluidic switches for performing bio-object microfluidics functions. | 10-22-2015 |
Patent application number | Description | Published |
20100058261 | TEMPORALLY-ASSISTED RESOURCE SHARING IN ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS - Methods and apparatuses to optimize integrated circuits by identifying functional modules in the circuit having similar functionality that can share circuit resources and producing a modified description of the circuit where the similar functional modules are folded onto common circuit resources and time-multiplexed using an original system clock or a fast clock. | 03-04-2010 |
20100058298 | APPROXIMATE FUNCTIONAL MATCHING IN ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS - Methods and apparatuses for approximate functional matching are described including identifying functionally similar subsets of an integrated circuit design or software program, distinguishing control inputs of the subsets from data inputs, and assigning combinations of logic values to the input control signals to capture co-factors for functional matching. | 03-04-2010 |
20100284539 | Methods for Protecting Against Piracy of Integrated Circuits - Techniques are provided for reducing the likelihood of piracy of integrated circuit design using combinational circuit locking system and activation protocol based on public-key cryptography. Every integrated circuit is to be activated with an external key, which can only be generated by an authenticator, such as the circuit designer. During circuit design, register transfer level (RTL) descriptions of the IC design are embedded with combinational logic based on a master key applied by the authenticator. That combinational logic renders at least one module of the RTL description locked, i.e., encrypted. The completed circuit design from the authenticator is sent to a fabrication lab with the combinationally locked modules. After fabrication, the circuit can only be activated when the authenticator sends an appropriate key that is used by the circuit to unlock the locked portions and thereby activate the circuit. | 11-11-2010 |
20100287374 | Protecting Hardware Circuit Design by Secret Sharing - Techniques are able to lock and unlock and integrated circuit (IC) based device by encrypting/decrypting a bus on the device. The bus may be a system bus for the IC, a bus within the IC, or an external input/output bus. A shared secret protocol is used between an IC designer and a fabrication facility building the IC. The IC at the fabrication facility scrambles the bus on the IC using an encryption key generated from unique identification data received from the IC designer. With the IC bus locked by the encryption key, only the IC designer may be able to determine and communicate the appropriate activation key required to unlock (e.g., unscramble) the bus and thus make the integrated circuit usable. | 11-11-2010 |
20120174053 | TEMPORALLY-ASSISTED RESOURCE SHARING IN ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS - Methods and apparatuses to optimize integrated circuits by identifying functional modules in the circuit having similar functionality that can share circuit resources and producing a modified description of the circuit where the similar functional modules are folded onto common circuit resources and time-multiplexed using an original system clock or a fast clock. | 07-05-2012 |
20130254430 | APPROXIMATE FUNCTIONAL MATCHING IN ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS - Methods and apparatuses for approximate functional matching are described including identifying functionally similar subsets of an integrated circuit design or software program, distinguishing control inputs of the subsets from data inputs, and assigning combinations of logic values to the input control signals to capture co-factors for functional matching. | 09-26-2013 |
Patent application number | Description | Published |
20120303146 | Sound Enhancer For Portable Media Player - In one embodiment, a sound enhancer is couplable to a portable media player and is configured to redirect sound from a speaker of the portable media player towards a user for enhancing the user's audio experience. The sound enhancer may direct sound from a side-mounted or back-mounted speaker, and include features such as a loudspeaker to amplify the sound, and various reflectors, directing channels and resonant cavities. A gripper is provided to provide secure attachment to the portable media player. Alternatively, the sound enhancer can be formed integrally with accessories of the portable media player such as a hard or soft case, a docking station, and holder or stand and the like. | 11-29-2012 |
20130026723 | Skateboard - Skateboard designs including a hanger with a yoke with two arms, comprising a bumper which provides an increasing force as the wheel axles are pushed away from their resting position, and wide wheels with an asymmetrical and gradually tapering profile as the wheels extend outward from the midline of the board, for improved “surfing-like” maneuverability including an enhanced ability to “carve” like a snowboard. | 01-31-2013 |
20130026728 | MANEUVERABILITY SKATE BOARD - Skateboard designs including a hanger with a yoke with two arms, comprising a bumper which provides an increasing force as the wheel axles are pushed away from their resting position, and wide wheels with an asymmetrical and gradually tapering profile as the wheel extends outward from the midline of the board, for improved “surfing-like” maneuverability including an enhanced ability to “carve” like a snowboard. | 01-31-2013 |
Patent application number | Description | Published |
20110258039 | EVALUATING PREFERENCES OF USERS ENGAGING WITH ADVERTISEMENTS - Embodiments of the present invention relate to systems, methods, and computer-storage media for providing a method of evaluating preferences of particular users with respect to engaging with advertisements. In one embodiment, advertisements are delivered to users based on user engagement with advertisements. In particular, a request is received from an advertiser to present an advertisement to a set of users meeting a threshold user engagement level. After evaluating user engagement levels of the set of users, a subset of the set of users meeting the threshold user engagement level is determined. The advertisement is then presented to the subset of users. | 10-20-2011 |
20120130822 | COMPUTING COST PER INTERACTION FOR INTERACTIVE ADVERTISING SESSIONS - Described herein are technologies related to charging advertisers for advertisements presented to a user in an interactive advertising session. An advanced interactive system captures gestures, spoken words, facial expressions, and the like, and advertisements are presented to a user based upon such captured gestures, spoken words, facial expressions and the like. User interactions with respect to these advertisements are then captured, and advertisers are charged fees per captured interactions between the user and the advertisements. | 05-24-2012 |
Patent application number | Description | Published |
20120143693 | Targeting Advertisements Based on Emotion - A computer system, a computer-implemented method, and computer readable media configured to target advertisements based on emotional states are provided. Advertisers specify desired emotional states of users they intend to target with advertisements. Advertisers also provide emotional tags having the desired emotional state of users that should see the advertisements linked to the emotional tags. Online activities for users are obtained and processed to assign emotional states to the users. An advertisement engine selects advertisements that are emotionally compatible based on the assigned emotional states and the desired emotional states provided by the advertisers. | 06-07-2012 |
20120150633 | GENERATING ADVERTISEMENTS DURING INTERACTIVE ADVERTISING SESSIONS - A method, computer readable media, and computer system for generating advertisement messages are provided. The computer system includes an advertisement engine and an advanced interactive platform that receive user events. The advanced interactive platform selects response templates associated with user events received from a user. In turn, the advanced interactive platform transmits the response templates to the advertisement engine. The advertisement engine processes the response template and populates the response template with advertising hints to dynamically generate advertisement messages. The advertisement engine may include indicators that solicit user feedback in the advertisement message. The user feedback received by the advanced interactive platform triggers additional user events that are used to generate additional advertisements and to discover interests of the user. | 06-14-2012 |
20120158502 | PRIORITIZING ADVERTISEMENTS BASED ON USER ENGAGEMENT - An advertisement engine, a computer-implemented method, and computer-readable media to select advertisements are provided. The advertisement engine is connected to an advertisement database and user database. The advertisement engine selects advertisements from the advertisement database based on user engagement data associated with a user. The user engagement data is stored in the user database. The user engagement data includes the length of time a user focused on content displayed by a client device. | 06-21-2012 |
Patent application number | Description | Published |
20090063363 | SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR CONSTRUCTING EXCHANGE TRADED FUNDS AND OTHER INVESTMENT VEHICLES - A method of forming an exchange traded fund (ETF) can include the steps of identifying an investor investment need, identifying funds that can be combined together to meet the investment goal, combining the identified funds to form a macro portfolio and converting the macro portfolio into an ETF. The step of converting the macro portfolio into an ETF can include one or more of generating a set of securities that, when combined, create a portfolio that tracks the performance of the macro portfolio, and constricting an index that is designed to track the performance of the macro portfolio. Other investment vehicles can be formed. | 03-05-2009 |
20090307149 | Systems and Methods for Financial Optimization Using Portfolio Calibration - Described herein are systems and methods for calibrating the efficiency of portfolios for financial optimizations. One exemplary method includes defining a portfolio optimization model, determining original inputs for the model, performing an optimization procedure on each of the at least one model parameter to compute an original efficient frontier, selecting one or more portfolios from the original efficient frontier for calibration, generating a plurality of random samples of optimization inputs based on the original inputs, computing a current efficient frontier using the portfolio optimization model with the optimization inputs, calibrating each of the one or more selected portfolios of the original efficient frontier to create a corresponding calibration portfolio for each selected portfolio and averaging each of the calibration portfolios for each of the selected portfolios of the original efficient frontier, and creating a calibrated efficient frontier report. | 12-10-2009 |
20100057638 | System and Method to Solve Dynamic Multi-Factor Models in Finance - Methods and systems for estimating time-varying factor exposures of either an individual financial instrument or a portfolio of such instruments, through the solution of a constrained multi-criteria dynamic optimization problem, providing an estimation error function and one or more transition error functions to be minimized over a period of time. The factor exposures relay the influence of the factors on the return of the instrument or portfolio. The estimation error function provides the estimation error at each time interval between the return of the asset collection and a sum of products of each factor exposure and its respective factor. Each transition error function provides a transition error of each factor exposure between time intervals. In one embodiment, the constraints can include a budget constraint and non-negativity bounds applying to some or all of the factor exposures. In other embodiments, the method and system can be applied to estimating any time-varying weight that is used in a model, to relay the influence of one or more independent variables on a dependent financial or economic variable, through the solution of a constrained multi-criteria dynamic problem, minimizing estimation error and transition error terms. In other embodiments, the solution of a multi-criteria dynamic problem can be used as part of a method and system to determine structural breakpoints for each factor, and also as part of a method and system for determining optimal parameters to weight the transition error functions and selecting the factors included in the model. | 03-04-2010 |
20110178954 | System and Method for Visualization of Results of Multi-Criteria Financial Optimizations - Described is a system including a memory arrangement and a processor for graphically representing in a space data representing at least one portfolio. The memory arrangement stores a Multi-Criteria Financial Optimization (“MCFO”). The processor solves the MCFO to generate data corresponding to a set of portfolios. The processor selects vertex points corresponding to a set of components of the portfolios. The processor defines coordinates of the vertices on a chart and plots the vertices as points on the chart. The processor defining a projection vector-function using coordinates of the vertices and selecting a subset of the portfolios on the chart. The processor computing coordinates for the portfolios in the subset using the projection vector-function and a weighting corresponding to the portfolios. The processor plotting points corresponding to the portfolios in the subset on the chart using the computed coordinates. | 07-21-2011 |
20110302107 | Method and System to Solve Dynamic Multi-Factor Models in Finance - Methods and systems for estimating time-varying factor exposures of either an individual financial instrument or a portfolio of such instruments, through the solution of a constrained multi-criteria dynamic optimization problem, providing an estimation error function and one or more transition error functions to be minimized over a period of time. The factor exposures relay the influence of the factors on the return of the instrument or portfolio. The estimation error function provides the estimation error at each time interval between the return of the asset collection and a sum of products of each factor exposure and its respective factor. Each transition error function provides a transition error of each factor exposure between time intervals. In one embodiment, the constraints can include a budget constraint and non-negativity bounds applying to some or all of the factor exposures. In other embodiments, the method and system can be applied to estimating any time-varying weight that is used in a model, to relay the influence of one or more independent variables on a dependent financial or economic variable, through the solution of a constrained multi-criteria dynamic problem, minimizing estimation error and transition error terms. In other embodiments, the solution of a multi-criteria dynamic problem can be used as part of a method and system to determine structural breakpoints for each factor, and also as part of a method and system for determining optimal parameters to weight the transition error functions and selecting the factors included in the model. | 12-08-2011 |
20120310857 | FACTOR-BASED MEASURING OF SIMILARITY BETWEEN FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS - A system and method for factor-based measuring of similarity between financial instruments are described. The method including selecting a model for factor intersection calculation of a two or more of financial instruments, the model including a plurality of factors; determining factor exposure values for first and second financial instruments on each of the factors; determining a proximity between the factor exposure values based on the selected model; and calculating a factor intersection result between the factor exposure values, wherein the factor intersection result includes at least one of an overlap amount and a non-overlap amount. | 12-06-2012 |
20130091073 | Method and System to Solve Dynamic Multi-Factor Models in Finance - Methods and systems for estimating time-varying factor exposures of either an individual financial instrument or a portfolio of such instruments, through the solution of a constrained multi-criteria dynamic optimization problem, providing an estimation error function and one or more transition error functions to be minimized over a period of time. The factor exposures relay the influence of the factors on the return of the instrument or portfolio. The estimation error function provides the estimation error at each time interval between the return of the asset collection and a sum of products of each factor exposure and its respective factor. Each transition error function provides a transition error of each factor exposure between time intervals. In one embodiment, the constraints can include a budget constraint and non-negativity bounds applying to some or all of the factor exposures. In other embodiments, the method and system can be applied to estimating any time-varying weight that is used in a model, to relay the influence of one or more independent variables on a dependent financial or economic variable, through the solution of a constrained multi-criteria dynamic problem, minimizing estimation error and, transition error terms. In other embodiments, the solution of a multi-criteria dynamic problem can be used as part of a method and system to determine structural breakpoints for each factor, and also as part of a method and system for determining optimal parameters to weight the transition error functions and selecting the factors included in the model. | 04-11-2013 |
20130275341 | System and Method for Visualization of Results of Multi-Criteria Financial Optimizations - Described is a system including a memory arrangement and a processor for graphically representing in a space data representing at least one portfolio. The memory arrangement stores a Multi-Criteria Financial Optimization (“MCFO”). The processor solves the MCFO to generate data corresponding to a set of portfolios. The processor selects vertex points corresponding to a set of components of the portfolios. The processor defines coordinates of the vertices on a chart and plots the vertices as points on the chart. The processor defining a projection vector-function using coordinates of the vertices and selecting a subset of the portfolios on the chart. The processor computing coordinates for the portfolios in the subset using the projection vector-function and a weighting corresponding to the portfolios. The processor plotting points corresponding to the portfolios in the subset on the chart using the computed coordinates. | 10-17-2013 |
20140122373 | Method and System to Solve Dynamic Multi-Factor Models in Finance - A method is for determining a factor exposure of an asset collection for each of time intervals in a period of time, the asset collection including at least one asset. An objective function which includes an estimation error term or at least one transition error term is determined. The estimation error term represents an estimation error at each time interval between a performance of the asset collection and a sum of products of each of the factor exposure and its respective factor. The transition error term represents a transition error at each time interval after a first time interval for each of the factor exposure between the time interval and a prior time interval. At least one hedging or leveraging constraint on the factor exposure for at least one of the time intervals is defined. The factor exposure by optimizing a value of the objective function is determined. | 05-01-2014 |
Patent application number | Description | Published |
20140246545 | Aerial material distribution apparatus - An aircraft for distributing granular material on a target area is provided. The aircraft includes an electric sifter, which includes a motor to distribute the granular material on the target area and a screen on the bottom surface of the electric sifter. The screen allows the granular material to pass through the screen to the target area. The aircraft also includes a circuit to activate the motor, one or more power sources to power the motor and the circuit, and an interface for an operator to control the circuit. The granular material is stored in the electric sifter. The operator manipulates the interface to signal the circuit to activate the motor. The electric sifter distributes the granular material when the motor is activated. | 09-04-2014 |
20150041593 | Aerial insect release apparatus - An apparatus to aerially dispense payload containers from an aircraft is provided. The apparatus includes an outer portion, including an opening to allow a payload container to leave the apparatus when the payload container is in alignment with the opening. The apparatus also includes an inner portion, configured to rotate within the outer portion. The inner portion has one or more cutouts that retain the payload container. The apparatus further includes an actuator, coupled to the inner portion, and a processor circuit. The processor circuit commands the actuator to rotate the inner portion to cause the payload container to align with the opening. | 02-12-2015 |
20150041596 | Aerial material distribution method and apparatus - A remotely-piloted aircraft for distributing a payload to a target area is provided. The aircraft includes an enclosure, which includes a top lid covering the top, an internal compartment to store the payload, a bottom surface, and a distribution apparatus to allow the payload to pass through the bottom surface. The aircraft also includes a circuit to control the distribution apparatus, a wireless receiver, to receive commands to activate and inactivate the distribution apparatus, and one or more power sources coupled to the distribution apparatus and the wireless receiver. The one or more power sources provide electrical power to the distribution apparatus and the wireless receiver. An operator controls the aircraft and the circuit with at least one of a wireless transmitter and an uploaded program in the circuit. When the wireless receiver receives a command to activate the distribution apparatus, the distribution apparatus distributes the payload from the enclosure. | 02-12-2015 |
20150122950 | Aerial beneficial insect distribution vehicle - A remotely-piloted aircraft for distributing beneficial insects on a target area is provided. The aircraft includes an enclosure, including a top lid, one or more internal compartments, a door for each of the one or more internal compartments, and an actuator to open and close each of the doors. The aircraft also includes a circuit to control the actuators, a wireless receiver, coupled to the circuit, to receive commands to open and close the doors, and one or more power sources to power the actuators and the wireless receiver. An operator controls the aircraft and the circuit with at least one of a wireless transmitter and an uploaded program in the circuit. When the wireless receiver receives a command to open a door, the circuit controls an actuator corresponding to the door. The actuator opens the door, and the beneficial insects are distributed from internal compartments. | 05-07-2015 |
20150151325 | Aerial granular material distribution device - A device for distributing granular material to a target area from an aircraft is provided. The device includes one or more electric sifters, and each of the one or more electric sifters includes a motor to distribute the granular material on the target area and a screen on the bottom surface of the electric sifter. The granular material is stored in the one or more electric sifters. The screen includes a first portion and a second portion. The first portion allows the granular material to pass through the screen to the target area. The second portion prevents the granular material from passing through the screen. The device also includes a circuit to control the motors, one or more power sources to power the motor and the circuit, and an interface for a human operator to control the circuit. | 06-04-2015 |
Patent application number | Description | Published |
20090039410 | Split Gate Non-Volatile Flash Memory Cell Having A Floating Gate, Control Gate, Select Gate And An Erase Gate With An Overhang Over The Floating Gate, Array And Method Of Manufacturing - An improved split gate non-volatile memory cell is made in a substantially single crystalline substrate of a first conductivity type, having a first region of a second conductivity type, a second region of the second conductivity type, with a channel region between the first region and the second region in the substrate. The cell has a select gate above a portion of the channel region, a floating gate over another portion of the channel region, a control gate above the floating gate and an erase gate adjacent to the floating gate. The erase gate has an overhang extending over the floating gate. The ratio of the dimension of the overhang to the dimension of the vertical separation between the floating gate and the erase gate is between approximately 1.0 and 2.5, which improves erase efficiency. | 02-12-2009 |
20100054043 | Split Gate Non-Volatile Flash Memory Cell Having a Floating Gate, Control Gate, Select Gate and an Erase Gate with an Overhang Over the Floating Gate, Array and Method of Manufacturing - An improved split gate non-volatile memory cell is made in a substantially single crystalline substrate of a first conductivity type, having a first region of a second conductivity type, a second region of the second conductivity type, with a channel region between the first region and the second region in the substrate. The cell has a select gate above a portion of the channel region, a floating gate over another portion of the channel region, a control gate above the floating gate and an erase gate adjacent to the floating gate. The erase gate has an overhang extending over the floating gate. The ratio of the dimension of the overhang to the dimension of the vertical separation between the floating gate and the erase gate is between approximately 1.0 and 2.5, which improves erase efficiency. | 03-04-2010 |
20110076816 | SPLIT GATE NON-VOLATILE FLASH MEMORY CELL HAVING A FLOATING GATE, CONTROL GATE, SELECT GATE AND AN ERASE GATE WITH AN OVERHANG OVER THE FLOATING GATE, ARRAY AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING - An improved split gate non-volatile memory cell is made in a substantially single crystalline substrate of a first conductivity type, having a first region of a second conductivity type, a second region of the second conductivity type, with a channel region between the first region and the second region in the substrate. The cell has a select gate above a portion of the channel region, a floating gate over another portion of the channel region, a control gate above the floating gate and an erase gate adjacent to the floating gate. The erase gate has an overhang extending over the floating gate. The ratio of the dimension of the overhang to the dimension of the vertical separation between the floating gate and the erase gate is between approximately 1.0 and 2.5, which improves erase efficiency. | 03-31-2011 |
20110127599 | Split Gate Non-volatile Flash Memory Cell Having A Floating Gate, Control Gate, Select Gate And An Erase Gate With An Overhang Over The Floating Gate, Array And Method Of Manufacturing - An improved split gate non-volatile memory cell is made in a substantially single crystalline substrate of a first conductivity type, having a first region of a second conductivity type, a second region of the second conductivity type, with a channel region between the first region and the second region in the substrate. The cell has a select gate above a portion of the channel region, a floating gate over another portion of the channel region, a control gate above the floating gate and an erase gate adjacent to the floating gate. The erase gate has an overhang extending over the floating gate. The ratio of the dimension of the overhang to the dimension of the vertical separation between the floating gate and the erase gate is between approximately 1.0 and 2.5, which improves erase efficiency. | 06-02-2011 |
20130107631 | Method Of Programming A Split Gate Non-volatile Floating Gate Memory Cell Having A Separate Erase Gate | 05-02-2013 |
20130114337 | Method Of Testing Data Retention Of A Non-volatile Memory Cell Having A Floating Gate - A method of decreasing the test time to determine data retention (e.g. leakage current) of a memory cell having a floating gate for the storage of charges thereon. The memory cell is characterized by the leakage current having a rate of leakage which is dependent upon the absolute value of the voltage of the floating gate. The memory cell is further characterized by a first erase voltage and a first programming voltage, applied during normal operation, and a first read current detected during normal operation. The method applies a voltage greater than the first erase voltage or greater than the first programming voltage, to over erase the floating gate. The memory cell including the floating gate is subject to a single high temperature bake. The memory cell is then tested for data retention of the floating gate based on the single high temperature bake. | 05-09-2013 |
Patent application number | Description | Published |
20090046296 | FIBER-OPTIC HETERODYNE IMAGING VIBROMETER - A method and system for performing two-dimensional laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV) are disclosed. A high speed fiber optic heterodyne imaging vibrometer can be used for the imaging of high speed surface deformation and/or vibration. Images provided by the high speed fiber optic heterodyne imaging vibrometer can be representative of movement, e.g., displacement or vibration, of the surface being imaged. | 02-19-2009 |
20090147238 | INTEGRATED MULTI-SENSOR SURVAILANCE AND TRACKING SYSTEM - A sensor system for remote object detection, tracking, characterization, and discrimination can have a plurality of sensors. A shared optical train that can facilitate blending of information from the sensors, so as to provide a single view for the plurality of sensors. Small and/or dim objects can be more readily detected. High-resolution 3 dimensional space object imagery and on-demand target information gathering can be provided with reduced data latency. The undesirable effects of atmospheric turbulence along the aiming direction can be mitigated even when there is a high relative velocity between the surveillance platform and remote target. | 06-11-2009 |
20100002743 | LASER FOCUSING THROUGH TURBULENT MEDIUM - Methods and systems for performing target-in-the-loop, real-time laser beam phase aberration compensation through a turbulent atmosphere are disclosed. The methods and systems can distinguish between phase aberration contributions from atmospheric turbulence-induced phase aberration and target-induced phase aberration caused by target surface roughness. Selected components of incoming light can be used to define a reversed wavefront and a reverse direction of propagation such that a laser beam returned to a target tends to be concentrated upon a desired region of a target. In this manner, applications such as laser target designation, tracking, pointing, active imaging, and directed energy systems are better facilitated. | 01-07-2010 |