Patel, San Jose
Amitkumar P. Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20150362935 | Class AB inverting driver for PNP bipolar transistor LDO regulator - A driver circuit for a PNP power transistor in an LDO regulator uses a Class AB (push-pull) buffer to supply the necessary base current to an NPN driver transistor, where the NPN driver transistor has its collector connected to the base of the PNP power transistor. A front end circuit of the driver, coupled to drive the Class AB buffer, uses a current diverting transistor, where a first portion of the current is used to control the pull-up transistor in the Class AB buffer, and the remainder of the current is used to control the pull-down transistor in the Class AB buffer, so the driver is very efficient. The portion of the driver circuit between the input of the driver circuit and the base of the NPN driver transistor is an inverting circuit. The driver can properly operate with an input voltage within two diode drops of ground. | 12-17-2015 |
20150362936 | LDO REGULATOR POWERED BY ITS REGULATED OUTPUT VOLTAGE FOR HIGH PSRR - In an LDO regulator, two feedback loops are created. The first feedback loop includes a high power PNP bipolar power transistor connected in series between the input voltage Vin terminal and the output voltage Vout terminal. The first feedback loop includes a first error amplifier that controls a drive transistor to drive the base of the power transistor such that Vout matches a set voltage Vset. This first feedback loop circuitry uses an operating voltage (the upper rail voltage) that is regulated by a second feedback loop and is approximately 300 mV greater than Vout. As a result, the control circuitry will be powered by a low ripple supply to improve output PSRR. Further, the power transistor is connected such that any noise in the input voltage is a common mode voltage across the base-emitter of the transistor. | 12-17-2015 |
Anand Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20080243683 | Mechanism for secure rehosting of licenses - In one embodiment, a licensing authority receives a rehost ticket indicating proof of removal of a license from a first device. The licensing authority receives a request for a license for a second device. The licensing authority validates the rehost ticket to ensure that the license on the first device has been removed from the first device. The licensing authority provides a license for the second device if the rehost ticket is successfully validated, wherein the license that has been removed from the first device and the license for the second device provide the same license capabilities. The first device and the second device are associated with the same customer. Payment has been received for the license associated with the first device but payment has not been received for a separate license capable of being applied to the second device. | 10-02-2008 |
Anjana M. Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20100095979 | REMOTE PLASMA CLEAN PROCESS WITH CYCLED HIGH AND LOW PRESSURE CLEAN STEPS - A remote plasma process for removing unwanted deposition build-up from one or more interior surfaces of a substrate processing chamber after processing a substrate disposed in the substrate processing chamber. In one embodiment, the substrate is transferred out of the substrate processing chamber and a flow of a fluorine-containing etchant gas is introduced into a remote plasma source where reactive species are formed. A continuous flow of the reactive species from the remote plasmas source to the substrate processing chamber is generated while a cycle of high and low pressure clean steps is repeated. During the high pressure clean step, reactive species are flown into the substrate processing chamber while pressure within the substrate processing chamber is maintained between 4-15 Torr. During the low pressure clean step, reactive species are flown into the substrate processing chamber while reducing the pressure of the substrate processing chamber by at least | 04-22-2010 |
20110034035 | STRESS MANAGEMENT FOR TENSILE FILMS - The formation of a gap-filling silicon oxide layer with reduced tendency towards cracking is described. The deposition involves the formation of a flowable silicon-containing layer which facilitates the filling of trenches. Subsequent processing at high substrate temperature causes less cracking in the dielectric film than flowable films formed in accordance with methods in the prior art. A compressive liner layer deposited prior to the formation of the gap-filling silicon oxide layer is described and reduces the tendency for the subsequently deposited film to crack. A compressive capping layer deposited after a flowable silicon-containing layer has also been determined to reduce cracking. Compressive liner layers and compressive capping layers can be used alone or in combination to reduce and often eliminate cracking. Compressive capping layers in disclosed embodiments have additionally been determined to enable an underlying layer of silicon nitride to be transformed into a silicon oxide layer. | 02-10-2011 |
20120269989 | LOW TEMPERATURE SILICON OXIDE CONVERSION - A method of forming a silicon oxide layer is described. The method first deposits a silicon-nitrogen-and-hydrogen-containing (polysilazane) film by radical-component chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The polysilazane film is converted to silicon oxide by exposing the polysilazane film to humidity at low substrate temperature. The polysilazane film may also be dipped in a liquid having both oxygen and hydrogen, such as water, hydrogen peroxide and or ammonium hydroxide. These conversion techniques may be used separately or in a sequential combination. Conversion techniques described herein hasten conversion, produce manufacturing-worthy films and remove the requirement of a high temperature oxidation treatment. An ozone treatment may precede the conversion technique(s). | 10-25-2012 |
Anuja H. Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20110004238 | INTRAVASCULAR DEVICE AND SYSTEM - A device for use in capturing or collecting debris found in blood vessels or other body lumens. The devices can be fabricated from a tube and include longitudinally and circumferentially extending members. The device can further embody structure that provides enhanced radial opening and angular resistance to collapse and structure for absorbing or modifying forces applied thereto by an operator. | 01-06-2011 |
Ashvinkumar H. Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20110075828 | MAINTAINING HISTORY INFORMATION FOR A USER ACROSS MULTIPLE TYPES OF END POINTS - A system for providing enhanced history information across multiple clients comprises a call application server having a history system, a telephony system and a history cache. The call application server advantageously maintains a history records for each user of the system. The enhanced history system is particularly advantageous because regardless of the endpoint (e.g., phone, thin client, personal call manager or standalone IP phone) with which the user is interacting, the history information specifically for that user is delivered by the call application server to that endpoint. Furthermore, the call application server allows the user to access history information using end points which heretofore were unable to provide history functionality. Finally, the call application server makes the history records universal across all endpoints with which the user interacts, in contrast to prior art, which had limited call history information specific to a particular endpoint. | 03-31-2011 |
20150055511 | MAINTAINING HISTORY INFORMATION FOR A USER ACROSS MULTIPLE TYPES OF END POINTS - A system for providing enhanced history information across multiple clients comprises a call application server having a history system, a telephony system and a history cache. The call application server advantageously maintains a history records for each user of the system. The enhanced history system is particularly advantageous because regardless of the endpoint (e.g., phone, thin client, personal call manager or standalone IP phone) with which the user is interacting, the history information specifically for that user is delivered by the call application server to that endpoint. Furthermore, the call application server allows the user to access history information using end points which heretofore were unable to provide history functionality. Finally, the call application server makes the history records universal across all endpoints with which the user interacts, in contrast to prior art, which had limited call history information specific to a particular endpoint. | 02-26-2015 |
Bharat Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20120221993 | Integrated Circuit Chip with Repeater Flops and Methods for Automated Design of Same - An integrated circuit (IC) chip having repeaters for propagating signals along relatively long wires that extend between and among lower-level physical blocks of the IC chip, wherein the repeaters are implemented as clocked flip-flops (or “repeater flops”). A method for automatically inserting and allocating such repeater flops during the logical and physical design of the IC chip is also provided. | 08-30-2012 |
Bharat K. Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20130314954 | POWER SUPPLY INPUT ROUTING - One embodiment of a power supply input routing apparatus can include a multilayer printed circuit board configured to accept only an alternating current (AC) line voltage, return and ground signals. The AC power jumper board can advantageously route AC power from one section of the power supply to another without burdening the power supply design with extra layer requirements or negatively increasing power supply area. Embodiments including an electronic device having a power supply as above are also disclosed. | 11-28-2013 |
20130328415 | BLEEDER CIRCUITRY FOR INCREASING LEAKAGE CURRENT DURING HICCUP MODES OF POWER ADAPTERS - The disclosed embodiments provide a system that facilitates operation of a power adapter in hiccup mode. The system includes a bleeding mechanism that reduces a hiccup time of the hiccup mode by increasing a leakage current of the power adapter. The system also includes an activation mechanism that activates the bleeding mechanism upon detecting a voltage drop associated with the hiccup mode. | 12-12-2013 |
20130332765 | POWER SUPPLY ACOUSTIC NOISE MITIGATION - A method and system for reducing acoustic power supply noise, specifically acoustic noise related to power supply switching frequencies in a computing device, is disclosed. In one embodiment, a controller can monitor power consumed by the computing device, and an operational state of the computing device can be determined. If the computing device is in a first operational state and the power consumed is greater than a threshold amount, then the power supply can be operated at a first switching frequency or mode of operation, thereby avoiding switching frequencies that can produce acoustic noise. | 12-12-2013 |
20150106638 | REDUCED ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN A COMPUTER SYSTEM THROUGH SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE COORDINATED CONTROL OF MULTIPLE POWER SUPPLIES - The embodiments discussed herein relate to systems, methods, and apparatus for controlling power consumption of a computing device in a standby or sleep mode. During the standby or sleep mode an external device can be plugged into the computing device. The external device can be provided power from a standby power supply until a determination is made as to whether a main power supply is operating. The determination can be based on comparing the output of the main power supply to an output of the standby power supply. If the main power supply is operating, a switch in the computing device can close to allow the main power supply to provide power to the external device. Moreover, in some embodiments, the switch can close based exclusively on a current demand of the external device from the standby power supply. | 04-16-2015 |
Bharatkumar K. Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20130227319 | CONTROLLING A CURRENT DRAWN FROM AN ADAPTER BY A COMPUTER SYSTEM - The disclosed embodiments provide an apparatus that controls a current drawn from an adapter by a computer system. During operation, the apparatus senses the current drawn from the adapter using a first current sensor and a second current sensor, wherein a response time of the first current sensor is faster than a response time of the second current sensor. Then, when the current sensed using the first current sensor exceeds a predetermined high-current threshold, the apparatus limits the current drawn from the adapter to a first predetermined current limit. Additionally, when the current sensed using the second current sensor exceeds a predetermined thermal-limit current, the apparatus limits the current drawn from the adapter to the predetermined thermal-limit current. | 08-29-2013 |
20130229832 | CONTROLLING A FLYBACK CONVERTER FOR USE WITH A COMPUTER SYSTEM - The disclosed embodiments provide an apparatus that controls a flyback converter for use with a computer system. During operation, the apparatus senses an output voltage and output current of the flyback converter. The apparatus then switches a mode for controlling the flyback converter from a discontinuous mode to a continuous mode based on the sensed output voltage and the sensed output current. | 09-05-2013 |
Bindesh Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20110238397 | METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TRANSACTION RECORDING AND VISUALIZATION - Methods and apparatus for recording and visualizing transactions of a test bench simulation are disclosed. Transaction-specific data generated from a test bench simulation may be displayed in a sequence diagram view to provide a view of the transactions arranged sequentially in time. | 09-29-2011 |
Deven Mohan Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20140355491 | SYSTEM AND METHODS FOR ENABLING SIMULTANEOUS TRANSMIT AND RECEIVE IN THE SAME WIFI BAND WITHIN A DEVICE - Disclosed herein, one embodiment of the disclosure is directed to a system, apparatus, and method for enabling simultaneous transmit and receive in the same Wi-Fi band within a device by first obtaining a first information corresponding to a first set of signals to be transmitted wirelessly by a first antenna of a first device and transmitting, by the first antenna of the first device, the first set of signals. Then, a second set of signals comprising: (a) the first set of signals transmitted by the first antenna of the first device and (b) a third set of signals transmitted by a second device different than the first device are received by a second antenna of the first device. Thereafter, a second information representing the second set of signals received by the second antenna of the first device is obtained. Last, based on the first information and the second information, a third information comprising an estimation of the third set of signals without the first set of signals is determined. | 12-04-2014 |
Dhaval Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20150039574 | MANAGEMENT OF DATA SEGMENTS FOR ANALYTICS QUERIES - The disclosed embodiments provide a method and system for processing data. During operation, the system obtains a set of records, wherein each of the records comprises one or more metrics and at least one dimension associated with the one or more metrics. Next, the system creates a data segment comprising at least one of a forward index and an inverted index for a column in the records. The system then stores the data segment in network-accessible storage and assigns the data segment to a partition. Finally, the system enables querying of the data segment through a query node associated with the partition. | 02-05-2015 |
Hardik Dineshchandra Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20090015977 | Line Protection Load Switch For Portable Device - A portable device includes a voltage regulator for generating a regulated voltage that is supplied to a processor and to a load by way of a line protection switch, which controls a load current supplied to the load, e.g., in response to a signal supplied by the processor. The line protection switch includes a gate control circuit with a comparator that detects a short circuit in the load by comparing the regulated voltage against a reference voltage. When a short circuit causes the regulated voltage to drop below a predetermined minimum voltage (e.g., 4.5V), the comparator de-asserts the control signal, thereby turning off the switch before the regulated output voltage falls below a minimum operating voltage (e.g., 4.35V) of the processor. | 01-15-2009 |
20090085643 | Power Distribution Current Limiting Switch Including A Current Limit Blanking Period Providing A Burst of Current - A method for operating a current limit power switch for supplying power to a load include activating the power switch to start supplying power to the load; limiting the current drawn by the power switch to a first current limit for a first, fixed duration; after the first, fixed duration, limiting the current drawn by the power switch to a second current limit for a second duration where the second current limit is less than the first current limit; and after the second duration, limiting the current drawn by the power switch to a third current limit where the third current limit is less than the second current limit. | 04-02-2009 |
Himanshu N. Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20090270888 | Catheter System and Method for Boring through Blocked Vascular Passages - A rotating cutting head catheter for passage through chronic total occlusions or other refractory atherosclerotic plaque from diseased arteries is disclosed. The catheter's rotating cutting head is designed to reside safely within an outer protective sheath when not in use. The outer protective sheath contains one or more helical groves or slots, and the cutting head contains protruding blades or projections that fit into these helical groves or slots. Application of torque to an inner catheter or wire attached to the cutting head applies spin to the cutting head, and the force of the sheath's helical groves or slots against the cutting head's protruding blades or projections advances the cutting head outward from the protective sheath. Once extended, the cutting head may now rotate freely. The device may use a guidewire to direct the cutting head to the desired position. | 10-29-2009 |
20100274270 | GUIDEWIRE SUPPORT CATHETER - Described herein are guidewire positioning and support devices, method for using them, method of treating a subject using them, and systems including such guidewire positioning and support devices. These devices typically include a rotatable distal tip region that may include one or more wedges. The wedges may be extendable from the rotatable distal tip. The distal end of the device may be steerable, and may be steered while still rotating the distal end of the device. The wedges (which may include sharp forward-cutting blades and blunt lateral portions) can be extended from the distal housing and locked in any position (extended, partially extended or retracted) and rotated clockwise and/or counterclockwise while locked in a retracted, extended or partially extended position. The distal region of the device may also be controllable steered from the proximal end of the device. Systems including these guidewire support catheters are also described, as are method of using them, including methods of treating chronic total occlusions. | 10-28-2010 |
20120041307 | CATHETER SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR BORING THROUGH BLOCKED VASCULAR PASSAGES - A rotating cutting head catheter for passage through chronic total occlusions or other refractory atherosclerotic plaque from diseased arteries is disclosed. The catheter's rotating cutting head is designed to reside safely within an outer protective sheath when not in use. The outer protective sheath contains one or more helical grooves or slots, and the cutting head contains protruding blades or projections that fit into these helical grooves or slots. Application of torque to an inner catheter or wire attached to the cutting head applies spin to the cutting head, and the force of the sheath's helical grooves or slots against the cutting head's protruding blades or projections advances the cutting head outward from the protective sheath. Once extended, the cutting head may now rotate freely. The device may use a guidewire to direct the cutting head to the desired position. | 02-16-2012 |
20120046679 | ATHERECTOMY CATHETERS WITH LONGITUDINALLY DISPLACEABLE DRIVE SHAFTS - Described herein are atherectomy catheters, systems and methods that include longitudinally displaceable drive shafts that drive actuation of one or more cutters at the distal end of the catheter. The catheters described herein may include one or more imaging sensors for imaging before, during or after cutting tissue. In some variations the imaging sensor may be rotated around the perimeter of the catheter independently of the rotation of the cutter. Also describe herein are imaging catheters that may be used without cutters. | 02-23-2012 |
20120253186 | OCCLUSION-CROSSING DEVICES, IMAGING, AND ATHERECTOMY DEVICES - The present invention relates to: ( | 10-04-2012 |
20130138128 | CATHETER SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR BORING THROUGH BLOCKED VASCULAR PASSAGES - A rotating cutting head catheter for passage through chronic total occlusions or other refractory atherosclerotic plaque from diseased arteries is disclosed. The catheter's rotating cutting head is designed to reside safely within an outer protective sheath when not in use. The outer protective sheath contains one or more helical grooves or slots, and the cutting head contains protruding blades or projections that fit into these helical grooves or slots. Application of torque to an inner catheter or wire attached to the cutting head applies spin to the cutting head, and the force of the sheath's helical grooves or slots against the cutting head's protruding blades or projections advances the cutting head outward from the protective sheath. Once extended, the cutting head may now rotate freely. The device may use a guidewire to direct the cutting head to the desired position. | 05-30-2013 |
20130289392 | GUIDEWIRE POSITIONING CATHETER - A catheter for positioning a guidewire across an occluded portion of a vessel includes an elongate catheter body, an integrated rotatable distal tip, a proximal handle region, and a catheter lumen extending through the elongate catheter body. The elongate body has a distal region configured to be bent to a set angle. The integrated rotatable distal tip includes one or more channeled flutes extending around the distal tip that are configured to be rotated in a first direction to dissect tissue and a second direction for bluntly contacting tissue. A proximal handle region includes a control for rotating the distal tip in either the first or second directions. The catheter lumen is configured to pass a guidewire. | 10-31-2013 |
20140213893 | OCCLUSION-CROSSING DEVICES, IMAGING, AND ATHERECTOMY DEVICES - A catheter device for crossing occlusions includes an elongate body, a central lumen extending within the elongate body from the proximal end to the distal end, a rotatable tip at the distal end of the elongate body, and an OCT imaging sensor. The rotatable tip is configured to rotate relative to the elongate body. The OCT imaging sensor includes an optical fiber coupled with the rotatable tip and configured to rotate therewith. A distal end of the elongate body includes one or more markers configured to occlude the OCT imaging sensor as it rotates. A fixed jog in the elongate body proximal to the distal end of the catheter positions the distal end of the catheter at an angle relative to the region of the catheter proximal to the fixed jog and is aligned with the one or more markers on the elongate body. | 07-31-2014 |
20150141816 | ATHERECTOMY CATHETERS WITH IMAGING - An atherectomy catheter includes an elongate flexible catheter body, an elongate deflectable distal tip coupled to the catheter body at a hinge point, a rotatable cutter near the distal end of the catheter body, and a drive shaft extending within the catheter body and configured to rotate the cutter. The atherectomy catheter further includes an optical fiber extending through the drive shaft substantially on-axis with the catheter body and attached to the cutter. The optical fiber is configured to rotate with the drive shaft. The atherectomy catheter further includes a wedge configured to deflect the distal tip away from the catheter body at the hinge point upon axial movement of the drive shaft. | 05-21-2015 |
Hiral Kiritkumar Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20110081465 | MASALA POPCORN - A spicy popcorn is composed of, in composition of weight, fifty percent to seventy percent popped corn kernels, five percent to forty percent oil, one half percent to eight percent turmeric, less than one half percent to eight percent pepper and one to thirteen percent additional seasoning | 04-07-2011 |
Jay Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20140365714 | PERIPHERAL COMPONENT INTERCONNECT EXPRESS (PCIe) SOLID STATE DRIVE (SSD) ACCELERATOR - A peripheral component interconnect express (PCIe) solid state drive (SSD) accelerator, having a PCIe card and separate a flash daughter-card, is provided. By including flash memory devices on a separate daughter-card, the flash memory devices are thermally decoupled from the hotter devices on the main PCIe providing additional thermal operating margins for the entire design. Furthermore, as flash memory devices are the most likely part of the subsystem to wear out over time due, including flash memory devices on a separate daughter-card allows the flash memory devices to become a field replaceable unit that can be easily replaced. EEPROMs may be included on the flash daughter-card to record the current wear state of the NAND flash devices. Knowing the wear history of the flash memory device allows the seller to replace the flash daughter-card of a customer with a daughter-card having a similar wear state. | 12-11-2014 |
Karteek Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20100205068 | Integrated electronic shopping cart system and method - Integrated shopping cart functionality is provided on a first website so that products/services from different affiliated websites can be integrated into the shopping cart at the first website and the e-commerce functionality of the first website can be utilized to purchase the selected products/services. A framework for integrating this functionality enables the first website to integrate with affiliated websites so that an increased number of users may access the first website since the proprietor of the first website may offer various products/services from a multitude of different affiliated websites, for example by providing URL links to the affiliated websites that a user may access in order to select items from the affiliated websites. These items can be integrated into the shopping cart at the first website and purchased with a single transaction. Increased user traffic is expected at the first website since a user's shopping interests can be fulfilled at a single website. Additionally, affiliated websites are benefited by this integrated shopping cart functionality since the e-commerce functionality of the integrated shopping cart is performed by a server that is associated with the first website. Therefore, affiliated websites need not include their own e-commerce functionality. Instead, they may take advantage of the e-commerce functionality of the first website and still receive the benefits of the sale of their offered products/services to the user. Maintenance costs and overhead costs with respect to including an e-commerce software engine are therefore reduced and often eliminated as a result. | 08-12-2010 |
20100205069 | Integrated Electronic Shopping Cart System And Method - Integrated shopping cart functionality is provided on a first website so that products/services from different affiliated websites can be integrated into the shopping cart at the first website and the e-commerce functionality of the first website can be utilized to purchase the selected products/services. A framework for integrating this functionality enables the first website to integrate with affiliated websites so that an increased number of users may access the first website since the proprietor of the first website may offer various products/services from a multitude of different affiliated websites, for example by providing URL links to the affiliated websites that a user may access in order to select items from the affiliated websites. These items can be integrated into the shopping cart at the first website and purchased with a single transaction. Increased user traffic is expected at the first website since a user's shopping interests can be fulfilled at a single website. Additionally, affiliated websites are benefited by this integrated shopping cart functionality since the e-commerce functionality of the integrated shopping cart is performed by a server that is associated with the first website. Therefore, affiliated websites need not include their own e-commerce functionality. Instead, they may take advantage of the e-commerce functionality of the first website and still receive the benefits of the sale of their offered products/services to the user. Maintenance costs and overhead costs with respect to including an e-commerce software engine are therefore reduced and often eliminated as a result. | 08-12-2010 |
Kayur A. Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20140261962 | AUTOMATED FILM PICKUP AND PLACEMENT METHOD FOR INSULATING GLASS UNITS - A method of automatically mounting a sheet from a cutting table onto a spacer frame of an insulating glass unit begins with identifying a position and orientation of a specified sheet on the cutting table and moving a robotic sheet pickup apparatus to a corresponding position to that identified for the sheet. An edge of the specified sheet is lifted off of the table, beginning with mechanical suction that brings a corner of the sheet to within proximity of a primary vacuum suction of the pickup apparatus. In particular, the pickup apparatus may have a substantially planar platen with a set of channels coupled to a vacuum source. Once the sheet is fully picked up by vacuum suction, the sheet is laid upon a top surface of a tilt table, which can be simply the platen inverted. The table (or platen) is tilted to bring a corner of the sheet to abut against physical fences. Once the position and orientation of the sheet is so known, the sheet is oriented to correspond to a frame, and attached thereto. | 09-18-2014 |
Ketan N. Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20110208984 | PROTOCOL STACK POWER OPTIMIZATION FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS DEVICES - User experiences on wireless devices are affected by communication, computation, and user interface capabilities. Another key performance indicator of a wireless device is its battery life. A method, algorithm and apparatus for improving the communication, computation and user interface capabilities of a mobile device is disclosed, which requires the expenditure of less energy and increases battery life. The trade-off between battery life and user experience related to the communication capability is managed by a protocol stack power optimization algorithm that optimally allocates energy resources. The power management algorithm inputs and combines measurements made at various layers of the protocol stack to selectively control a set of actions impacting energy usage. The algorithm maps from a set of measurements to a set of actions that provides the best trade-off between user experience and energy consumption. | 08-25-2011 |
20120257523 | DYNAMIC RECEIVE DIVERSITY SWITCHING - Dynamically control of receive diversity switching in a user equipment (UE) is disclosed. By dynamically controlling the switching between enabling and disabling the receive diversity, power consumption in UEs, such as smart phones and other mobile devices may be reduced. Control is based, at least in part, on measurements for data activity performed by the UE. When the UE finds measurements that would suggest data activity, the UE will switch to enable a receive diversity state when conditions are available for the switch. Similarly, when the UE finds measurements that would suggest data inactivity, the UE will switch to disable the receive diversity state when conditions are available for the switch. | 10-11-2012 |
20130155881 | PRIORITIZING INTER-FREQUENCY/INTER-RAT MEASUREMENTS AND EMBMS IN LTE - A method, an apparatus, and a computer program product for wireless communication are provided for prioritizing the performance of measurements during measurement gaps and the reception of multicast/broadcast content. The apparatus receives a configuration from a serving cell to perform a measurement during a measurement gap of a unicast service while in a connected mode. In addition, the apparatus determines whether to refrain from leaving the serving cell on a first frequency and performing the measurement on a second frequency of a neighboring cell in order to receive multicast/broadcast content associated with a multicast/broadcast service during the measurement gap. | 06-20-2013 |
Keyur Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20080219153 | Constructing a repair path in the event of failure of an inter-routing domain system link - An apparatus and method as described for constructing a repair path for use in the event of failure of an inter-routing domain connection between respective components in first and second routing domains of a data communications network. The apparatus is arranged to assign a propagatable repair address for use in the event of failure of the inter-routing domain connection and to propagate the repair address via data communications network components other than the inter-routing domain connection. | 09-11-2008 |
20090016365 | Intra-domain and inter-domain bridging over MPLS using MAC distribution via border gateway protocol - In one embodiment, a method includes receiving, by a first autonomous system border router (ASBR) of a first autonomous system (AS), a first plurality of provider-provisioned media access control (B-MAC) addresses via Interior Border Gateway Protocol (I-BGP). Each of first plurality of B-MAC addresses is associated with a provider edge (PE) device of the first AS. The first ASBR sends the first plurality of B-MAC addresses to a second ASBR of a second AS using Exterior Border Gateway Protocol (E-BGP). The first ASBR also receives via E-BGP a second plurality of B-MAC addresses each of which is associated with a PE device of the second AS. The first ASBR then distributes the second plurality of B-MAC addresses to each of the PE devices of the first AS using I-BGP. | 01-15-2009 |
20090052452 | SIGNALING COMPRESSION INFORMATION USING ROUTING PROTOCOLS - An ability to compress packets is announced from a customer edge router (CE) to other CEs through a routing protocol packet. An announcement of that ability is received from another CE through a routing protocol packet. A compression technique is then matched. The CE receives compression information from the other CE in a routing protocol packet, and determines that a compression technique identified therein matches any compression technique the CE is programmed to use. The CE then flags packets transmitted from/received by the CE to be compressed/decompressed according to the matched compression technique. Alternatively, the CE may match by transmitting compression information identifying a compression technique to the another CE in a routing protocol packet; the another CE receives the routing protocol packet and determines that a compression technique identified in the compression information of the routing protocol packet matches any compression technique the another CE is programmed to use. | 02-26-2009 |
20120082025 | PROTECTING MULTI-SEGMENT PSEUDOWIRES - The protection of multi-segment pseudowires by utilizing backup paths is disclosed herein. Disclosed embodiments include methods that establish at least one backup path for multi-segment pseudowires, the establishing being performed prior to detection of failure in the primary path. Upon detecting a path failure, the detected failure is signaled to the head-end, a backup path is chosen, and reachability information associated with the chosen backup path is signaled across the backup path before reverse traffic is switched to the backup path. In other disclosed embodiments, apparatus are configured to establish, prior to detection of failure in the primary path, at least one backup path for the multi-segment pseudowire. | 04-05-2012 |
20120117248 | Restarting Network Reachability Protocol Sessions Based on Transport Layer Authentication - In an embodiment, a method comprises establishing a first data communications session with a first router. In response to receiving a first request to establish a second data communications session, a probe message that is configured to test whether the first data communications session or the first router is responsive is sent to the first router. In response to determining that the first router has not acknowledged the probe message before a probe timer has expired, and receiving a second request to establish the second data communications session, the second data communications session with the first router is established and a state for the first data communications session is deleted. | 05-10-2012 |
20120177054 | Managing Active Edge Devices in VPLS Using BGP Signaling - In one embodiment, a method includes establishing in a Virtual Private Local Area Network (LAN) Service (VPLS) over Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) network a floating pseudowire between a first provider edge router and a redundancy group having a plurality of provider edge routers each configured to forward data toward a external device. Each provider edge router in the redundancy group is configured to maintain an active link to the external device. A provider edge router that is not a member of the redundancy group sends data directed to the external device through the floating pseudowire. Only one provider edge router in the redundancy group receives and forwards the particular data to the external device. | 07-12-2012 |
20120179934 | EXTENDING APPLICATION-LAYER SESSIONS BASED ON OUT-OF-ORDER MESSAGES - A method and non-transitory computer-readable medium are disclosed for extending a hold timer that binds an application-layer session when a transport-layer out-of-order message queue includes an out-of-order message for the application-layer session. An application receives an application-layer message from transport protocol logic that is configured to deliver in-order application-layer messages to the application. The received application-layer message is a next in-order application-layer message for an application-layer session that is bound by a hold timer. After an amount time has passed, the application detects an expiration of the hold timer. In response, rather than immediately tearing down the application-layer session, the application inspects an out-of-order queue of the transport protocol logic. The hold timer is extended when the out-of-order queue includes an out-of-order application-layer message for the application-layer session. In one aspect, the transport protocol logic includes an application programming interface that provides the application with access to the out-of-order queue. | 07-12-2012 |
20120201124 | DESIGNATED FORWARDER ELECTION FOR VPLS WITH BGP-BASED MAC LEARNING - In one embodiment, a network device may participate in an election process to elect one of two or more Provider Edge devices of a Redundancy Group to be a Designated Forwarder for the Redundancy Group, where the Redundancy Group is in a Service Provider network, and where the Redundancy Group serves a Customer Edge device of a customer network. The network device may forward multi-destination traffic to the Customer Edge device according to whether the network device is elected to be the Designated Forwarder for the Redundancy Group. Multi-destination traffic may include multicast traffic, broadcast traffic, or destination unknown unicast traffic. | 08-09-2012 |
20120213218 | AUTOMATICALLY DETECTING BEST PATHS FROM SHADOW ROUTE REFLECTORS - In an embodiment, a method comprises receiving a path advertisement comprising information about an available path and a well-known community value associated with the available path. A modified best path calculation is performed in response to receiving the available path either from a higher-ranked device or from a device that is not participating in diverse path calculation, resulting in creating a particular best path. The particular best path is advertised to other routers with or without a restriction indicator based on whether it is a client learned path or non-client iBGP peer learned path and based on whether the advertisement is directed to a client or a non-client iBGP peer. | 08-23-2012 |
20120269198 | Accelerated Routing Convergence - In an embodiment, a method comprises: determining that a session restart on a restarting node has been initiated; in response to determining that the restarting node has preserved a last acknowledged version of routing information received from a peer node, and determining that the restarting node has preserved a routing state corresponding to the last acknowledged version of routing information, transmitting to the peer node a message indicating that the last acknowledged version of routing information and the routing state have been preserved at the restarting node; wherein the method is performed by one or more computing devices. | 10-25-2012 |
20120281539 | Detecting and Avoiding Routing Loops with BGP Route Server Extensions - In an embodiment, a method comprises: receiving, at a data packet router, a path advertisement comprising information about an available path; determining whether the path advertisement comprises an originator identifier of an originator of the available path; in response to determining that the path advertisement comprises the originator identifier of the originator of the available path, determining whether the originator identifier of the available path is a router identifier of the data packet router, and in response to determining that the originator identifier of the available path is the router identifier of the data packet router, not accepting the path advertisement; wherein the method is performed by one or more processors of the data packet router. | 11-08-2012 |
20120331555 | Performing A Defensive Procedure In Response To Certain Path Advertisements - In certain embodiments, performing a defensive procedure involves receiving at a first speaker of a first autonomous system a path advertisement from a second speaker of a second autonomous system. The path advertisement advertises a path from the second speaker of the second autonomous system. It is determined whether the second autonomous system is a stub autonomous system and whether a path length of the path is greater than one. If the second autonomous system is a stub and the path length is greater than one, a defensive measure is performed for the path. Otherwise, a default procedure is performed for the path. | 12-27-2012 |
20130155845 | METHOD FOR PROVIDING BORDER GATEWAY PROTOCOL FAST CONVERGENCE ON AUTONOMOUS SYSTEM BORDER ROUTERS - Techniques are disclosed for providing fast convergence on Autonomous System Border Routers (ASBRs). In an embodiment, an ASBR receives first Virtual Private Network (VPN) route information including a first route target, a first route distinguisher, and a first network prefix and second VPN route information including a second route target, a second route distinguisher and a second network prefix. The second route distinguisher received by the ASBR is different than the first route distinguisher. The ASBR compares the first route target to the second route target and the first network prefix with the second network prefix. In response to determining that the first route target matches the second route target and the first network prefix matches the second network prefix, the ASBR associates, in a routing table, a first path based on the first VPN route information with a second path based on the second VPN route information. | 06-20-2013 |
20130308646 | ENABLING MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL ADDRESS MOBILITY IN AN ETHERNET VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK - In one embodiment, a method includes obtaining an indication that a device is attached to a provider edge. The device has a media access control (MAC) address, wherein the device was previously attached to a first provider edge (PE) of a Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) network. The method also includes issuing a first advertisement that identifies the MAC address. The first advertisement includes a first MAC address mobility attribute arranged to indicate a number of times the MAC address has moved with respect to the MPLS network. | 11-21-2013 |
20140010232 | Intra-Domain and Inter-Domain Bridging Over MPLS Using MAC Distribution Via Border Gateway Protocol - In one embodiment, a method includes receiving, by a first autonomous system border router (ASBR) of a first autonomous system (AS), a first plurality of provider-provisioned media access control (B-MAC) addresses via Interior Border Gateway Protocol (I-BGP). Each of first plurality of B-MAC addresses is associated with a provider edge (PE) device of the first AS. The first ASBR sends the first plurality of B-MAC addresses to a second ASBR of a second AS using Exterior Border Gateway Protocol (E-BGP). The first ASBR also receives via E-BGP a second plurality of B-MAC addresses each of which is associated with a PE device of the second AS. The first ASBR then distributes the second plurality of B-MAC addresses to each of the PE devices of the first AS using I-BGP. | 01-09-2014 |
20140036905 | Automatically Detecting Best Paths From Shadow Route Reflectors - In an embodiment, a method comprises receiving a path advertisement comprising information about an available path and a well-known community value associated with the available path. A modified best path calculation is performed in response to receiving the available path either from a higher-ranked device or from a device that is not participating in diverse path calculation, resulting in creating a particular best path. The particular best path is advertised to other routers with or without a restriction indicator based on whether it is a client learned path or non-client iBGP peer learned path and based on whether the advertisement is directed to a client or a non-client iBGP peer. | 02-06-2014 |
20150312133 | Autonomous System Border Router (ASBR) Advertising Routes with a Same Forwarding Label - In one embodiment, an autonomous system border router (ASBR) advertises a same forwarding label for received advertised routes of a merging context that were advertised with a same forwarding label for the ASBR to use when sending corresponding packets. An ASBR receives via a routing protocol from a particular router in the same autonomous system, a plurality of same-labeled received routes advertised with a same first forwarding label within a merging context. In response to each of the plurality of same-labeled received routes having the same first forwarding label to use to forward packets to the particular router and being in the same merging context, the ASBR determines a merged forwarding label and advertises to a peer ASBR in another autonomous system (AS) each of the plurality of same-labeled received routes with the merged forwarding label for the peer ASBR to use to forward packets to the ASBR. | 10-29-2015 |
20160021015 | REDUCING TRANSIENT PACKET DUPLICATION AND IMPROVING SPLIT-HORIZON FILTERING - In one embodiment, a method includes obtaining, at a first provider edge (PE) included a plurality of PEs multi-homed to a first customer edge (CE), traffic intended for the first CE, wherein the traffic includes a first indication, the first indication being configured to identify the traffic as flood traffic. A forwarding PE included in the plurality of PEs suitable to use to forward the traffic to the first CE is identified based on identifying traffic as the flood traffic. The method also includes determining whether the first PE is the forwarding PE, and providing the traffic to the first CE using the first PE when it is determined that the first PE is the forwarding PE. When it is determined that the first PE is not the forwarding PE, the traffic is filtered using the first PE. | 01-21-2016 |
Keyur P. Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20100150020 | BACKUP ROUTE GENERATION IN BORDER GATEWAY PROTOCOL - A method is provided for generating a backup route. Here, a route and a route distinguisher type associated with the route are received and a backup route is generated based on attributes of the route. A particular backup route distinguisher type that is associated with the route distinguisher type is assigned to the backup route. The backup route with the backup route distinguisher type are then advertised. Another method is provided that identifies the backup route. When the route and its route distinguisher type are received from the advertisement, an identification is made as to whether the route distinguisher type is assigned to a backup route. The route may then be designated as a backup route based on the identification. | 06-17-2010 |
20100329270 | DYNAMIC DISCOVERY MECHANISMS VIA INTER-DOMAIN ROUTING PROTOCOL - In an embodiment, a method is provided at which it is used in a device. In this method, a logical identifier assigned to the device is identified and additionally, a mesh group identifier identifying a mesh group is identified. The logical identifier and the mesh group identifier are encoded in a routing message, which is used in an inter-domain routing protocol, and this routing message is transmitted to a reflector device in communication with the device. The reflector device is configured to transmit the routing message to a remote device included in the computer network. | 12-30-2010 |
20110149980 | EFFICIENT GENERATION OF VPN-BASED BGP UPDATES - In one embodiment, a router may store a “neighbor table” for storing the router's Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) neighbors. Each neighbor corresponds to a virtual routing and forwarding (VRF) instance and associated VRF identifier (ID), and the neighbor table indexes the BGP neighbors according to their respective VRF ID. In response to initiating a BGP update generation for a BGP table having BGP network entries, each entry having an associated VRF ID that indicates to which VRF instance the BGP entry is to be advertised, a single lookup operation for each BGP entry is performed into the neighbor table based on the corresponding VRF ID of each BGP entry to determine a corresponding VRF update group of indexed BGP neighbors to which each BGP entry is to be advertised. Accordingly, a shared BGP update may be generated for each VRF update group for the initiated BGP update generation. | 06-23-2011 |
20120134368 | DYNAMIC DISCOVERY MECHANISMS VIA INTER-DOMAIN ROUTING PROTOCOL - In an embodiment, a method is provided at which it is used in a device. In this method, a logical identifier assigned to the device is identified and additionally, a mesh group identifier identifying a mesh group is identified. The logical identifier and the mesh group identifier are encoded in a routing message, which is used in an inter-domain routing protocol, and this routing message is transmitted to a reflector device in communication with the device. The reflector device is configured to transmit the routing message to a remote device included in the computer network. | 05-31-2012 |
20120263049 | BGP SLOW PEER DETECTION - In one embodiment, a router selects a particular peer from an original update group used with an Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) such as Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). The original update group includes a plurality of peers of the router that share a same outbound policy and that receive common update messages, from the router, of routing table information. The router determines that the particular peer is a potential slow peer based on a first type of indicia, wherein a slow peer is a peer that cannot keep up with a rate at which the router generates update messages over a prolonged period of time. The router confirms that one or more second types of indicia are consistent with the particular peer being a slow peer. In response to the confirmation, the router determines that the particular peer is a slow peer. | 10-18-2012 |
20140082216 | PERFORMING OFFLINE BGP PREFIX ORIGIN AND PATH VALIDATION AT ROUTE REFLECTORS - In one embodiment, an edge router receives an update message from a neighboring EBGP edge router, creates a modified origin validation state extended community, prepares a modified update message by attaching the modified origin validation state extended community to the update message, and sends the modified update message to a route reflector. The route reflector receives the modified update message, performs a prefix origin validation and a path validation based on the information contained in the modified update message, prepares a validation message based on the prefix origin validation and path validation, and sends the validation message to the edge router and to all other neighboring IBGP edge routers. The edge routers receive the validation message from the route reflector, parse the validation message, and inherit a validation state parsed from the validation message. | 03-20-2014 |
20140211651 | BGP SLOW PEER DETECTION - In one embodiment, a router selects a particular peer from an original update group used with an Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) such as Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). The original update group includes a plurality of peers of the router that share a same outbound policy and that receive common update messages, from the router, of routing table information. The router determines that the particular peer is a potential slow peer based on a first type of indicia, wherein a slow peer is a peer that cannot keep up with a rate at which the router generates update messages over a prolonged period of time. The router confirms that one or more second types of indicia are consistent with the particular peer being a slow peer. In response to the confirmation, the router determines that the particular peer is a slow peer. | 07-31-2014 |
20150207728 | VERIFYING DATA PLANE PATHS BASED ON A VALIDATED SECURE CONTROL PLANE - In one embodiment, a plurality of packets is sent from an origin device along a communication path toward a destination device. Each packet includes a lifespan indicator which is incrementally increased for each subsequently sent packet. A plurality of response messages are received at the origin device from a plurality of intermediate devices, respectively. A plurality of secure path objects included in the plurality of response messages, respectively, is determined. Additionally, the plurality of secure path objects are validated based on validation information accessible by the origin device. Validation results of the plurality of secure path objects are checked to determine whether a packet that is sent from the origin device and received by the destination device travels along a particular communication path as dictated by control plane information. | 07-23-2015 |
20150207729 | TYING DATA PLANE PATHS TO A SECURE CONTROL PLANE - In one embodiment, a router located at an exit edge of an autonomous system (AS) receives a data packet in a data plane, and determines a destination of the data packet and an associated AS-path information to the destination. The router may then insert the AS-path information into the data packet, and forwards the data packet with the AS-path information toward the destination, such that a receiving device in a destination AS can validate whether the data packet was routed through a path that was secure from a control plane perspective based on a collection of one or more insertions of AS-path information. | 07-23-2015 |
20150207818 | OVERCOMING CIRCULAR DEPENDENCIES WHEN BOOTSTRAPPING AN RPKI SITE - In one embodiment, a validation server in a computer network determines that an edge router of the computer network has blocked access to a desired server address based on the edge router not having authentication information for the desired server address. In response, the server creates a white-listing policy to temporarily allow access to the desired server address at the edge router, and sends the white-listing policy to the edge router. The validation server may then proceed with performing server fetching operations to the desired server address from the validation server while the white-listing policy is in effect, and instructs the edge device to remove the white-listing policy once the server fetching operations are completed. | 07-23-2015 |
20150304206 | SEGMENT ROUTING - EGRESS PEER ENGINEERING (SP-EPE) - In one embodiment, a controller device in a computer network domain learns border gateway protocol (BGP) egress peering segments from one or more border routers of the domain, and determines a selected flow to segment route via a particular egress peering segment, the selected flow from a given routing device within the domain to a given destination of a remote domain. As such, the controller device may then instruct the given routing device to segment route the selected flow via the particular egress peering segment. In another embodiment, an egress border router shares its BGP egress peering segments, and receives a flow to segment route. The egress border router may determine, from a segment route contained within the flow, to which particular egress peering segment of the border router to segment route the flow, and forwards the flow out of the domain via the particular egress peering segment. | 10-22-2015 |
20150372913 | TRANSITIONING BETWEEN COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS BETWEEN NETWORKS - A method is provided in one particular example and may include obtaining routing information for a plurality of Internet Protocol (IP) addresses in a first network that natively supports a first Internet protocol, the routing information for the plurality of IP addresses in the first network further comprising an additional IP address in the first network and an indication that the additional IP address in the first network is to be used as a tunnel endpoint within the first network for receiving data destined to any of the plurality of IP addresses in the first network; and sending data destined to any one of the plurality of IP addresses in the first network to the additional IP address in the first network. | 12-24-2015 |
Labhesh Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20110249671 | System and Method for Computer Originated Audio File Transmission - A system and method for computer originated audio file transmission includes a server having a communications module operable to communicate with a terminal unit. The server may also include a storage module operable to store at least one file. A processor may be provided to separate the file into a plurality of packets. In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, the communications module is operable to send an initial burst of packets to the terminal unit, wherein the initial burst of packets includes at least two of the plurality of packets. In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, the communications module is further operable to send additional packets of the plurality of packets at a predetermined rate, until each of the plurality of packets has been sent to the terminal unit. | 10-13-2011 |
20130114621 | System and Method for Computer Originated Audio File Transmission - A system and method for computer originated audio file transmission includes a server having a communications module operable to communicate with a terminal unit. The server may also include a storage module operable to store at least one file. A processor may be provided to separate the file into a plurality of packets. In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, the communications module is operable to send an initial burst of packets to the terminal unit, wherein the initial burst of packets includes at least two of the plurality of packets. In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, the communications module is further operable to send additional packets of the plurality of packets at a predetermined rate, until each of the plurality of packets has been sent to the terminal unit. | 05-09-2013 |
Manan Maheshkumar Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20150103087 | SYSTEM, METHOD, AND COMPUTER PROGRAM PRODUCT FOR DISCARDING PIXEL SAMPLES - A system, method, and computer program product are provided for discarding pixel samples. The method includes the steps of completing shading operations for a pixel set including one or more pixels to generate per-sample shaded attributes according to a shader program executed by a processing pipeline. Discard information for the pixel set is evaluated and one or more per-sample shaded attributes for at least one pixel in the pixel set are discarded based on the evaluated discard information. | 04-16-2015 |
Manish Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20120190385 | METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR POPULATING LOCATION-BASED INFORMATION - Embodiments of the present invention disclose a method and system for populating location-based information on a portable electronic device. According to one embodiment, a request to create a memory record on the portable electronic device is received from a user. Based on the geographic location of the portable electronic device, relevant location information associated with a plurality of reference fields of the memory record are determined and displayed on the portable electronic device. | 07-26-2012 |
Manoj A. Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20080226289 | Optical device testing - In one embodiment, an apparatus comprises a pattern generator to generate a test bit pattern in an electrical signal, an optical transponder to covert the electrical signal to an optical signal, transmit the optical signal to a device, and receive a processed test bit pattern from the device, and an error detector to analyze the processed test bit pattern to determine an error rate associated with the device. | 09-18-2008 |
Mukund Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20130144294 | SLIDABLE SHEATHS FOR TISSUE REMOVAL DEVICES - A tissue removal device and method of using the device to remove tissue from a patient is provided. The tissue removal device comprises a tissue removal probe and a sheath slideable relative to the probe. The probe has a tissue removal element, and the sheath has a portion that exposes the tissue removal element. The sheath distal end may be pre-shaped to bend when slid distal to the probe. The probe may have a window through which the tissue removal element is exposed. | 06-06-2013 |
Mukund R. Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20080319445 | Apparatus and methods for delivering compounds into vertebrae for vertebroplasty - An apparatus for delivering bone cement into a vertebra, includes a cannula, a delivery device in communication with the cannula and a pressure delivery device in communication with the delivery device. The pressure delivery device provides an actuating force that acts either directly or through a medium to cause a flowable compound to be delivered from the delivery device to the cannula and into the vertebra. The pressure delivery device causes a pressurized compound to be delivered, the pressurized compound may be liquid or gaseous CO | 12-25-2008 |
20140324052 | APPARATUS AND METHODS FOR REMOVING VERTEBRAL BONE AND DISC TISSUE - Tissue removal probes comprise an elongated member, a drive shaft rotatably disposed within the member, and a rotatably tissue removal element mounted to the distal end of the drive shaft. One tissue removal element comprises a plurality of tissue-cutting filaments affixed at proximal and distal ends of the tissue removal element. The cutting filaments may have optional hinge points that allow the distal end of the tissue removal element to be inverted, thereby transforming the tissue removal element from a tissue-cutting device to a tissue-grasping device. Another tissue removal element may have a blunted tip to prevent distal tissue trauma and an irrigation port to provide irrigation fluid to the removed tissue and/or tissue removal element. Another tissue removal element has a proximal and distal spiral grooves that are oppositely pitched, so that removed tissue can be collected in the middle of the tissue removal element. Another tissue removal element has independent counter-rotating tissue removal elements to maintain stability during a bone cutting procedure. Still another tissue removal element takes the form of a drill bit with fluted cutting grooves. Yet another tissue removal element has cascading tissue-cutting notches that can be reciprocatably moved to remove tissue within a hole. | 10-30-2014 |
Naresh Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20080294846 | DYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION OF CACHE MEMORY - The present invention includes dynamically analyzing look-up requests from a cache look-up algorithm to look-up data block tags corresponding to blocks of data previously inserted into a cache memory, to determine a cache related parameter. After analysis of a specific look-up request, a block of data corresponding to the tag looked up by the look-up request may be accessed from the cache memory or from a mass storage device. | 11-27-2008 |
20150127905 | Cache Modeling Using Random Sampling and a Timestamp Histogram - A system and method for determining an optimal cache size of a computing system is provided. In some embodiments, the method comprises selecting a portion of an address space of a memory structure of the computing system. A workload of data transactions is monitored to identify a transaction of the workload directed to the portion of the address space. An effect of the transaction on a cache of the computing system is determined, and, based on the determined effect of the transaction, an optimal cache size satisfying a performance target is determined. In one such embodiment the determining of the effect of the transaction on a cache of the computing system includes determining whether the effect would include a cache hit for a first cache size and determining whether the effect would include a cache hit for a second cache size different from the first cache size. | 05-07-2015 |
Narik Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20140372320 | SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR EMV CHIP AND PIN PAYMENTS - In transactions between a consumer and a merchant (or other third party) using services of a payment provider (e.g., credit card company, or financial services provider), methods and systems are provided for enabling any third party to accept chip and PIN payment and payment provider services using a payment provider device that is enabled using the third party's own application (referred to herein as “app”) and not the app of the payment provider. Enabling a merchant to accept chip and PIN payments usually requires the merchant to certify (accredit) their application (e.g., a point-of-sale (POS) system) end to end with the payment providers (e.g., Visa, MasterCard). A software development kit (SDK) modification to the application allows the merchant to accept chip and PIN cards the without the need to certify the application. The SDK includes the functionality that needs to be certified, and certifies it once with a service provider. | 12-18-2014 |
Nishit Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20150356027 | CIRCUITS FOR AND METHODS OF ENABLING THE ACCESS TO DATA - A circuit for enabling access to data is described. The circuit comprises a memory device storing data blocks having a first predetermined size; and a direct memory access circuit coupled to the memory device, the direct memory circuit accessing a data payload having a second predetermined size which is greater than the first predetermined size; wherein the direct memory access circuit accesses the data payload in response to a descriptor having a plurality of addresses corresponding to a predetermined number of the data blocks stored in the memory device. A method of enabling the access to data is also disclosed. | 12-10-2015 |
20160085449 | MANAGING MEMORY IN A MULTIPROCESSOR SYSTEM - In an example, a circuit to manage memory between a first and second microprocessors each of which is coupled to a control circuit, includes: first and second memory circuits; and a switch circuit coupled to the first and second memory circuits, and memory interfaces of the first and second microprocessors, the switch circuit having a mode signal as input. The switch is configured to selectively operate in one of a first mode or a second mode based on the mode signal such that, in the first mode, the switch circuit couples the first memory circuit to the memory interface of the first microprocessor and the second memory circuit to the memory interface of the second microprocessor and, in the second mode, the switch circuit selectively couples the first or second memory circuits to the memory interface of either the first or second microprocessor. | 03-24-2016 |
Parveen Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20150195196 | ROUTING MESSAGES BETWEEN VIRTUAL NETWORKS - Routing messages between virtual networks using a mapping of virtual addresses from one virtual network to a virtual address of the other virtual network. Each virtual network has a valid set of virtual addresses, some of which being assigned to virtual nodes within the corresponding network. When a virtual network identifies a message to be sent, it identifies a destination for the message. Some destinations may be within the same virtual network and thus may be routed to virtual nodes within the virtual network. Other destinations may instead be mapped to a virtual address of another virtual network. In that case, routing information may also be obtained and the message may be dispatched to the virtual address of the other virtual network. This may be performed within the need for a gateway, which publishes a public address that is globally unique. | 07-09-2015 |
Parveen Kumar Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20150372946 | ACQUIRING RESOURCE LEASE USING MULTIPLE LEASE SERVERS - The obtaining of a lease on a resource in a circumstance in which multiple lease servers are capable of granting a lease to the resource. A computing entity attempts to obtain the lease on the resource by causing a lease request to be sent to each of at least most (and perhaps all) of the lease servers. In response, the computing entity receives one or more responses to the lease requests. If the computing entity receives grants of a lease from a majority of the lease servers that are capable of granting a lease to the resource, then it is determined that the computing entity acquired a lease on the resource. On the other hand, if the computing entity receives grants of a lease from less than a majority of the lease servers, it is determined that the computing entity failed to acquire the lease on the resource. | 12-24-2015 |
20160043951 | ROUTING REQUESTS WITH VARIED PROTOCOLS TO THE SAME ENDPOINT WITHIN A CLUSTER - Embodiments are directed to routing requests with different protocols to the same destination. In one scenario, a computer system receives a request that uses a specified protocol. The request includes a request source identifier and a request destination identifier. The computer system identifies, based on both the request source identifier and the request destination identifier, a destination to send the request to and generates a routing entry for the request that indicates which destination the first request was sent to. The computer system receives another request that uses a different protocol. This request includes a request source identifier and a request destination identifier of its own. The computer system determines that the request source identifier and request destination identifier of the subsequent request match those of the generated routing entry, and routes the subsequent request to the destination indicated in the routing entry. | 02-11-2016 |
Piyush Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20090013279 | Form-field mask for sensitive data - Collecting data via a display page is disclosed. A data entry field that does not display a current value associated with the data entry field is provided in the display page. A display field configured to display at least a portion of the current value associated with the data entry field is included in the display page selectively, e.g., at a time when a display criteria is satisfied. | 01-08-2009 |
Rajiv L. Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20080296143 | Plasma Systems with Magnetic Filter Devices to Alter Film Deposition/Etching Characteristics - Plasma systems with magnetic filter devices to alter film deposition/etching characteristics by altering the effective magnetic field distribution. The magnetic filter devices are placed between the magnet or magnets and a target, typically a semiconductor wafer, and selected and configured to alter the magnetic field to obtain the desired processing results. For deposition, the magnetic filter may be chosen to provide more uniform deposition, to provide increased deposition rates at or adjacent the edges of a wafer to compensate for increased etching rates at the edges of a wafer in a subsequent etching or polishing process. For annealing and doping, the magnetic field may be altered to provide more uniform equivalent annealing or doping across the wafer. Various applications are disclosed. | 12-04-2008 |
Ronil Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20090309552 | POWER SOURCE SWITCHOVER APPARATUS AND METHOD - An apparatus for switching from a first power supply to a second power supply. Such an apparatus may determine which of the first and second power supplies has a greater voltage, and may power a device from the power supply having the greater voltage or charge. A single boost converter may be used regardless of which power supply is providing power. | 12-17-2009 |
Ronil D. Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20130335058 | Adjusting Voltage Regulator Operating Parameters - Within an electronic device, a voltage regulator powers a load. The voltage regulator has adjustable operating parameters that can be set during operation of the electronic device. The adjustable operating parameters are set or reset in accordance with a state of the electronic device, or a portion thereof having the load, in order to optimize power usage. The state is selectable from at least three predetermined states. Values for the operating parameters are selectable from a plurality of sets of values. Each set of values corresponds to at least one of the predetermined states. | 12-19-2013 |
Ronil Dipak Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20090195218 | SYSTEM AND METHOD OF TRICKLE CHARGING A BATTERY IN A NARROW RAIL ARCHITECTURE - A method for charging a battery of an electronic device using a connected a/c power adapter comprising the steps of determining a state of a transistor connecting a regulated voltage to the battery and switching a charging current applied to the battery between a quick charge level and a trickle charge level responsive to the state of the transistor. | 08-06-2009 |
Rujul Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20120036352 | Anonymization of Personal Data - A method for anonymization of personal data is provided for protecting the privacy of a user while sharing user information with a third party. The method includes receiving from a user a domain name address associated with an intended website and an Internet Protocol (IP) address associated with the user and determining that the domain name address is an invalid domain name. The method may further include encrypting the IP address associated with the user by translating the IP address into a unique identifier, with the encryption being a one-way hashing process, and then sending the unique identifier and the invalid domain name address to the third party. The method may further include receiving, from the third party, the unique identifier and a third party content, with the third party content being based on the invalid domain name; decrypting the unique identifier by translating the unique identifier back into the IP address, associating the third party content with the IP address, and based on the IP address, providing the third party content to the user. | 02-09-2012 |
Sapna Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20100302218 | ILLUMINATION DEVICES AND METHODS OF FABRICATION THEREOF - Illumination devices and methods of making same are disclosed. In one embodiment, a display device includes a light modulating array and a light guide configured to receive light into at least one edge of the light guide. The display device can also include a light turning layer disposed such that the light guide is at least partially between the turning layer and the array. The turning layer can comprise at least one light turning feature having at least one curved turning surface. | 12-02-2010 |
20100302616 | ILLUMINATION DEVICES AND METHODS OF FABRICATION THEREOF - Illumination devices and methods of making same are disclosed. In one embodiment, a display device includes a light modulating array and a light guide configured to receive light into at least one edge of the light guide. The light guide can be characterized by a first refractive index. The display device can also include a light turning layer disposed such that the light guide is at least partially between the turning layer and the array. The turning layer can comprise an inorganic material characterized by a second refractive index that is substantially the same as the first refractive index. | 12-02-2010 |
20100302803 | ILLUMINATION DEVICES AND METHODS OF FABRICATION THEREOF - Illumination devices and methods of making same are disclosed. In one embodiment, an illumination apparatus includes a light source, a light guide having a planar first surface, a first end and a second end, and a length therebetween, the light guide positioned to receive light from the light source into the light guide first end, and the light guide configured such that light from the light source provided into the first end of the light guide propagates towards the second end, and a plurality of light turning features that are configured to reflect light propagating towards the second end of the light guide out of the planar first surface of the light guide, each light turning feature having a turning surface and an interferometric stack formed on the turning surface. | 12-02-2010 |
Saurin Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20150373156 | METHOD OF USING A UNIQUE PACKET IDENTIFIER TO IDENTIFY STRUCTURE OF A PACKET AND AN APPARATUS THEREOF - Embodiments of the apparatus for modifying packet headers relate to a packet generalization scheme that maintains information across protocol layers of packets. The packet generalization scheme uses a protocol table that includes layer information for all possible protocol layer combinations. The protocol layer combinations in the protocol table are manually configured through software. Each protocol layer combination in the protocol table is uniquely identified by a PktID. A rewrite engine of a network device receives the PktID for a packet and uses that unique identifier as key to the protocol table to access information for each protocol layer of the packet that the rewrite engine requires during modification of the packet. The packet generalization scheme eliminates the need for a parser engine of the network device to pass parsed data to the rewrite engine, which is resource intensive. | 12-24-2015 |
20150373159 | METHOD OF USING GENERIC MODIFICATION INSTRUCTIONS TO ENABLE FLEXIBLE MODIFICATIONS OF PACKETS AND AN APPARATUS THEREOF - Embodiments of the apparatus for modifying packet headers relate to programmable modifications of packets by applying commands to generalized protocol headers. Each protocol header of incoming packets is represented in a generic format specific to that protocol to enable modifications to packet headers. Missing fields from a protocol header are detected, and the protocol header is expanded to a maximum size such that the protocol header contains all possible fields of that protocol, including the missing fields. Each of the fields has the same offset irrespective of which variation of the protocol the protocol header corresponds to. Modification uses a set of commands that is applied to expanded protocol headers. All of the commands are thus generic as these commands are independent of incoming headers (e.g., size and protocol). | 12-24-2015 |
20150373161 | METHOD OF SPLITTING A PACKET INTO INDIVIDUAL LAYERS FOR MODIFICATION AND INTELLIGENTLY STITCHING LAYERS BACK TOGETHER AFTER MODIFICATION AND AN APPARATUS THEREOF - Embodiments of the apparatus for modifying packet headers relate to pointer structure for splitting a packet into individual layers and for intelligently stitching them back together. The pointer structure includes N+1 layer pointers to N+1 protocol headers. The pointer structure also includes a total size of all headers. A rewrite engine uses the layer pointers to extract the first N corresponding protocol layers within the packet for modification. The rewrite engine uses the layer pointers to form an end point, which together with the total size of all headers is associated with a body of the headers. The body of the headers is a portion of headers that are not modified by the rewrite engine. After all the modifications are performed and modified headers are compressed, the modified layer pointers are used to stitch the modified headers back together with the body of the headers. | 12-24-2015 |
Shailesh Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20140059650 | DYNAMIC ROUTING OF AUTHENTICATION REQUESTS - Methods, systems, and computer readable media for dynamically routing authentication requests are described. An embodiment can include receiving, at one or more computing devices, a network authentication request. An embodiment can also include creating, at the one or more computing devices, an authentication context based on information in the authentication request. An embodiment can also include dynamically routing, using the one or more computing devices, the authentication request to an authentication server. | 02-27-2014 |
20150341391 | SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR SERVING APPLICATION SPECIFIC POLICIES BASED ON DYNAMIC CONTEXT - Methods, systems and computer readable media for serving application specific policies based on dynamic context are described. In some implementations, the method can include determining a dynamic authentication context for a user including one or more access credentials, and authenticating the access credentials. The method can also include determining an indication of a need for a service-based policy, and generating a dynamic service-based policy based on the dynamic authentication context and an application. The method can further include providing the dynamic service-based policy to the application, and monitoring for a change in the dynamic authentication context. The method can also include updating the dynamic service-based policy. | 11-26-2015 |
Shwetal A. Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20090091963 | MEMORY DEVICE - A first DRAM device comprises a first input connected to a first trace line to receive an address signal and a second input is connected to receive an operating voltage, such as Vdd. A second DRAM device comprises a first input connected to the first trace line to receive the address signal and a second input to receive the operating voltage. A first signal termination structure is connected to the first trace line, wherein the first signal termination structure is to terminate the first trace line to the operating voltage. | 04-09-2009 |
20100125681 | INTELLIGENT MEMORY BUFFER - A technique reduces cost, complexity and/or power consumption of a memory system by including intelligence in a memory buffer circuit of the memory system. An apparatus includes a memory buffer circuit configured to selectively operate in one of a plurality of modes. In a first mode, the memory buffer circuit is configured to interface to a first type of memory device, is configured to enable an input circuit of the memory buffer circuit, and is configured to drive on a terminal of a memory interface of the memory buffer circuit a version of a signal received by the input circuit during a memory operation. In a second mode, the memory buffer circuit is configured to interface to the first type of memory device, is configured to disable the input circuit, and is configured to drive a signal on the terminal during the memory operation. | 05-20-2010 |
20110252171 | REDUCING SIMULTANEOUS SWITCHING OUTPUTS USING DATA BUS INVERSION SIGNALING - An apparatus includes a plurality of data lines defining a data bus for communicating data. A controller is operable to communicate a plurality of data transfers over the data bus using a plurality of data time slots, wherein for at least a subset of the data time slots the controller is operable to communicate an associated data bus inversion indicator indicating that bits communicated during the associated data time slot are inverted, the data bus inversion indicators for the subset of the data transfers are grouped into a data bus inversion vector, and the controller is operable to communicate a global data bus inversion indicator indicating an inversion of the data bus inversion vector. | 10-13-2011 |
20120239887 | METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MEMORY CONTROL - A method is provided for issuing subcommands to a memory module using unassigned bits in a memory control protocol. A buffer component within the memory module receives the subcommands and modifies a state of the memory module accordingly. This allows, for example, selectively powering down individual ranks of the memory module (e.g., an LRDIMM memory module). Unassigned bits in a JEDEC-compliant ZQ calibration command set may be used for implementing such subcommands. | 09-20-2012 |
Srujal (steve) Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20090077804 | PRODUCTION LINE MODULE FOR FORMING MULTIPLE SIZED PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES - The present invention generally relates to a sectioning module positioned within an automated solar cell device fabrication system. The solar cell device fabrication system is adapted to receive a single large substrate and form multiple silicon thin film solar cell devices from the single large substrate. | 03-26-2009 |
20090077805 | PHOTOVOLTAIC PRODUCTION LINE - The present invention generally relates to a system that can be used to form a photovoltaic device, or solar cell, using processing modules that are adapted to perform one or more steps in the solar cell formation process. The automated solar cell fab is generally an arrangement of automated processing modules and automation equipment that is used to form solar cell devices. The automated solar fab will thus generally comprise a substrate receiving module that is adapted to receive a substrate, one or more absorbing layer deposition cluster tools having at least one processing chamber that is adapted to deposit a silicon-containing layer on a surface of the substrate, one or more back contact deposition chambers, one or more material removal chambers, a solar cell encapsulation device, an autoclave module, an automated junction box attaching module, and one or more quality assurance modules that are adapted to test and qualify the completely formed solar cell device. | 03-26-2009 |
Sunil Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20100093377 | Creating And Using Base Station Almanac Information In A Wireless Communication System Having A Position Location Capability - In a wireless mobile communication system having a position determination service, base station information is stored in a base station almanac. In addition to the position of the base station antenna, forward link delay calibration, and base station identification information, a base station almanac record includes the center location of the base station sector coverage area, the maximum range of the base station antenna, the terrain average height over the sector coverage area, the terrain height standard deviation over the sector coverage area, round-trip delay (RTD) calibration information, repeater information, pseudo-random noise (PN) increments, uncertainty in the base station antenna position, uncertainty in the forward-link delay calibration, and uncertainty in the round-trip delay calibration. | 04-15-2010 |
Swapnil Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20160050254 | CROSS-DEVICE INTEGRATION SYSTEM AND METHOD - A cross-device messaging integration capability is disclosed, which allows a user using a first device to indicate, using a first user computing device, an intent to perform one or more messaging actions at one or more second user computing device(s). The first and second devices may be different devices. The user may receive a reminder or other notification of the user's intent at the second device(s). | 02-18-2016 |
Tarun Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20150081497 | SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR MANAGING A REAL ESTATE AND/OR BUSINESS TRANSACTION PROCESS BETWEEN A BUYER AND A SELLER - A system for managing a real estate and/or business transaction between a buyer and a seller from receiving information from the seller regarding a commercial property, or other asset, to be sold, to closing, is provided. The system may be configured to generate a valuation of the commercial property and/or asset to be sold for the buyer and/or the seller, to populate and generate documents related to the transaction, to enable the buyer and the seller to accept or reject documents related to the transaction, and to gather relevant documents, invoices, and property data to send to an escrow agency. | 03-19-2015 |
Tejalkumar G. Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20150200855 | MODEM MODE CONTROL BASED ON FLOW RANKING - A system can include a precondition detector configured to determine that the system has network congestion at a network link. The system can also include a flow ranking controller that includes a flow excluder configured to apply exclusion criteria to a plurality of data flows associated with respective modems that are operating in a lower bandwidth mode to generate a list of non-excluded data flows. The flow ranking controller can also include a flow tester configured to apply flow tests to the non-excluded data flows to determine which of the respective modems is likely to benefit from being switched to a higher bandwidth mode. | 07-16-2015 |
Udayan G. Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20100106182 | ANGIOPLASTY DEVICE WITH EMBOLIC FILTER - An angioplasty device has a filter associated with it to capture embolic particles that may be broken free during an angioplasty procedure. In one embodiment the embolic filter has a frame in which struts are connected to end rings and to each other by a plurality of interconnected oval members. In another embodiment the device includes an actuator at the proximal end of an actuator wire. By rotating a knob on the device, the physician can smoothly tension the wire by a predetermined amount to prevent the filter from opening too much or too little. Various other embodiments of filter frames are also disclosed. | 04-29-2010 |
20130310871 | PERCUTANEOUS TRANSLUMINAL ANGIOPLASTY DEVICE WITH INTEGRAL EMBOLIC FILTER - A percutaneous transluminal angioplasty device includes an embolic filter mounted to the catheter shaft at a location distal to the angioplasty balloon. Thus the filter can be down-stream from the blockage and can be properly positioned to capture embolic particles that may be set loose into the blood stream as the angioplasty procedure can be performed. The embolic filter can be normally un-deployed against the catheter shaft to facilitate introduction and withdrawal of the device to and from the operative site. Once the angioplasty balloon can be properly positioned, however, means operatively associated with the embolic filter can be actuated to deploy the filter to position a filter mesh across the lumen of the vessel. | 11-21-2013 |
20140214067 | PERCUTANEOUS TRANSLUMINAL ANGIOPLASTY DEVICE WITH INTEGRAL EMBOLIC FILTER - A percutaneous transluminal angioplasty device includes an embolic filter mounted to the catheter shaft at a location distal to the angioplasty balloon. Thus the filter can be down-stream from the blockage and can be properly positioned to capture embolic particles that may be set loose into the blood stream as the angioplasty procedure can be performed. The embolic filter can be normally un-deployed against the catheter shaft to facilitate introduction and withdrawal of the device to and from the operative site. Once the angioplasty balloon can be properly positioned, however, means operatively associated with the embolic filter can be actuated to erect the filter to position a filter mesh across the lumen of the vessel. | 07-31-2014 |
Zubin Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20080265301 | Self-aligned patterning method by using non-conformal film and etch back for flash memory and other semiconductor applications - A method for fabricating a memory device with a self-aligned trap layer which is optimized for scaling is disclosed. In the present invention, a non-conformal film is deposited over the charge trapping layer to form a thick film on top of the core source/drain region and a pinch off and a void or a narrow channel at the top of the STI trench. An etch is performed on the non-conformal film to open pinch-off or widen the narrow channel in the non-conformal. The trapping layer is then completely or partially etched between the core cells. The non-conformal film is removed. And a top oxide is formed. The top oxide converts the remaining trap layer to oxide if the trapping layer is partially etched and thus isolate the trap layer. | 10-30-2008 |
20100090337 | SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR MULTI-LAYER GLOBAL BITLINES - A system and method for manufacturing a semiconductor device including multi-layer bitlines. The location of the bitlines in multiple layers provides for increased spacing and increased width thereby overcoming the limitations of the pitch dictated by the semiconductor fabrication process used. The bitlines locations in multiple layers thus allows the customization of the spacing and width according to the use of a semiconductor device. | 04-15-2010 |
20100230743 | SELF-ALIGNED PATTERNING METHOD BY USING NON-CONFORMAL FILM AND ETCH FOR FLASH MEMORY AND OTHER SEMICONDUCTOR APPLICATIONS - A method for fabricating a memory device with a self-aligned trap layer which is optimized for scaling is disclosed. In the present invention, a non-conformal film is deposited over the charge trapping layer to form a thick film on top of the core source/drain region and a pinch off and a void or a narrow channel at the top of the STI trench. An etch is performed on the non-conformal film to open pinch-off or widen the narrow channel in the non-conformal. The trapping layer is then completely or partially etched between the core cells. The non-conformal film is removed. And a top oxide is formed. The top oxide converts the remaining trap layer to oxide if the trapping layer is partially etched and thus isolate the trap layer. | 09-16-2010 |
Zubin P. Patel, San Jose, CA US
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20100078814 | SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR USING POROUS LOW DIELECTRIC FILMS - A system and method for manufacturing a semiconductor device including a low dielectric constant porous material layer. Ions are implanted into the low dielectric constant porous material layer which thereby provides the porous material layer with sufficient mechanical strength for withstanding semiconductor manufacturing processes. The ions implanted in the porous material layer further facilitate disposition of a conductive layer on the porous material layer. | 04-01-2010 |
20130001641 | Defect Mitigation Structures For Semiconductor Devices - A method and a semiconductor device for incorporating defect mitigation structures are provided. The semiconductor device comprises a substrate, a defect mitigation structure comprising a combination of layers of doped or undoped group IV alloys and metal or non-metal nitrides disposed over the substrate, and a device active layer disposed over the defect mitigation structure. The defect mitigation structure is fabricated by depositing one or more defect mitigation layers comprising a substrate nucleation layer disposed over the substrate, a substrate intermediate layer disposed over the substrate nucleation layer, a substrate top layer disposed over the substrate intermediate layer, a device nucleation layer disposed over the substrate top layer, a device intermediate layer disposed over the device nucleation layer, and a device top layer disposed over the device intermediate layer. The substrate intermediate layer and the device intermediate layer comprise a distribution in their compositions along a thickness coordinate. | 01-03-2013 |