Patent application title: REGULATING NUTRIENT ALLOCATION IN PLANTS
Inventors:
Michael Udvardi (Ardmore, OK, US)
Jiading Yang (Ardmore, OK, US)
Eric Worley (Gordonville, TX, US)
IPC8 Class: AA01H500FI
USPC Class:
800278
Class name: Multicellular living organisms and unmodified parts thereof and related processes method of introducing a polynucleotide molecule into or rearrangement of genetic material within a plant or plant part
Publication date: 2011-11-03
Patent application number: 20110271398
Abstract:
The invention provides coding and promoter sequences for a VS-1 and AP-2
gene, which affects the developmental process of senescence in plants.
Vectors, transgenic plants, seeds, and host cells comprising heterologous
VS-1 and AP-2 genes are also provided. Additionally provided are methods
of altering nutrient allocation and composition in a plant using the VS-1
and AP-2 genes.Claims:
1. A polynucleotide molecule comprising a sequence selected from the
group consisting of: (a) a sequence encoding a polypeptide at least 85%
identical to SEQ ID NO:2 or 4, wherein the polypeptide regulates plant
leaf senescence; (b) a sequence comprising SEQ ID NO:1 or 3; (c) a
sequence hybridizing to (b) under wash conditions of 0.15 M NaCl and
70.degree. C. for 10 minutes, wherein the sequence encodes a protein that
regulates plant leaf senescence; (d) a sequence comprising at least 85%
sequence identity over the full length of the SEQ ID NO:1 or 3, wherein
the sequence encodes a protein that regulates plant leaf senescence; and
(e) a sequence complementary to (a), (b), (c) or (d).
2. The polynucleotide molecule of claim 1, comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO:3.
3. A recombinant vector comprising the polynucleotide molecule of claim 1 operably linked to a heterologous promoter functional in plants.
4. The recombinant vector of claim 3, further comprising at least one additional sequence chosen from the group consisting of: a regulatory sequence, a selectable marker, a leader sequence and a terminator.
5. The recombinant vector of claim 4, wherein the additional sequence is a heterologous sequence.
6. The recombinant vector of claim 3, wherein the promoter is a tissue-specific promoter.
7. The recombinant vector of claim 3, wherein the promoter directs expression in leaf tissue.
8. The recombinant vector of claim 3, defined as an isolated expression cassette.
9. A polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide molecule of claim 1, selected from the group consisting of: (a) a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 or 4; and (b) a polypeptide having at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:2 or 4, wherein the polypeptide regulates plant leaf senescence.
10. The polypeptide of claim 9, comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.
11. A transgenic plant comprising the recombinant vector of claim 3.
12. The transgenic plant of claim 11, further defined as a dicotyledonous plant.
13. The transgenic plant of claim 11, further defined as a poplar, a willow, a eucalyptus, a hemp, a Medicago sp., a Lotus sp., a Trifolium sp., a Melilotus sp., a Vinca sp., a Glycine sp., a Nicotiana sp., a Vitis sp., an Arabidopsis sp. or a Ricinus sp.
14. The transgenic plant of claim 11, further defined as a monocotyledonous plant.
15. The transgenic plant of claim 11, further defined as a rice, a wheat, a barley, a maize, a switchgrass, an oat, a sugarcane, a rye or a sorghum.
16. The transgenic plant of claim 11, further defined as an R0 transgenic plant.
17. The transgenic plant of claim 11, further defined as a progeny plant of any generation of an R0 transgenic plant, wherein the transgenic plant has the nucleic acid molecule from the R0 transgenic plant.
18. A seed of the transgenic plant of claim 11, wherein the seed comprises the nucleic acid molecule.
19. The seed of claim 18, wherein nitrogen content is increased relative to that found in seed of an otherwise isogenic plant lacking the recombinant vector of claim 3.
20. A host cell transformed with the recombinant vector of claim 3.
21. The host cell of claim 20, wherein said host cell is a plant cell.
22. A method of altering the distribution of one or more nutrient in a plant, the method comprising expressing in the plant a recombinant vector according to claim 3, wherein the expression of the nucleic acid molecule alters the distribution of one or more nutrient in the plant when compared to a plant of the same genotype that lacks the nucleic acid molecule.
23. The method of claim 22, wherein the nutrient is crude protein.
24. The method of claim 22, wherein the plant is an R0 transgenic plant.
25. The method of claim 22, wherein the plant is a progeny plant of any generation of an R0 transgenic plant, wherein the transgenic plant has the nucleic acid molecule from the R0 transgenic plant.
26. The method of claim 22, wherein the altered distribution of one or more nutrient is a decrease of one or more nutrients in the leaves.
27. The method of claim 22, wherein the plant has altered development or morphology when compared to a plant of the same genotype that lacks the nucleic acid molecule.
28. The method of claim 27, wherein the altered development is altered leaf senescence.
29. A method of producing plant biomass, the method comprising: (a) obtaining the plant of claim 11; (b) growing said plant under plant growth conditions to produce plant tissue from the plant; and (c) preparing biomass from said plant tissue.
30. The method of claim 29, wherein preparing biomass comprises harvesting said plant tissue.
31. The method of claim 29, further comprising using the biomass for biofuel.
Description:
[0001] This application claims the priority of U.S. Provisional Appl. Ser.
No. 61/325,795 filed Apr. 19, 2010, the entire disclosure of which is
incorporated herein by reference.
INCORPORATION OF SEQUENCE LISTING
[0003] The sequence listing that is contained in the file named "NBLE071US_ST25.txt", which is 38,943 bytes (measured in MS-WINDOWS) and was created on Apr. 19, 2011, is filed herewith by electronic submission and incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0004] 1. Field of the Invention
[0005] The present invention relates generally to the field of molecular biology. More specifically, the invention relates to plant genes involved in plant senescence and methods of use thereof.
[0006] 2. Description of the Related Art
[0007] Modifying the distribution of one or more nutrients within a plant, for example by altering leaf senescence processes, may be beneficial by directing such nutrients to harvested organs such as seeds, roots, tubers, or leaves. In nature, nutrient remobilization from shoots to roots during seasonal senescence of shoots conserves nutrients in perennial plants. In cultivated crops, nutrient redistribution from leaves to roots prior to harvest of a plant's aerial tissues can provide beneficial results, such as a lowered requirement for input of fertilizer in the following crop cycle. Such nutrient redistribution could be important for sustainable production of biomass for biofuels. Nutrient redistribution from leaves to seeds prior to the harvest of the seeds could result in improved seed quality and/or nutrient content.
[0008] NAM/ATAF1,2/CUC2 ("NAC") transcription factors have been implicated in a wide range of plant processes including hormonal signaling, meristem initiation and maintenance, root system development, and environmental responses. It has been unclear which genes are regulated by NAC TFs for instance to trigger nutrient redistribution, and genes regulating leaf senescence in crops important for biofuel production have yet to be identified. The present invention provides such genes.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0009] In one aspect, the invention provides a polynucleotide molecule comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) a sequence encoding a polypeptide at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO:2 or 4, wherein the polypeptide regulates plant leaf senescence; (b) a sequence comprising SEQ ID NO:1 or 3; (c) a sequence hybridizing to (b) under wash conditions of 0.15 M NaCl and 70° C. for 10 minutes, wherein the sequence encodes a protein that regulates plant leaf senescence; (d) a sequence comprising at least 85% sequence identity over the full length of the SEQ ID NO:1 or 3, wherein the sequence encodes a protein that regulates plant leaf senescence; and (e) a sequence complementary to (a), (b), (c) or (d). In one embodiment, the polynucleotide molecule comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO:3.
[0010] Another aspect of the invention relates to a recombinant vector comprising such a polynucleotide molecule, operably linked to a heterologous promoter functional in plants. In certain embodiments, the recombinant vector may further comprise at least one additional sequence chosen from the group consisting of: a regulatory sequence, a selectable marker, a leader sequence and a terminator. In certain embodiments the additional sequence of the recombinant vector may be a heterologous sequence. In other embodiments, the recombinant vector may comprise a promoter which is a tissue-specific promoter, such as one that directs expression in leaf tissue. In another embodiment, the recombinant vector of may be defined as an isolated expression cassette.
[0011] In another aspect, the invention provides a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of: (a) a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 or 4; and (b) a polypeptide having at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:2 or 4, wherein the polypeptide regulates plant leaf senescence. In some embodiments the polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.
[0012] A further aspect of the invention relates to a transgenic plant comprising the recombinant vector comprising a polynucleotide molecule comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) a sequence encoding a polypeptide at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO:2 or 4, wherein the polypeptide regulates plant leaf senescence; (b) a sequence comprising SEQ ID NO:1 or 3; (c) a sequence hybridizing to (b) under wash conditions of 0.15 M NaCl and 70° C. for 10 minutes, wherein the sequence encodes a protein that regulates plant leaf senescence; (d) a sequence comprising at least 85% sequence identity over the full length of the SEQ ID NO:1 or 3, wherein the sequence encodes a protein that regulates plant leaf senescence; and (e) a sequence complementary to (a), (b), (c) or (d); further in which the polynucleotide sequence is operably linked to a heterologous promoter functional in plants. In some embodiments the transgenic plant of may further be defined as a dicotyledonous plant. In particular embodiments the transgenic plant may further be defined as a poplar, a willow, a eucalyptus, a hemp, a Medicago sp., a Lotus sp., a Trifolium sp., a Melilotus sp., a Vinca sp., a Glycine sp., a Nicotiana sp., a Vitis sp., an Arabidopsis sp. or a Ricinus sp. In other embodiments the transgenic plant may further be defined as a monocotyledonous plant. In particular embodiments the transgenic plant may further defined be as a rice, a wheat, a barley, a maize, a switchgrass, an oat, a sugarcane, a rye or a sorghum. In certain embodiments the transgenic plant is further defined as an R0 transgenic plant. In other embodiments the transgenic plant may further be defined as a progeny plant of any generation of an R0 transgenic plant, wherein the transgenic plant has the nucleic acid molecule from the R0 transgenic plant.
[0013] Another embodiment of the invention provides a seed of the transgenic plant, wherein the seed comprises the nucleic acid molecule. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to such a seed wherein nitrogen content is increased relative to that found in seed of an otherwise isogenic plant lacking the recombinant vector comprising a polynucleotide molecule comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) a sequence encoding a polypeptide at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO:2 or 4, wherein the polypeptide regulates plant leaf senescence; (b) a sequence comprising SEQ ID NO:1 or 3; (c) a sequence hybridizing to (b) under wash conditions of 0.15 M NaCl and 70° C. for 10 minutes, wherein the sequence encodes a protein that regulates plant leaf senescence; (d) a sequence comprising at least 85% sequence identity over the full length of the SEQ ID NO:1 or 3, wherein the sequence encodes a protein that regulates plant leaf senescence; and (e) a sequence complementary to (a), (b), (c) or (d); further in which the polynucleotide sequence is operably linked to a heterologous promoter functional in plants.
[0014] A host cell transformed with the recombinant vector is provided as another aspect of the invention. In one embodiment, the host cell is a plant cell.
[0015] The invention further provides a method of altering the distribution of one or more nutrient in a plant, the method comprising expressing in the plant a recombinant vector comprising a polynucleotide molecule comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) a sequence encoding a polypeptide at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO:2 or 4, wherein the polypeptide regulates plant leaf senescence; (b) a sequence comprising SEQ ID NO:1 or 3; (c) a sequence hybridizing to (b) under wash conditions of 0.15 M NaCl and 70° C. for 10 minutes, wherein the sequence encodes a protein that regulates plant leaf senescence; (d) a sequence comprising at least 85% sequence identity over the full length of the SEQ ID NO:1 or 3, wherein the sequence encodes a protein that regulates plant leaf senescence; and (e) a sequence complementary to (a), (b), (c) or (d); further in which the polynucleotide sequence is operably linked to a heterologous promoter functional in plants; further wherein expression of the nucleic acid molecule alters the distribution of one or more nutrient in the plant when compared to a plant of the same genotype that lacks the nucleic acid molecule. In some embodiments the nutrient is crude protein. In certain embodiment the plant is an R0 transgenic plant. In other embodiments the plant is a progeny plant of any generation of an R0 transgenic plant, wherein the transgenic plant has the nucleic acid molecule from the R0 transgenic plant. A method wherein the altered distribution of one or more nutrient is a decrease of one or more nutrients in the leaves is another embodiment of the invention.
[0016] In yet other embodiments, such a method is contemplated wherein the plant has altered development or morphology when compared to a plant of the same genotype that lacks the nucleic acid molecule. In a particular embodiment, tthe altered development is altered leaf senescence.
[0017] In yet another aspect, the invention provides a method of producing plant biomass, the method comprising: (a) obtaining a plant comprising the recombinant vector described above; (b) growing the plant under plant growth conditions to produce plant tissue from the plant; and (c) preparing biomass from the plant tissue. In some embodiments the method comprises preparing biomass comprises harvesting the plant tissue. In further embodiments the biomass may be used for biofuel.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0018] The following drawings form part of the present specification and are included to further demonstrate certain aspects of the invention. The invention may be better understood by reference to one or more of these drawings in combination with the detailed description of specific embodiments presented herein:
[0019] FIG. 1: Subcellular localization of VS-1:GFP translational fusion protein. (a) Transient GFP expression in onion epidermal cells transformed by particle bombardment with 35S:GFP as control. (b) Transient GFP expression in onion epidermal cells transformed by particle bombardment with 35S::VS-1:GFP. (c) Structure of gene fusion construct of VS1-GFP in pAVA121 vector.
[0020] FIG. 2: Complementation of the null mutant of AtNAP via constitutive expression. (a) Structure of the T-DNA used for complementation by constitutive expression of AtNAP null mutant plants. The construct was built from pCAMBIA3301 (www.cambia.org; CSIRO, Canberra, AU). The Panicum virgatum VS-1 open reading frame was fused to a 2 kb promoter sequence from AtNAP ("pAtNAP::VS-1") and transformed into the AtNAP mutant. (b) Phenotypic comparisons of detached leaves from wild-type plants ("WT"); AtNAP null plants ("atnap"); AtNAP null mutant plants transformed with pAtNAP:: VS-1 ("atnap+VS-1"); and a negative control ("atnap+GUS"). (c) Phenotype comparison and the chlorophyll contents of detached leaves of wildtype, atnap mutant and complementation transgenics in constitutive expression system. The leaves were incubated in full darkness for 5 days.
[0021] FIG. 3: Complementation of the null mutant of AtNAP via estradiol-inducible expression system. (a) Phenotype comparison and chlorophyll contents of detached leaves of wild-type and transgenic plants of pER-GFP and pER-VS1. The leaves were incubated on filter paper wetted by 1/1000 DMSO (D) or 100 uM estradiol ("EST") (E) under continuous light (120 μmol at 22° C.) for 5 days. (b) Typical phenotype and chlorophyll content of mature leaves from DMSO or EST sprayed pER-GFP and pER-VS1 plants. (c) Induced expression of pvNAC-VS1 by EST in transgenic plants.
[0022] FIG. 4: (a) Sequence alignment of VS-1, AP-2 and AtNAP. (b) Alignment of pvNAC-VS1 encoded protein and several typical NAC TFs with known or supposed function in senescence and or nutrient remobilization. The letters a-b-c-d-e in the figure indicate the five motifs of N-terminal conserved domain in typical NAC TFs (c) Phylogeny of switchgrass VS-1 and representative NACs from rice as well as other known or putative NACs. Phylogenetic tree of pvNAC-VS1 protein and representative NAC TFs from rice and other plants with known or indicative functions. The branch encircled by dashed line was the subfamily containing pvNAC-VS1 (indicated by blue arrow) and NAC TFs either related to senescence in Arabidopsis (AtNAP) (Thimm et al., 2004) or nutrient remobilization in wheat (TtNAM-B1) (Sperotto, 2009) and rice (underlined by blue lines). The phylogenetic tree was produced by DNASTAR MegAlign software.
[0023] FIG. 5: (a) Phenotype of switchgrass young (Y), medium (M) and old (O) tillers and leaves at different position on tillers (T, top; I, intermediate and B, bottom). (b) the expression levels of pvNAC-VS1 in bottom leaves on young, medium and old tillers (YB, MB and OB). (c) the expression levels of pvNAC-VS1 in top, intermediate and bottom leaves on old tillers (OT, OI and OB). (d) the expression levels of pvNAC-VS1 in intermediate leaves which were detached from medium tillers and incubated on wet paper towel under continuous darkness for 0, 3, 6 and 9 days respectively.
[0024] FIG. 6: Crude protein content (%) in seeds of pvNAC-VS1 transgenic Arabidopsis lines and two empty vector control (EVCK). Error bars indicate standard deviation (n=3). (b) The positive relationship between crude protein content of seeds and the relative expression level pvNAC-VS1. Each point in figure represents an independent transgenic line.
[0025] FIG. 7: Relative expression level of pvNAC-VS1, CAB (Chlorophyll a/b binding protein, At1g29930) and SAG12 (Senescence associated gene 12, At5g45890) after spraying of DMSO (1/1000) or estradiol (100 μM) for different time. The expression level of UBQ10 (At4g05320) was used as an internal control.
[0026] FIG. 8: Overview of regulatory network visualized by MapMan 3.5.1 software (Thimm et al., 2004). (a) 6 h after EST treatment, (b) 72 h after EST treatment.
[0027] FIG. 9: Overview of nitrogen metabolism steps regulated by pvNAC-VS1. Genes involved in leaf nitrogen remobilization, GS[GLN1.1 (At5g37600), GLN1.3 (AT3g17820)], Fd-GOGAT (At2g41220) and GDH2 (At5g07440) were up-regulated while NTP2 (nitrate transporter, At2g26690) and GDH1 (At5g18170) were down-regulated.
DESCRIPTION OF SEQUENCE LISTING
[0028] SEQ ID NO:1--cDNA sequence of Panicum virgatum VS-1 SEQ ID NO:2--protein sequence of Panicum virgatum VS-1 SEQ ID NO:3--cDNA sequence of Panicum virgatum AP-2 SEQ ID NO:4--protein sequence of Panicum virgatum AP-2 SEQ ID NO:5--cDNA sequence of Arabidopsis thaliana AtNAP SEQ ID NO:6--protein sequence of Arabidopsis thaliana AtNAP SEQ ID NO:7--sequence of Arabidopsis thaliana AtNAP promoter depicted in FIG. 2A SEQ ID NOs:8-16--primer sequences as described in examples. SEQ ID NOs:17-22--NAC TF peptide sequences aligned in FIG. 4B.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0029] The invention overcomes limitations of the prior art by providing plant genes (pvNAC-VS1 and AP-2) that affect leaf senescence. In certain embodiments, such sequences affect the timing of leaf senescence and/or protein content of seeds. Plants not expressing either pvNAC-VS1 or AP-2 may exhibit delayed or absent leaf senescence. The sequence of pvNAC-VS1 is provided herein as SEQ ID NO:1, with the encoded protein is provided as SEQ ID NO:2. AP-2 is provided herein as SEQ ID NO:3, with the encoded protein as SEQ ID NO:4. It is believed that AtNAP (SEQ ID NO:5 encoding SEQ ID NO:6) is an orthologue of either or both of pvNAC-VS1 or AP-2, by virtue of their very similar structure, and their similar functions demonstrated herein.
[0030] Further, the subcellular localization of pvNAC-VS1, which was found to localize to the nucleus, is consistent with its role as a transcriptional regulator. Induced expression of pvNAC-VS1 demonstrated that genes involved in senescence as well as nitrogen metabolism and mobilization were affected by pvNAC-VS1 expression. Results of constitutive expression of pvNAC-VS1 in transgenic Arabidopsis leaf and seed tissue demonstrated that over-expression of pvNAC-VS1 transcription factor in leaves of a transgenic plant results in increased protein content in seeds of the plant.
[0031] Thus, methods and compositions for enhancing the protein content of plant seeds are provided. Further, methods and compositions of regulating (e.g. hastening) senescence of plant vegetative tissues are also provided, which are of use for efficient production of biomass for biofuel.
I. NUCLEIC ACIDS, POLYPEPTIDES AND PLANT TRANSFORMATION CONSTRUCTS
[0032] Certain embodiments of the current invention concern polynucleotide sequences comprising a pvNAC-VS1 or AP-2 coding sequence. Exemplary coding sequences for use with the invention include SEQ ID NO:1 or 3 encoding the polypeptides of SEQ ID NO:2 or 4, respectively.
[0033] The invention provides a nucleic acid sequence identical over its entire length to each coding sequence provided herein. The invention also provides the coding sequence for the mature polypeptide or a fragment thereof, as well as the coding sequence for the mature polypeptide or a fragment thereof in a reading frame with other coding sequences, such as those encoding a leader or secretory sequence, a pre-, pro-, or prepro-protein sequence. The nucleic acid can also include non-coding sequences, including for example, but not limited to, non-coding 5' and 3' sequences, such as the transcribed, untranslated sequences, termination signals, ribosome binding sites, sequences that stabilize mRNA, introns, polyadenylation signals, and additional coding sequence that encodes additional amino acids. For example, a marker sequence can be included to facilitate the purification of the fused polypeptide. Nucleic acids of the present invention also include nucleic acids comprising a structural gene and the naturally associated sequences that control gene expression.
[0034] Another aspect of the present invention relates to the polypeptide sequences provided herein, as well as polypeptides and fragments thereof, particularly those polypeptides that exhibit VS-1/AP-2 activity and also those polypeptides that have at least 85% identity, more preferably at least 90% identity, and most preferably at least 95% identity to a polypeptide sequence selected from the group of sequences set forth herein, and also include portions of such polypeptides, wherein such portion of the polypeptide preferably includes at least 30 amino acids and more preferably includes at least 50 amino acids.
[0035] "Identity," as is well understood in the art, is a relationship between two or more polypeptide sequences or two or more polynucleotide sequences, as determined by comparing the sequences. In the art, "identity" also means the degree of sequence relatedness between polypeptide or polynucleotide sequences, as determined by the match between strings of such sequences. Methods to determine "identity" are designed to give the largest match between the sequences tested. Moreover, methods to determine identity are codified in publicly available programs. "Identity" can be readily calculated by known methods including, but not limited to, those described in Lesk, ed., (1988); Smith, ed., (1993); Griffin, and Griffin, eds., (1994); von Heinje, (1987); Gribskov and Devereux, eds., (1991); and Carillo and Lipman, (1988). Computer programs can be used to determine "identity" between two sequences these programs include but are not limited to, GCG (Devereux, 1984); suite of five BLAST programs, three designed for nucleotide sequences queries (BLASTN, BLASTX, and TBLASTX) and two designed for protein sequence queries (BLASTP and TBLASTN) (Coulson, 1994; Birren, et al., 1997). The BLASTX program is publicly available from NCBI and other sources (BLAST Manual, Altschul, S., et al., NCBI NLM NIH, Bethesda, Md. 20894; Altschul, S., et al., 1990). The well known Smith Waterman algorithm can also be used to determine identity.
[0036] Parameters for polypeptide sequence comparison include the following: Algorithm: Needleman and Wunsch (1970); Comparison matrix: BLOSUM62 from Hentikoff and Hentikoff, (1992); Gap Penalty: 12; and Gap Length Penalty: 4. A program which can be used with these parameters is publicly available as the "gap" program from Genetics Computer Group, Madison Wis. The above parameters along with no penalty for end gap may serve as default parameters for peptide comparisons.
[0037] Parameters for nucleic acid sequence comparison include the following: Algorithm: Needleman and Wunsch (1970); Comparison matrix: matches=+10; mismatches=0; Gap Penalty: 50; and Gap Length Penalty: 3. A program which can be used with these parameters is publicly available as the "gap" program from Genetics Computer Group, Madison Wis. The above parameters may serve as the default parameters for nucleic acid comparisons.
[0038] It is further recognized that a polypeptide at least 85%, 90%, 92%, 95%, or 98% identical to SEQ ID NO:2 or 4 that is a VS-1 or AP-2 (i.e., modifies plant development or morphology, especially leaf senescence) could be readily identified as such by the skilled artisan by comparison of the polypeptide sequence with SEQ ID NO:2 or 4, since the sequences provided in the Examples establish regions having conserved or identical amino acid sequences, which would be expected to also be conserved in an orthologue to retain activity. Areas where amino acid residues are conserved or identical can be identified without undue experimentation in FIG. 3A, pointing out residues that are likely to be important for activity. Further, nucleic acid sequences encoding VS-1 or AP-2 can be identified without undue experimentation by determining the encoded amino acid sequence and comparing that amino acid sequence with the nine sequences provided in FIG. 3.
[0039] Provided herein are also nucleic acids capable of hybridizing to the nucleic acid sequences identified herein, for example, of SEQ ID NO:1 or 3. As used herein, "hybridization," "hybridizes" or "capable of hybridizing" is understood to mean the forming of a double- or triple-stranded molecule or a molecule with partial double- or triple-stranded nature. Such hybridization may take place under relatively high-stringency conditions, including low salt and/or high temperature conditions, such as provided by a wash in about 0.02 M to about 0.15 M NaCl at temperatures of about 50° C. to about 70° C. for 10 min. In one embodiment of the invention, the conditions are 0.15 M NaCl and 70° C. Stringent conditions tolerate little mismatch between a nucleic acid and a target strand. Such conditions are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art, and are preferred for applications requiring high selectivity. Non-limiting applications include isolating a nucleic acid, such as a gene or a nucleic acid segment thereof, or detecting at least one specific mRNA transcript or a nucleic acid segment thereof, and the like. In some embodiments, the sequence encodes a protein that modifies plant leaf senescence, as discussed above. Complements to any of the above-described nucleic acid sequences are also provided.
[0040] The nucleic acids provided herein can be from any source, e.g., identified as naturally occurring in a plant, or synthesized, e.g., by mutagenesis of known sequences SEQ ID NO:1 or 3, or sequences encoding SEQ ID NO:2 or 4. Where naturally occurring in a plant, the invention contemplates a naturally occurring sequence from any plant. In some embodiments, the plant is a dicotyledonous plant, for example a poplar, a willow, a eucalyptus, a hemp, a Medicago sp., a Lotus sp., a Trifolium sp., a Melilotus sp., a Vinca sp., a Nicotiana sp., a Vitis sp., a Ricinus sp., or a Glycine sp. In other embodiments, the plant is a monocotyledonous plant, for example a rice, a wheat, a barley, a maize, a switchgrass, an oat, a sugarcane, a rye or a sorghum.
[0041] Coding sequences may be provided in a recombinant vector operably linked to a heterologous promoter functional in plants, in either sense or antisense orientation. Expression constructs are also provided comprising these sequences, including antisense oligonucleotides thereof, as are plants and plant cells transformed with the sequences. The construction of vectors which may be employed in conjunction with plant transformation techniques using these or other sequences according to the invention will be known to those of skill of the art in light of the present disclosure (see, for example, Sambrook et al., 1989; Gelvin et al., 1990). The techniques of the current invention are thus not limited to any particular nucleic acid sequences.
[0042] The choice of any additional elements used in conjunction with the VS-1 or AP-2 coding sequences will often depend on the purpose of the transformation. One of the major purposes of transformation of crop plants is to add commercially desirable, agronomically important traits to the plant, as described above.
[0043] Vectors used for plant transformation may include, for example, plasmids, cosmids, YACs (yeast artificial chromosomes), BACs (bacterial artificial chromosomes) or any other suitable cloning system, as well as fragments of DNA therefrom. Thus when the term "vector" or "expression vector" is used, all of the foregoing types of vectors, as well as nucleic acid sequences isolated therefrom, are included. It is contemplated that utilization of cloning systems with large insert capacities will allow introduction of large DNA sequences comprising more than one selected gene. In accordance with the invention, this could be used to introduce genes corresponding to, e.g., an entire biosynthetic pathway, into a plant.
[0044] Particularly useful for transformation are expression cassettes which have been isolated from such vectors. DNA segments used for transforming plant cells will generally comprise the cDNA, gene or genes which one desires to introduce into and have expressed in the host cells. These DNA segments can further include structures such as promoters, enhancers, polylinkers, or even regulatory genes as desired. The DNA segment or gene chosen for cellular introduction will often encode a protein which will be expressed in the resultant recombinant cells resulting in a screenable or selectable trait and/or which will impart an improved phenotype to the resulting transgenic plant. Preferred components likely to be included with vectors used in the current invention are as follows.
[0045] A. Regulatory Elements
[0046] Exemplary promoters for expression of a nucleic acid sequence include plant promoters such as the CaMV 35S promoter (Odell et al., 1985), or others such as CaMV 19S (Lawton et al., 1987), nos (Ebert et al., 1987), Adh (Walker et al., 1987), sucrose synthase (Yang and Russell, 1990), α-tubulin, actin (Wang et al., 1992), cab (Sullivan et al., 1989), PEPCase (Hudspeth and Grula, 1989) or those promoters associated with the R gene complex (Chandler et al., 1989). Tissue-specific promoters such as leaf specific promoters, or tissue selective promoters (e.g., promoters that direct greater expression in leaf primordia than in other tissues), and tissue-specific enhancers (Fromm et al., 1986) are also contemplated to be useful, as are inducible promoters such as ABA- and turgor-inducible promoters. In one embodiment of the invention, the CaMV 35S promoter is used to express VS-1 or AP-2 coding sequences.
[0047] The DNA sequence between the transcription initiation site and the start of the coding sequence, i.e., the untranslated leader sequence, can also influence gene expression. One may thus wish to employ a particular leader sequence with a transformation construct of the invention. Preferred leader sequences are contemplated to include those which comprise sequences predicted to direct optimum expression of the attached gene, i.e., to include a preferred consensus leader sequence which may increase or maintain mRNA stability and prevent inappropriate initiation of translation. The choice of such sequences will be known to those of skill in the art in light of the present disclosure. Sequences that are derived from genes that are highly expressed in plants will typically be preferred.
[0048] It is envisioned that VS-1 or AP-2 coding sequences may be introduced under the control of novel promoters, enhancers, etc., or homologous or tissue-specific or tissue-selective promoters or control elements. Vectors for use in tissue-specific targeting of genes in transgenic plants will typically include tissue-specific or tissue-selective promoters and may also include other tissue-specific or tissue-selective control elements such as enhancer sequences. Promoters which direct specific or enhanced expression in certain plant tissues will be known to those of skill in the art in light of the present disclosure. These include, for example, the rbcS promoter, specific for green tissue; the ocs, nos and mas promoters which have higher activity in roots.
[0049] B. Terminators
[0050] Transformation constructs prepared in accordance with the invention will typically include a 3' end DNA sequence that acts as a signal to terminate transcription and allow for the polyadenylation of the mRNA produced by coding sequences operably linked to a promoter. In one embodiment of the invention, the native terminator of a VS-1 or AP-2 coding sequence is used. Alternatively, a heterologous 3' end may enhance the expression of sense or antisense VS-1 or AP-2 coding sequences. Examples of terminators that may be used in this context include those from the nopaline synthase gene of Agrobacterium tumefaciens (nos 3' end) (Bevan et al., 1983), the terminator for the T7 transcript from the octopine synthase gene of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and the 3' end of the protease inhibitor I or II gene from potato or tomato. Regulatory elements such as an Adh intron (Callis et al., 1987), sucrose synthase intron (Vasil et al., 1989) or TMV omega element (Gallie et al., 1989), may further be included where desired.
[0051] C. Transit or Signal Peptides
[0052] Sequences that are joined to the coding sequence of an expressed gene, which are removed post-translationally from the initial translation product and which facilitate the transport of the protein into or through intracellular or extracellular membranes, are termed transit (usually into vacuoles, vesicles, plastids and other intracellular organelles) and signal sequences (usually to the endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus and outside of the cellular membrane). By facilitating the transport of the protein into compartments inside and outside the cell, these sequences may increase the accumulation of gene products by protecting them from proteolytic degradation. These sequences also allow for additional mRNA sequences from highly expressed genes to be attached to the coding sequence of the genes. Since mRNA being translated by ribosomes is more stable than naked mRNA, the presence of translatable mRNA in front of the gene may increase the overall stability of the mRNA transcript from the gene and thereby increase synthesis of the gene product. Since transit and signal sequences are usually post-translationally removed from the initial translation product, the use of these sequences allows for the addition of extra translated sequences that may not appear on the final polypeptide. It further is contemplated that targeting of certain proteins may be desirable in order to enhance the stability of the protein (U.S. Pat. No. 5,545,818, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).
[0053] Additionally, vectors may be constructed and employed in the intracellular targeting of a specific gene product within the cells of a transgenic plant or in directing a protein to the extracellular environment. This generally will be achieved by joining a DNA sequence encoding a transit or signal peptide sequence to the coding sequence of a particular gene. The resultant transit or signal peptide will transport the protein to a particular intracellular or extracellular destination, respectively, and will then be post-translationally removed.
[0054] D. Marker Genes
[0055] By employing a selectable or screenable marker, one can provide or enhance the ability to identify transformants. "Marker genes" are genes that impart a distinct phenotype to cells expressing the marker protein and thus allow such transformed cells to be distinguished from cells that do not have the marker. Such genes may encode either a selectable or screenable marker, depending on whether the marker confers a trait which one can "select" for by chemical means, i.e., through the use of a selective agent (e.g., a herbicide, antibiotic, or the like), or whether it is simply a trait that one can identify through observation or testing, i.e., by "screening" (e.g., the green fluorescent protein). Of course, many examples of suitable marker proteins are known to the art and can be employed in the practice of the invention.
[0056] Many selectable marker coding regions are known and could be used with the present invention including, but not limited to, neo (Potrykus et al., 1985), which provides kanamycin resistance and can be selected for using kanamycin, G418, paromomycin, etc.; bar, which confers bialaphos or phosphinothricin resistance; a mutant EPSP synthase protein (Hinchee et al., 1988) conferring glyphosate resistance; a nitrilase such as bxn from Klebsiella ozaenae which confers resistance to bromoxynil (Stalker et al., 1988); a mutant acetolactate synthase (ALS) which confers resistance to imidazolinone, sulfonylurea or other ALS inhibiting chemicals (European Patent Application 154, 204, 1985); a methotrexate resistant DHFR (Thillet et al., 1988), a dalapon dehalogenase that confers resistance to the herbicide dalapon; or a mutated anthranilate synthase that confers resistance to 5-methyl tryptophan.
[0057] An illustrative embodiment of selectable marker capable of being used in systems to select transformants are those that encode the enzyme phosphinothricin acetyltransferase, such as the bar gene from Streptomyces hygroscopicus or the pat gene from Streptomyces viridochromogenes. The enzyme phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT) inactivates the active ingredient in the herbicide bialaphos, phosphinothricin (PPT). PPT inhibits glutamine synthetase, (Murakami et al., 1986; Twell et al., 1989) causing rapid accumulation of ammonia and cell death.
[0058] One beneficial use of the sequences provided by the invention will be in the alteration of plant phenotypes by genetic transformation with VS-1 or AP-2 coding sequences. The VS-1 or AP-2 coding sequence may be provided with other sequences. Where an expressible coding region that is not necessarily a marker coding region is employed in combination with a marker coding region, one may employ the separate coding regions on either the same or different DNA segments for transformation. In the latter case, the different vectors are delivered concurrently to recipient cells to maximize cotransformation.
II. GENETIC TRANSFORMATION
[0059] Additionally provided herein are transgenic plants transformed with the above-identified recombinant vector encoding an VS-1 or AP-2, or a sequence modulating expression thereof.
[0060] Suitable methods for transformation of plant or other cells for use with the current invention are believed to include virtually any method by which DNA can be introduced into a cell, such as by direct delivery of DNA such as by PEG-mediated transformation of protoplasts (Omirulleh et al., 1993), by desiccation/inhibition-mediated DNA uptake (Potrykus et al., 1985), by electroporation (U.S. Pat. No. 5,384,253, specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), by agitation with silicon carbide fibers (Kaeppler et al., 1990; U.S. Pat. No. 5,302,523, specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,464,765, specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,616 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,055; both specifically incorporated herein by reference) and by acceleration of DNA coated particles (U.S. Pat. No. 5,550,318; U.S. Pat. No. 5,538,877; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,538,880; each specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), etc. Through the application of techniques such as these, the cells of virtually any plant species may be stably transformed, and these cells developed into transgenic plants.
[0061] Agrobacterium-mediated transfer is a widely applicable system for introducing genes into plant cells because the DNA can be introduced into whole plant tissues, thereby bypassing the need for regeneration of an intact plant from a protoplast. The use of Agrobacterium-mediated plant integrating vectors to introduce DNA into plant cells is well known in the art. See, for example, the methods described by Fraley et al., (1985), Rogers et al., (1987) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,055, specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0062] Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is most efficient in dicotyledonous plants and is the preferable method for transformation of dicots, including Arabidopsis, tobacco, tomato, alfalfa and potato. Indeed, while Agrobacterium-mediated transformation has been routinely used with dicotyledonous plants for a number of years, including alfalfa (Thomas et al., 1990), it has only recently become applicable to monocotyledonous plants. Advances in Agrobacterium-mediated transformation techniques have now made the technique applicable to nearly all monocotyledonous plants. For example, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation techniques have now been applied to rice (Hiei et al., 1997; U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,616, specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), wheat (McCormac et al., 1998), barley (Tingay et al., 1997; McCormac et al., 1998), maize (Ishidia et al., 1996) and switchgrass (P. virgatum L., Somleva et al., 2002).
[0063] Modern Agrobacterium transformation vectors are capable of replication in E. coli as well as Agrobacterium, allowing for convenient manipulations as described (Klee et al., 1985). Moreover, recent technological advances in vectors for Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer have improved the arrangement of genes and restriction sites in the vectors to facilitate the construction of vectors capable of expressing various polypeptide coding genes. The vectors described (Rogers et al., 1987) have convenient multi-linker regions flanked by a promoter and a polyadenylation site for direct expression of inserted polypeptide coding genes and are suitable for present purposes. Gateway® and other recombination-based cloning technology is also available in vectors useful for plant transformation. In addition, Agrobacterium containing both armed and disarmed Ti genes can be used for the transformations. In those plant strains where Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is efficient, it is the method of choice because of the facile and defined nature of the gene transfer.
[0064] One also may employ protoplasts for electroporation transformation of plants (Bates, 1994; Lazzeri, 1995). For example, the generation of transgenic soybean plants by electroporation of cotyledon-derived protoplasts is described by Dhir and Widholm in Intl. Patent Appl. Publ. No. WO 9217598 (specifically incorporated herein by reference). Other examples of species for which protoplast transformation has been described include barley (Lazerri, 1995), sorghum (Battraw et al., 1991), maize (Bhattacharjee et al., 1997), wheat (He et al., 1994) and tomato (Tsukada, 1989).
[0065] Another method for delivering transforming DNA segments to plant cells in accordance with the invention is microprojectile bombardment (U.S. Pat. No. 5,550,318; U.S. Pat. No. 5,538,880; U.S. Pat. No. 5,610,042; and PCT Application WO 94/09699; each of which is specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). In this method, particles may be coated with nucleic acids and delivered into cells by a propelling force. Exemplary particles include those comprised of tungsten, platinum, and preferably, gold. It is contemplated that in some instances DNA precipitation onto metal particles would not be necessary for DNA delivery to a recipient cell using microprojectile bombardment. However, it is contemplated that particles may contain DNA rather than be coated with DNA. Hence, it is proposed that DNA-coated particles may increase the level of DNA delivery via particle bombardment but are not, in and of themselves, necessary.
[0066] An illustrative embodiment of a method for delivering DNA into plant cells by acceleration is the Biolistics Particle Delivery System, which can be used to propel particles coated with DNA or cells through a screen, such as a stainless steel or Nytex screen, onto a filter surface covered with monocot plant cells cultured in suspension. The screen disperses the particles so that they are not delivered to the recipient cells in large aggregates. Microprojectile bombardment techniques are widely applicable, and may be used to transform virtually any plant species. Examples of species for which have been transformed by microprojectile bombardment include monocot species such as maize (PCT Application WO 95/06128), barley (Ritala et al., 1994; Hensgens et al., 1993), wheat (U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,055, specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), rice (Hensgens et al., 1993), oat (Torbet et al., 1995; Torbet et al., 1998), rye (Hensgens et al., 1993), sugarcane (Bower et al., 1992), and sorghum (Casa et al., 1993; Hagio et al., 1991); as well as a number of dicots including tobacco (Tomes et al., 1990; Buising and Benbow, 1994), soybean (U.S. Pat. No. 5,322,783, specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), sunflower (Knittel et al. 1994), peanut (Singsit et al., 1997), cotton (McCabe and Martinell, 1993), tomato (VanEck et al. 1995), and legumes in general (U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,055, specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).
[0067] The transgenic plants of the present invention expressing heterologous VS-1 or AP-2 can be of any species. In some embodiments, the transgenic plant is a dicotyledonous plant, for example a plant used in biomass and forage crop production such as a poplar, a willow, a eucalyptus, a hemp, a Medicago sp., a Lotus sp., a Trifolium sp., a Melilotus sp., a Vinca sp., a Nicotiana sp., a Vitis sp., a Ricinus sp., or a Glycine sp. In other embodiments, the plant is a monocotyledonous plant, for example a rice, a wheat, a barley, a maize, a switchgrass, an oat, a sugarcane, a rye or a sorghum. The plant can be an R0 transgenic plant (i.e., a plant derived from the original transformed tissue). The plant can also be a progeny plant of any generation of an R0 transgenic plant, wherein the transgenic plant has the nucleic acid sequence from the R0 transgenic plant.
[0068] Seeds of the above-described transgenic plant are also contemplated, particularly where the seed comprises the nucleic acid sequence. Additionally contemplated are host cells transformed with the above-identified recombinant vector. In some embodiments, the host cell is a plant cell.
[0069] Application of these systems to different plant strains depends upon the ability to regenerate that particular plant strain from protoplasts. Illustrative methods for the regeneration of cereals from protoplasts have been described (Toriyama et al., 1986; Yamada et al., 1986; Abdullah et al., 1986; Omirulleh et al., 1993 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,508,184; each specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Examples of the use of direct uptake transformation of cereal protoplasts include transformation of rice (Ghosh-Biswas et al., 1994), sorghum (Battraw and Hall, 1991), barley (Lazzeri, 1995), oat (Zheng and Edwards, 1990) and maize (Omirulleh et al., 1993).
[0070] Tissue cultures may be used in certain transformation techniques for the preparation of cells for transformation and for the regeneration of plants therefrom. Maintenance of tissue cultures requires use of media and controlled environments. "Media" refers to the numerous nutrient mixtures that are used to grow cells in vitro, that is, outside of the intact living organism. A medium usually is a suspension of various categories of ingredients (salts, amino acids, growth regulators, sugars, buffers) that are required for growth of most cell types. However, each specific cell type requires a specific range of ingredient proportions for growth, and an even more specific range of formulas for optimum growth. The rate of cell growth also will vary among cultures initiated with the array of media that permit growth of that cell type.
[0071] Tissue that can be grown in a culture includes meristem cells, Type I, Type II, and Type III callus, immature embryos and gametic cells such as microspores, pollen, sperm and egg cells. Type I, Type II, and Type III callus may be initiated from tissue sources including, but not limited to, immature embryos, seedling apical meristems, root, leaf, microspores and the like. Those cells which are capable of proliferating as callus also are recipient cells for genetic transformation.
[0072] Somatic cells are of various types. Embryogenic cells are one example of somatic cells which may be induced to regenerate a plant through embryo formation. Non-embryogenic cells are those which typically will not respond in such a fashion. Certain techniques may be used that enrich recipient cells within a cell population. For example, Type II callus development, followed by manual selection and culture of friable, embryogenic tissue, generally results in an enrichment of cells. Manual selection techniques which can be employed to select target cells may include, e.g., assessing cell morphology and differentiation, or may use various physical or biological means. Cryopreservation also is a possible method of selecting for recipient cells.
III. PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF STABLY TRANSFORMED PLANTS
[0073] After effecting delivery of exogenous DNA to recipient cells, the next steps generally concern identifying the transformed cells for further culturing and plant regeneration. In order to improve the ability to identify transformants, one may desire to employ a selectable or screenable marker gene with a transformation vector prepared in accordance with the invention. In this case, one would then generally assay the potentially transformed cell population by exposing the cells to a selective agent or agents, or one would screen the cells for the desired marker gene trait.
[0074] It is believed that DNA is introduced into only a small percentage of target cells in any one study. In order to provide an efficient system for identification of those cells receiving DNA and integrating it into their genomes one may employ a means for selecting those cells that are stably transformed. One exemplary embodiment of such a method is to introduce, into the host cell, a marker gene which confers resistance to some normally inhibitory agent, such as an antibiotic or herbicide. Examples of antibiotics which may be used include the aminoglycoside antibiotics neomycin, kanamycin and paromomycin, or the antibiotic hygromycin. Resistance to the aminoglycoside antibiotics is conferred by aminoglycoside phosphostransferase enzymes such as neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPT II) or NPT I, whereas resistance to hygromycin is conferred by hygromycin phosphotransferase.
[0075] Potentially transformed cells then are exposed to the selective agent. In the population of surviving cells will be those cells where, generally, the resistance-conferring gene has been integrated and expressed at sufficient levels to permit cell survival. Cells may be tested further to confirm stable integration of the exogenous DNA.
[0076] One herbicide which constitutes a desirable selection agent is the broad-spectrum herbicide bialaphos. Another example of a herbicide which is useful for selection of transformed cell lines in the practice of the invention is the broad-spectrum herbicide glyphosate. Glyphosate inhibits the action of the enzyme EPSPS which is active in the aromatic amino acid biosynthetic pathway. Inhibition of this enzyme leads to starvation for the amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan and secondary metabolites derived therefrom. U.S. Pat. No. 4,535,060 describes the isolation of EPSPS mutations which confer glyphosate resistance on the EPSPS of Salmonella typhimurium, encoded by the gene aroA. The EPSPS gene from Zea mays was cloned and mutations similar to those found in a glyphosate resistant aroA gene were introduced in vitro. Mutant genes encoding glyphosate resistant EPSPS enzymes are described in, for example, International Patent WO 97/4103.
[0077] To use the bar-bialaphos or the EPSPS-glyphosate selective system, transformed tissue is cultured for 0-28 days on nonselective medium and subsequently transferred to medium containing from 1-3 mg/l bialaphos or 1-3 mM glyphosate as appropriate. While ranges of 1-3 mg/l bialaphos or 1-3 mM glyphosate will typically be preferred, it is proposed that ranges of 0.1-50 mg/l bialaphos or 0.1-50 mM glyphosate will find utility.
[0078] Cells that survive the exposure to the selective agent, or cells that have been scored positive in a screening assay, may be cultured in media that supports regeneration of plants. In an exemplary embodiment, MS and N6 media may be modified by including further substances such as growth regulators. One such growth regulator is dicamba or 2,4-D. However, other growth regulators may be employed, including NAA, NAA+2,4-D or picloram. Media improvement in these and like ways has been found to facilitate the growth of cells at specific developmental stages. Tissue may be maintained on a basic media with growth regulators until sufficient tissue is available to begin plant regeneration efforts, or following repeated rounds of manual selection, until the morphology of the tissue is suitable for regeneration, at least 2 weeks, then transferred to media conducive to maturation of embryoids. Cultures are transferred every 2 weeks on this medium. Shoot development will signal the time to transfer to medium lacking growth regulators.
[0079] The transformed cells, identified by selection or screening and cultured in an appropriate medium that supports regeneration, will then be allowed to mature into plants. Developing plantlets are transferred to soiless plant growth mix, and hardened, e.g., in an environmentally controlled chamber, for example, at about 85% relative humidity, 600 ppm CO2, and 25-250 microeinsteins m-2 s-1 of light. Plants may be matured in a growth chamber or greenhouse. Plants can be regenerated in from about 6 weeks to 10 months after a transformant is identified, depending on the initial tissue. During regeneration, cells are grown on solid media in tissue culture vessels. Illustrative embodiments of such vessels are petri dishes and Plant Cons. Regenerating plants can be grown at about 19 to 28° C. After the regenerating plants have reached the stage of shoot and root development, they may be transferred to a greenhouse for further growth and testing.
[0080] To confirm the presence of the exogenous DNA or "transgene(s)" in the regenerating plants, a variety of assays may be performed. Such assays include, for example, "molecular biological" assays, such as Southern and Northern blotting and PCR®; "biochemical" assays, such as detecting the presence of a protein product, e.g., by immunological means (ELISAs and Western blots) or by enzymatic function; plant part assays, such as leaf or root assays; and also, by analyzing the phenotype of the whole regenerated plant.
[0081] Positive proof of DNA integration into the host genome and the independent identities of transformants may be determined using the technique of Southern hybridization. Using this technique specific DNA sequences that were introduced into the host genome and flanking host DNA sequences can be identified. Hence the Southern hybridization pattern of a given transformant serves as an identifying characteristic of that transformant. In addition it is possible through Southern hybridization to demonstrate the presence of introduced genes in high molecular weight DNA, i.e., confirm that the introduced gene has been integrated into the host cell genome. The technique of Southern hybridization provides information that is obtained using PCR®, e.g., the presence of a gene, but also demonstrates integration into the genome and characterizes each individual transformant.
[0082] Both PCR® and Southern hybridization techniques can be used to demonstrate transmission of a transgene to progeny. In most instances the characteristic Southern hybridization pattern for a given transformant will segregate in progeny as one or more Mendelian genes (Spencer et al., 1992) indicating stable inheritance of the transgene.
[0083] Whereas DNA analysis techniques may be conducted using DNA isolated from any part of a plant, RNA will only be expressed in particular cells or tissue types and hence it will be necessary to prepare RNA for analysis from these tissues. PCR® techniques also may be used for detection and quantitation of RNA produced from introduced genes. In this application of PCR® it is first necessary to reverse transcribe RNA into DNA, using enzymes such as reverse transcriptase, and then through the use of conventional PCR® techniques amplify the DNA. In most instances PCR® techniques, while useful, will not demonstrate integrity of the RNA product. Further information about the nature of the RNA product may be obtained by Northern blotting. This technique will demonstrate the presence of an RNA species and give information about the integrity of that RNA. The presence or absence of an RNA species also can be determined using dot or slot blot northern hybridizations. These techniques are modifications of northern blotting and will only demonstrate the presence or absence of an RNA species.
[0084] Very frequently the expression of a gene product is determined by evaluating the phenotypic results of its expression. These assays also may take many forms including but not limited to analyzing changes in the chemical composition, morphology, or physiological properties of the plant. Chemical composition may be altered by expression of genes encoding enzymes or storage proteins which change amino acid composition and may be detected by amino acid analysis, or by enzymes which change starch quantity which may be analyzed by near infrared reflectance spectrometry. Morphological changes may include greater stature or thicker stalks. Most often changes in response of plants or plant parts to imposed treatments are evaluated under carefully controlled conditions termed bioassays.
IV. EVALUATION OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF NUTRIENTS
[0085] As previously discussed, modulation of the expression of VS-1 or AP-2 is expected to affect leaf senescence. Thus, a method of altering the distribution of one or more nutrients in a plant is provided. The method comprises expressing in the plant the above-identified recombinant vector comprising a VS-1 or AP-2 coding region, where the expression of the nucleic acid sequence alters the distribution of one or more nutrients in the plant when compared to a plant of the same genotype that lacks the nucleic acid sequence. In these embodiments, the plant can be the R0 transgenic plant. Alternatively, the plant can be a progeny plant of any generation of an R0 transgenic plant, where the transgenic plant has the nucleic acid sequence from the R0 transgenic plant.
[0086] In some of these embodiments, the plant has altered development or morphology when compared to a plant of the same genotype that lacks the nucleic acid sequence. An example of altered development or morphology that can be observed in the plants of these methods is altered leaf senescence.
[0087] The plants with modulated expression of VS-1 or AP-2 can also be used to produce plant biomass, for example by obtaining the above-identified plant expressing a heterologous VS-1 or AP-2, growing said plant under plant growth conditions to produce plant tissue from the plant; and preparing biomass from said plant tissue. The biomass can be subsequently used for any purpose, for example to produce biofuel.
V. BREEDING PLANTS OF THE INVENTION
[0088] In addition to direct transformation of a particular plant genotype with a construct prepared according to the current invention, transgenic plants may be made by crossing a plant having a selected DNA of the invention to a second plant lacking the construct. For example, a selected VS-1 or AP-2 coding sequence can be introduced into a particular plant variety by crossing, without the need for ever directly transforming a plant of that given variety. Therefore, the current invention not only encompasses a plant directly transformed or regenerated from cells which have been transformed in accordance with the current invention, but also the progeny of such plants. As used herein, the term "progeny" denotes the offspring of any generation of a parent plant prepared in accordance with the instant invention, wherein the progeny comprises a selected DNA construct prepared in accordance with the invention. "Crossing" a plant to provide a plant line having one or more added transgenes relative to a starting plant line, as disclosed herein, is defined as the techniques that result in a transgene of the invention being introduced into a plant line by crossing a plant of a starting line with a plant of a donor plant line that comprises a transgene of the invention. To achieve this one could, for example, perform the following steps:
[0089] (a) plant seeds of the first (starting line) and second (donor plant line that comprises a transgene of the invention) parent plants;
[0090] (b) grow the seeds of the first and second parent plants into plants that bear flowers;
[0091] (c) pollinate a flower from the first parent plant with pollen from the second parent plant; and
[0092] (d) harvest seeds produced on the parent plant bearing the fertilized flower.
[0093] Backcrossing is herein defined as the process including the steps of:
[0094] (a) crossing a plant of a first genotype containing a desired gene, DNA sequence or element to a plant of a second genotype lacking the desired gene, DNA sequence or element;
[0095] (b) selecting one or more progeny plant containing the desired gene, DNA sequence or element;
[0096] (c) crossing the progeny plant to a plant of the second genotype; and
[0097] (d) repeating steps (b) and (c) for the purpose of transferring a desired DNA sequence from a plant of a first genotype to a plant of a second genotype.
[0098] Introgression of a DNA element into a plant genotype is defined as the result of the process of backcross conversion. A plant genotype into which a DNA sequence has been introgressed may be referred to as a backcross converted genotype, line, inbred, or hybrid. Similarly a plant genotype lacking the desired DNA sequence may be referred to as an unconverted genotype, line, inbred, or hybrid.
VI. DEFINITIONS
[0099] Expression: The combination of intracellular processes, including transcription and translation, undergone by a coding DNA molecule such as a structural gene to produce a polypeptide.
[0100] Genetic Transformation: A process of introducing a DNA sequence or construct (e.g., a vector or expression cassette) into a cell or protoplast in which that exogenous DNA is incorporated into a chromosome or is capable of autonomous replication.
[0101] Heterologous: A sequence which is not normally present in a given host genome in the genetic context in which the sequence is currently found. In this respect, the sequence may be native to the host genome, but be rearranged with respect to other genetic sequences within the host sequence. For example, a regulatory sequence may be heterologous in that it is linked to a different coding sequence relative to the native regulatory sequence.
[0102] Obtaining: When used in conjunction with a transgenic plant cell or transgenic plant, obtaining means either transforming a non-transgenic plant cell or plant to create the transgenic plant cell or plant, or planting transgenic plant seed to produce the transgenic plant cell or plant. Such a transgenic plant seed may be from an R0 transgenic plant or may be from a progeny of any generation thereof that inherits a given transgenic sequence from a starting transgenic parent plant.
[0103] Promoter: A recognition site on a DNA sequence or group of DNA sequences that provides an expression control element for a structural gene and to which RNA polymerase specifically binds and initiates RNA synthesis (transcription) of that gene.
[0104] R0 transgenic plant: A plant that has been genetically transformed or has been regenerated from a plant cell or cells that have been genetically transformed.
[0105] Regeneration: The process of growing a plant from a plant cell (e.g., plant protoplast, callus or explant).
[0106] Selected DNA: A DNA segment which one desires to introduce or has introduced into a plant genome by genetic transformation.
[0107] Plant senescence: The process of aging in plant tissues. During senescence, metabolites from senescing tissues such as leaves may be remobilized to other parts of a plant, such as seeds, for use or storage. Hastening the senescence process may also allow for earlier harvest of biomass for biofuel.
[0108] Transformation construct: A chimeric DNA molecule which is designed for introduction into a host genome by genetic transformation. Preferred transformation constructs will comprise all of the genetic elements necessary to direct the expression of one or more exogenous genes. In particular embodiments of the instant invention, it may be desirable to introduce a transformation construct into a host cell in the form of an expression cassette.
[0109] Transformed cell: A cell in which the DNA complement has been altered by the introduction of an exogenous DNA molecule into that cell.
[0110] Transgene: A segment of DNA which has been incorporated into a host genome or is capable of autonomous replication in a host cell and is capable of causing the expression of one or more coding sequences. Exemplary transgenes will provide the host cell, or plants regenerated therefrom, with a novel phenotype relative to the corresponding non-transformed cell or plant. Transgenes may be directly introduced into a plant by genetic transformation, or may be inherited from a plant of any previous generation which was transformed with the DNA segment.
[0111] Transgenic plant: A plant or progeny plant of any subsequent generation derived therefrom, wherein the DNA of the plant or progeny thereof contains an introduced exogenous DNA segment not naturally present in a non-transgenic plant of the same strain. The transgenic plant may additionally contain sequences which are native to the plant being transformed, but wherein the "exogenous" gene has been altered in order to alter the level or pattern of expression of the gene, for example, by use of one or more heterologous regulatory or other elements.
[0112] Vector: A DNA molecule designed for transformation into a host cell. Some vectors may be capable of replication in a host cell. A plasmid is an exemplary vector, as are expression cassettes isolated therefrom.
VII. EXAMPLES
[0113] The following examples are included to demonstrate preferred embodiments of the invention. It should be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the techniques disclosed in the examples which follow represent techniques discovered by the inventors to function well in the practice of the invention, and thus can be considered to constitute preferred modes for its practice. However, those of skill in the art should, in light of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific embodiments which are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the concept, spirit and scope of the invention. More specifically, it will be apparent that certain agents which are both chemically and physiologically related may be substituted for the agents described herein while the same or similar results would be achieved. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and concept of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Example 1
Subcellular Localization of the VS-1 and AP-2 Proteins of Panicum virgatum
[0114] The present inventors have isolated two genes, VS-1 and AP-2 (SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO:3), with homology to NAC family transcription factors from Panicum virgatum (switchgrass). These genes were identified by extracting total RNA from senescent leaves of switchgrass cultivar Summer VS16 or AP13 plants. Plants were propagated by asexual culture of nodal tissue and grown in the greenhouse at a temperature range of about 25-29° C., with a 16-h light period from 0600 to 2200 hours facilitated by supplementary lighting and with relative humidity around 50%. Arabidopsis ecotype Columbia-0 was used as wild type. A T-DNA insertion mutant atnap (At1g69490) (Guo & Gan, 2006) was obtained from the Arabidopsis Biological Resource Center (Ohio State University). The homozygous mutant was confirmed by PCR using genomic DNA prepared from wild-type or mutant plants as a template with two gene-specific primers, forward 5'-GAAATGAAACAAGATACACAAAGTCAC-3' (SEQ ID NO:8), and reverse 5'-AAGCTTCGGCCTAAGTGTCAC-3' (SEQ ID NO:9), and a T-DNA left border primer 5'-ATTTTGCCGATTTCGGAAC-3' (SEQ ID NO:10).
[0115] Senescent leaves with yellowing tips of switchgrass VS16 plants were used for total RNA extraction using TRIZOL (Invitrogen, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Purified RNA was treated with RNase-free DNase I (QIAGEN, Valencia, Calif., USA). First strand cDNA was synthesized by Superscript® III reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen, USA) with 2 μg purified total RNA as template. The cDNA was used as template to conduct 5' and 3'-RACE (Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends) (FirstChoice® RLM-RACE Kit, Ambion, USA). The two inner primers for 5'-RACE were: 5'-ACTCGTGCATGATCCAGTYKGT-3' (SEQ ID NO:11) and 5'-KCGGGSWGAAGAAGTACCACTC-3' (SEQ ID NO:12). The 3'-RACE was conducted with two forward primers: 5'-TCGACCTCTACAAGTTCGAYCC-3' (SEQ ID NO:13) and 5'-GCGAGMAGGAGTGGTACTTCTT-3' (SEQ ID NO:14).
[0116] Full-length cDNAs were amplified, cloned, and sequenced from the VS16 and AP13 cDNA and the identified genes were named "pvNAC-VS1" or "VS-1," and AP-2, respectively. The deduced proteins, VS-1 and AP-2, contained conserved NAC domains in their N-terminal ends, identifying them as putative NAC family transcription factors.
[0117] To test the potential for the VS-1 and AP-2 proteins to act as transcriptional regulators, the subcellular localization of the proteins was examined. Translational fusions of VS-1:GFP were constructed, and placed under control of the constitutive 35S promoter (p35S::VS-1:GFP) (FIG. 1C). As a control, p35S::GFP constructs were also generated. The open reading frame of pvNAC-VS1 was cloned into pAVA121 vector (von Arnim et al., 1998).
[0118] pCAMBIA3301 vector containing a CaMV-35S driven GUS reporter was used as 35S-GUS. An approximately 2.0-kb AtNAP (At1g69490) promoter sequence (PNAP) was amplified using primer pair G1807 and G1808 as described previously (Guo & Gan, 2006). After sequencing, the PNAP was fused via PstI and NcoI into 35S-GUS to replace the CaMV-35S promoter.
[0119] The open reading frame (ORF) of pvNAC-VS1 was amplified by PCR using a pair of specific primers: 5'-TTAGATCTATGGCGGTAAGCTCTGC-3' (SEQ ID NO:15; forward primer; the underlined section is an engineered BglII site) and 5'-TAGGTCACCCTAGTGTTTTTTTCTTTCATATTTGAATTTG-3' (SEQ ID NO:16; reverse primer; the underlined section is an engineered BstEII site). The pvNAC-vs-1 ORF was cloned into the PNAP-GUS construct or into pCAMBIA3301 via BglII and BstEII sites to replace GUS sequences respectively. Each construct was transformed into onion epidermal cells by particle bombardment, for transient expression.
[0120] Subcellular localization of the GFP signal was examined by fluorescence microscopy using a confocal laser scanning microscope (TCS SP2 AOBS; Leica). In cells expressing the VS-1:GFP fusion protein, GFP was detected only in nuclei (FIG. 1B). In cells expressing free GFP, green fluorescence was detected in all cellular compartments of transformed cells, including in nuclei, at the plasma membrane, and in the cytoplasm (FIG. 1A). Similar results were obtained with the AP-2:GFP fusion protein. These results demonstrate that the VS-1 and AP-2 proteins are localized in the nucleus, consistent with their hypothesized roles as transcriptional regulators.
Example 2
Effect on Leaf Phenotype of AtNAP Null Plants by Constitutive Expression of pvNAC-VS1
[0121] AtNAP has recently been demonstrated to play a key role in regulating leaf senescence in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (Guo and Gan, 2006), and AtNAP mutants exhibit a stay-green phenotype. cDNAs obtained by RACE were sequenced and putative NAC sequences were used for alignment and phylogenetic analysis. The Clustal W method of MegAlign (DNASTAR, Madison, USA) was used to perform alignment of deduced protein sequence of the putative switchgrass NAC with other NAC proteins. The phylogenetic tree was displayed by aligning rice representative NAC genes and NAC genes from other plants. This phylogenetic analysis with putative or confirmed NAC-like transcription factor function sequences demonstrated that the VS-1 protein of Panicum virgatum is closely related to AtNAP (FIG. 4B). The branch of the phylogenetic tree encircled by dashed line includes the subfamily containing VS-1 (indicated by an arrow in FIG. 4C) and NAC TFs related to senescence in Arabidopsis (AtNAP) and nutrient remobilization in wheat (NAM-A1 and B1) (underlined in FIG. 4C).
[0122] To test whether the VS-1 and AP-2 proteins are able to functionally complement phenotypes related to loss of AtNAP, a complementation construct was created in which a 2 kb AtNAP promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO:7) directed expression of the open reading frame of VS-1 (pAtNAP::VS-1; FIG. 2A).
[0123] The pAtNAP:: VS-1 construct was transformed by Agrobacterium C58 into plants with a null mutation in AtNAP via floral dip (Clough & Bent, 1998). T2 and T3 homozygous transgenic plants were used for phenotypic comparisons. Fully expanded, non-senescing leaves were detached from wild-type ("WT"), AtNAP null ("atnap"), AtNAP null transformed with pAtNAP::VS-1 ("atnap+VS-1"), or AtNAP null transformed with pAtNAP::GUS ("atnap+GUS") plants and incubated on wet filter paper in total darkness at 22° C. for seven days. As shown in FIG. 2B, leaves from wild-type plants began to senesce during this period, and turned yellow due to loss of chlorophyll. Leaves from atnap plants remained green, indicating no loss of chlorophyll and therefore no senescence. Leaves of atnap plants transformed with pAtNAP::VS-1 plants turned yellow and senesced, similar to wild-type, i.e., the mutant's stay-green phenotype was suppressed. The leaves of atnap mutant plants transformed with AtNAP+GUS remained green like untransformed atnap leaves. Visual analyses were confirmed by chlorophyll measurement (FIG. 2C).
Example 3
Complementation of AtNAP Null Plants by an Inducible Expression System
[0124] An estradiol-inducible expression system was used to study effects of pvNAC-VS1 expression. The pvNAC-VS10RF was cloned via AscI and SpeI sites into an estradiol-inducible vector pER8 (Zuo et al. 2000) and named pER-VS1. The pER8 vector containing GFP as reporter gene (pER-GFP) was used as an "empty vector control." Constructs were transferred respectively into Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58 by the freeze-thaw method (Chen & Sherwood, 1994).
[0125] Following floral dip transformation of Arabidopsis (Clough & Bent, 1998) with pER8-GFP or pER8--VS1 for inducible over expression, transgenic plants were selected by sowing seeds on 1/2 strength MS agar plates with hygromycin (15 mg/L). Homozygous T3 plants were used for further analysis.
[0126] For detached leaf tests, leaves number 5 or 6 from 3-week-old plants of transgenic and non-transformed Arabidopsis were excised and placed on filter paper moistened with ddH2O in a Petri dish with adaxial side facing up. The plates were kept in darkness at 22° C. for 5-7 days. Estrogen treatments were conducted as previously described (Zuo et al., 2000). Detached leaves from Arabidopsis plants with the EST-inducible pvNAC-VS1 construct, and wild type controls, were placed on filter paper moistened with 100 μm estradiol (EST) or DMSO solution in Petri dishes with adaxial side facing up. The plates were kept under 120 μmol white light at 22° C. for 5-7 days. For intact plant tests, three-week-old plants were sprayed with 100 μm estradiol (EST) or DMSO solution to ensure total coverage of the foliage area. The sprayed plants were incubated under plastid dome for 24 hours and kept under continuous white light. The phenotype of plants was observed, and leaves were harvested for physiological and molecular analysis.
[0127] It was found that expression of pvNAC-VS1 was sufficient to induce plant senescence as indicated by leaf yellowing in detached leaves and intact plants, also as seen by measuring chlorophyll content of the plant tissues (FIGS. 3A, 3B). Whole plant phenotype is shown in FIG. 3C. Arrows indicate areas of leaf yellowing after spraying transgenic plants with EST. The level of pvNAC-VS1 mRNA and specificity of estradiol-inducible pvNAC-VS1 expression in transgenic plants was also examined, with 18S ribosomal message as an internal control (FIG. 3D).
Example 4
Expression of pvNAC-VS1 in Switchgrass
[0128] Expression of pvNAC-VS1 in switchgrass leaves was studied during plant development. Switchgrass tillers at stages of vegetative-3, elongation-5, and reproductive-4, according to a quantification system for perennial grasses (Moore et al., 1991), were referred as young, medium and old tiller respectively. The expression level of pvNAC-VS1 was analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR in the first leaves (numbered from bottom to top) on different tillers and in leaves at different positions (top, intermediate and bottom) on old tillers. Leaves detached from tillers were incubated on wet filter paper in continuous darkness to artificially induce senescence.
[0129] The expression level of pvNAC-VS1 was measured by real-time PCR. Each 10-μL reaction included 2 μL primers (0.5 μM each primer), 5 μL Power Sybr (Applied Biosystems), 2 μL 1:10 diluted cDNA from the reverse transcription step, and 1 μL water. qRT-PCR data were analyzed using SDS 2.2.1 software (Applied Biosystems). Transcript levels were presented as normalized linearized values using the 2.sup.-ΔΔCT method, where CT is the threshold cycle and UBQ10 was used as the internal control. pvNAC-VS1 expression increased significantly during senescence and in response to dark treatment. FIG. 5a shows the phenotype of young ("Y"), medium ("M"), and old ("O") tillers and leaves at different positions in the plant. FIG. 5B-C shows relative expression levels of pvNAC-VS1 in bottom leaves, and in top, intermediate, or bottom leaves on old tillers. FIG. 5D shows relative expression of pvNAC-VS1 in intermediate leaves which were detached from medium aged tillers and incubated on a wet paper towel under continuous darkness for 0, 3, 6, and 9 days, respectively. The results demonstrate that PVNAC-VS1 expression is consistent with its apparent role in regulating leaf senescence and nutrient remobilization in switchgrass.
Example 5
Effect of Constitutive Expression of pvNAC-VS1 TF in Arabidopsis Seeds
[0130] To examine whether pvNAC-VS1 expression could promote nitrogen remobilization to seeds, the pvNAC-VS1 transcription factor was constitutively expressed in wild type Arabidopsis. Twelve 35S-VS1 transgenic lines were selected for seed production, along with two empty-vector control transgenic lines (35S-GUS, "EVCK"). Seeds produced by 35S-VS1 constitutive over-expression lines or 35S-GUS transgenic plants were dried at 37° C. for at least three days, then ground into a fine powder using a SPEX SamplePrep 6870 Freezer/Mill (Metuchen, N.J., USA). The total nitrogen content (%) of each sample powder was analyzed by Ward Laboratories, Inc. (Kearney, Nebr., USA) using a combustion method (Horneck & Miller, 1998). Crude protein content may thus also be determined from total N content, as is known in the art (e.g. by Kjeldahl method and EU Scientific Committee for Foodstuffs recommendations of May 2003).
[0131] All 35S-VS1 transgenic seeds were shown to have a higher content of crude protein than EVCK lines (FIG. 6A), and a positive linear trend was found between crude protein content in seeds and pvNAC-VS1 expression levels (FIG. 6B). Therefore, pvNAC-VS1 over expression promoted nitrogen remobilization to Arabidopsis seeds, resulting in improved nutrient value.
Example 6
Transcriptome Analysis in Arabidopsis
[0132] The downstream regulatory network of pvNAC-VS1 was examined by transcriptome analysis of transgenic Arabidopsis leaves following estradiol-induced pvNAC-VS1 expression at 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, 72 h and 120 h (FIG. 7), to identify early and late responsive genes affected by pvNAC-VS1 expression.
[0133] The expression level of pvNAC-VS1 in estradiol-sprayed plants was determined by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), as described above for qRT-PCR in Example 4. Total RNA samples from estradiol-treated leaves containing pER-VS1 were subjected to Affymetrix microarray analysis. RNA prepared from DMSO-sprayed pER-VS1 leaves and estradiol-sprayed pER-GFP leaves were used as the control lines to exclude genes which may respond to treatment of DMSO or estradiol. RNA was isolated with TRI-reagent according to the manufacturer's protocol (Invitrogen), cleaned, and concentrated using the RNeasy MinElute Cleanup Kit (Qiagen). 10 μg of purified RNA of three biological replicates were used for microarray analysis. Probe labeling, hybridization, and scanning were conducted according to the manufacturer's instructions (Affymetrix). Data normalization was conducted using robust multichip average (RMA). The presence/absence call for each probe set was obtained from DNAchip analyzer (dCHIP). Genes significantly expressed between the control and mutants were selected using associative analysis as described. Type I family-wise error rate was reduced by using a Bonferroni corrected P value threshold of 0.05/N, where N represents the number of genes present on the chip. The false discovery rate was monitored and controlled by Q value (falsediscovery rate) calculated using extraction of differential gene expression (EDGE; www.genomine.org/edge/; Leek et al., 2006).
[0134] Spraying of DMSO (1/1000) or estradiol (100 μM) was started at indicated times. The expression level of UBQ10 (At4g05320) was used as an internal control. In transgenic lines when comparing estradiol (EST) treatment with DMSO-only negative control, EST treatment led to increased expression of pvNAC-VS1 at about 3-6 hours following EST treatment, and also led to increasing expression of SAG12 (At5g45890; senescence associated gene) by 72-120 hours after EST treatment, while expression of CAB (At1g29930) declined relative to the control. Processes up-regulated by pvNAC-VS1 expression included regulation of transcription, protein modification and protein degradation (FIGS. 8A-8B) and nitrogen remobilization. The latter includes genes encoding two glutamine synthetases (GLN1.1 and GLN1.3), three GAD (GAD1, 3 and 4), glutamate dehydrogenase, GDH2, and glutamate oxoglutarate amino transferase, Fd-GOGAT. Genes for a nitrate transporter, NTP2 (nitrate transporter, At2g26690), and GDH1 (At5g18170) were down-regulated. Genes involved in leaf nitrogen remobilization, GS[GLN1.1 (At5g37600), GLN1.3 (AT3g17820)], Fd-GOGAT (At2g41220), and GDH2 (At5g07440) were up-regulated (FIG. 9).
[0135] All of the compositions and methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure. While the compositions and methods of this invention have been described in terms of preferred embodiments, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations may be applied to the compositions and methods and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the method described herein without departing from the concept, spirit and scope of the invention. More specifically, it will be apparent that certain agents which are both chemically and physiologically related may be substituted for the agents described herein while the same or similar results would be achieved. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and concept of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
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Sequence CWU
1
2211104DNAPanicum virgatumCDS(1)..(1104) 1atg acg agc tcg act aga ctg cct
aat ctt cca gct ggg ttc cgc ttc 48Met Thr Ser Ser Thr Arg Leu Pro
Asn Leu Pro Ala Gly Phe Arg Phe1 5 10
15cac ccc aca gat gag gag ctc atc gtc cac tac ctc atg aac
caa gct 96His Pro Thr Asp Glu Glu Leu Ile Val His Tyr Leu Met Asn
Gln Ala 20 25 30tcc tcc atc
cca tgc cct gtc ccc atc gtc gcc gag gtc aac atc tac 144Ser Ser Ile
Pro Cys Pro Val Pro Ile Val Ala Glu Val Asn Ile Tyr 35
40 45cag tgc aac cca tgg gat ctt cct gcc aaa gct
ttg ttt gga gag aac 192Gln Cys Asn Pro Trp Asp Leu Pro Ala Lys Ala
Leu Phe Gly Glu Asn 50 55 60gag tgg
tac ttc ttc agc ccg agg gat cgc aag tac ccc aac ggc gcc 240Glu Trp
Tyr Phe Phe Ser Pro Arg Asp Arg Lys Tyr Pro Asn Gly Ala65
70 75 80cgc ccc aac cgc gcc gcc gga
tcc ggc tac tgg aag gcc acc ggc acc 288Arg Pro Asn Arg Ala Ala Gly
Ser Gly Tyr Trp Lys Ala Thr Gly Thr 85 90
95gac aag gcc atc ctg ttg act ccg acg agc gag aac atc
gga gtc aag 336Asp Lys Ala Ile Leu Leu Thr Pro Thr Ser Glu Asn Ile
Gly Val Lys 100 105 110aag gcc
ctt gtg ttc tac ggc ggt aag cct ccc aag ggt gtc aag aca 384Lys Ala
Leu Val Phe Tyr Gly Gly Lys Pro Pro Lys Gly Val Lys Thr 115
120 125gac tgg atc atg cac gag tac cgc ctc aca
gga gct aac aag aac acc 432Asp Trp Ile Met His Glu Tyr Arg Leu Thr
Gly Ala Asn Lys Asn Thr 130 135 140aag
cgt aga gga tcc tcc atg agg ctg gac gac tgg gtc ctc tgc agg 480Lys
Arg Arg Gly Ser Ser Met Arg Leu Asp Asp Trp Val Leu Cys Arg145
150 155 160atc cac aag aag agc aac
aat ttt cag ttg tct gat cag gac cag gag 528Ile His Lys Lys Ser Asn
Asn Phe Gln Leu Ser Asp Gln Asp Gln Glu 165
170 175ggc tcc act gtg gag gaa gaa tcc ctc aac aac aag
atg aat gtc aca 576Gly Ser Thr Val Glu Glu Glu Ser Leu Asn Asn Lys
Met Asn Val Thr 180 185 190att
aca gcc tcg ccc aag tct gaa gcc aat aat gat ggt cat gat cat 624Ile
Thr Ala Ser Pro Lys Ser Glu Ala Asn Asn Asp Gly His Asp His 195
200 205cag ttc cat ccg acg acg atg gcc atg
aac aag tca tac tca atc acc 672Gln Phe His Pro Thr Thr Met Ala Met
Asn Lys Ser Tyr Ser Ile Thr 210 215
220gat ctc ctc aac acc atc gac tac tcg gcg ctc tcg cag ttc ctc gat
720Asp Leu Leu Asn Thr Ile Asp Tyr Ser Ala Leu Ser Gln Phe Leu Asp225
230 235 240gcc cca gct gaa
cct gaa cca ccg cta atc tac cca aca aca aca caa 768Ala Pro Ala Glu
Pro Glu Pro Pro Leu Ile Tyr Pro Thr Thr Thr Gln 245
250 255aca cat cac gaa gca cta ctt aac tac aac
aac tac gtg aac aat agc 816Thr His His Glu Ala Leu Leu Asn Tyr Asn
Asn Tyr Val Asn Asn Ser 260 265
270cac ttc aat ttg cca caa gta gac gca tat tca gat cat gtt gcg act
864His Phe Asn Leu Pro Gln Val Asp Ala Tyr Ser Asp His Val Ala Thr
275 280 285aat tgc aac ggt ctg aag agg
aag cga gtg atg act atg gat ggt gct 912Asn Cys Asn Gly Leu Lys Arg
Lys Arg Val Met Thr Met Asp Gly Ala 290 295
300gaa tcc tcc ttc gac gat gat ggc agc agt aac ttc agt aga aaa cta
960Glu Ser Ser Phe Asp Asp Asp Gly Ser Ser Asn Phe Ser Arg Lys Leu305
310 315 320ctg aag ctg cca
agt gat tca agg agc agc agc cac agc cat ttt ggc 1008Leu Lys Leu Pro
Ser Asp Ser Arg Ser Ser Ser His Ser His Phe Gly 325
330 335agc acg acg agc agc tac tgc aac cag cag
ctt gtg gac aca agt ggt 1056Ser Thr Thr Ser Ser Tyr Cys Asn Gln Gln
Leu Val Asp Thr Ser Gly 340 345
350ttt cag tac agc agc gtg ctg agc tat cca ttc ctc gag atg cag tag
1104Phe Gln Tyr Ser Ser Val Leu Ser Tyr Pro Phe Leu Glu Met Gln
355 360 3652367PRTPanicum virgatum 2Met
Thr Ser Ser Thr Arg Leu Pro Asn Leu Pro Ala Gly Phe Arg Phe1
5 10 15His Pro Thr Asp Glu Glu Leu
Ile Val His Tyr Leu Met Asn Gln Ala 20 25
30Ser Ser Ile Pro Cys Pro Val Pro Ile Val Ala Glu Val Asn
Ile Tyr 35 40 45Gln Cys Asn Pro
Trp Asp Leu Pro Ala Lys Ala Leu Phe Gly Glu Asn 50 55
60Glu Trp Tyr Phe Phe Ser Pro Arg Asp Arg Lys Tyr Pro
Asn Gly Ala65 70 75
80Arg Pro Asn Arg Ala Ala Gly Ser Gly Tyr Trp Lys Ala Thr Gly Thr
85 90 95Asp Lys Ala Ile Leu Leu
Thr Pro Thr Ser Glu Asn Ile Gly Val Lys 100
105 110Lys Ala Leu Val Phe Tyr Gly Gly Lys Pro Pro Lys
Gly Val Lys Thr 115 120 125Asp Trp
Ile Met His Glu Tyr Arg Leu Thr Gly Ala Asn Lys Asn Thr 130
135 140Lys Arg Arg Gly Ser Ser Met Arg Leu Asp Asp
Trp Val Leu Cys Arg145 150 155
160Ile His Lys Lys Ser Asn Asn Phe Gln Leu Ser Asp Gln Asp Gln Glu
165 170 175Gly Ser Thr Val
Glu Glu Glu Ser Leu Asn Asn Lys Met Asn Val Thr 180
185 190Ile Thr Ala Ser Pro Lys Ser Glu Ala Asn Asn
Asp Gly His Asp His 195 200 205Gln
Phe His Pro Thr Thr Met Ala Met Asn Lys Ser Tyr Ser Ile Thr 210
215 220Asp Leu Leu Asn Thr Ile Asp Tyr Ser Ala
Leu Ser Gln Phe Leu Asp225 230 235
240Ala Pro Ala Glu Pro Glu Pro Pro Leu Ile Tyr Pro Thr Thr Thr
Gln 245 250 255Thr His His
Glu Ala Leu Leu Asn Tyr Asn Asn Tyr Val Asn Asn Ser 260
265 270His Phe Asn Leu Pro Gln Val Asp Ala Tyr
Ser Asp His Val Ala Thr 275 280
285Asn Cys Asn Gly Leu Lys Arg Lys Arg Val Met Thr Met Asp Gly Ala 290
295 300Glu Ser Ser Phe Asp Asp Asp Gly
Ser Ser Asn Phe Ser Arg Lys Leu305 310
315 320Leu Lys Leu Pro Ser Asp Ser Arg Ser Ser Ser His
Ser His Phe Gly 325 330
335Ser Thr Thr Ser Ser Tyr Cys Asn Gln Gln Leu Val Asp Thr Ser Gly
340 345 350Phe Gln Tyr Ser Ser Val
Leu Ser Tyr Pro Phe Leu Glu Met Gln 355 360
36531113DNAPanicum virgatumCDS(1)..(1113) 3atg ccg agc gcg act
agc aga cta ccc aat ctt cca gct ggg ttc cgc 48Met Pro Ser Ala Thr
Ser Arg Leu Pro Asn Leu Pro Ala Gly Phe Arg1 5
10 15ttc cac ccc aca gat gag gag ctc atc gtc cac
tac ctc atg aac caa 96Phe His Pro Thr Asp Glu Glu Leu Ile Val His
Tyr Leu Met Asn Gln 20 25
30gct tcc tcc ctc cca tgc cct gtc ccc atc atc gcc gag gtc aac atc
144Ala Ser Ser Leu Pro Cys Pro Val Pro Ile Ile Ala Glu Val Asn Ile
35 40 45tac cag tgc aac cca tgg gac ctt
cct gcc aaa gct ttg ttt gga gag 192Tyr Gln Cys Asn Pro Trp Asp Leu
Pro Ala Lys Ala Leu Phe Gly Glu 50 55
60aac gag tgg tac ttc ttc agc ccc agg gat cgc aag tac ccc aac ggc
240Asn Glu Trp Tyr Phe Phe Ser Pro Arg Asp Arg Lys Tyr Pro Asn Gly65
70 75 80gcc cgc ccc aac cgt
gcc gcc gga tcc ggc tac tgg aag gcc acc ggc 288Ala Arg Pro Asn Arg
Ala Ala Gly Ser Gly Tyr Trp Lys Ala Thr Gly 85
90 95acc gac aag gcc atc ctg ttg act cca acg agc
gag aac atc gga gtc 336Thr Asp Lys Ala Ile Leu Leu Thr Pro Thr Ser
Glu Asn Ile Gly Val 100 105
110aag aaa gcc ctt gtg ttc tat ggt ggt aag cct ccc aag ggg gtc aag
384Lys Lys Ala Leu Val Phe Tyr Gly Gly Lys Pro Pro Lys Gly Val Lys
115 120 125aca gac tgg atc atg cac gag
tac cgc ctc aca gga gct aac aag acc 432Thr Asp Trp Ile Met His Glu
Tyr Arg Leu Thr Gly Ala Asn Lys Thr 130 135
140acc aag cgt aga gga tct tcc atg agg ctg gac gac tgg gtc ctc tgc
480Thr Lys Arg Arg Gly Ser Ser Met Arg Leu Asp Asp Trp Val Leu Cys145
150 155 160agg atc cac aag
aag agc aac aat ttt cag ttc tct gac aag gac cag 528Arg Ile His Lys
Lys Ser Asn Asn Phe Gln Phe Ser Asp Lys Asp Gln 165
170 175gag ggc tca act gtg gag gag gaa gaa tcc
ctc aac aac aac atg atg 576Glu Gly Ser Thr Val Glu Glu Glu Glu Ser
Leu Asn Asn Asn Met Met 180 185
190aat ggc aca att gca gcc tcg ccc aag tct gaa gcc aat gat gat cat
624Asn Gly Thr Ile Ala Ala Ser Pro Lys Ser Glu Ala Asn Asp Asp His
195 200 205gat cat cag ttc cat ccg acg
acg atg acg atg acc atg agc aag tca 672Asp His Gln Phe His Pro Thr
Thr Met Thr Met Thr Met Ser Lys Ser 210 215
220tac tca atc acc gat cta ctc aac acc atc gac tac tcg gcg ctc tca
720Tyr Ser Ile Thr Asp Leu Leu Asn Thr Ile Asp Tyr Ser Ala Leu Ser225
230 235 240cag ctc ctc gat
gcc cca gct gaa cct gaa cca ccg cta atc tac cca 768Gln Leu Leu Asp
Ala Pro Ala Glu Pro Glu Pro Pro Leu Ile Tyr Pro 245
250 255ata aca aca caa aca cac gaa tca cta ctt
agc tat aac aac gac agc 816Ile Thr Thr Gln Thr His Glu Ser Leu Leu
Ser Tyr Asn Asn Asp Ser 260 265
270cac tac ttc aat ttg cca caa gta gac gca tgt tca gat cat gtt gcg
864His Tyr Phe Asn Leu Pro Gln Val Asp Ala Cys Ser Asp His Val Ala
275 280 285cct aat tgc aac ggt ctg aag
agg aag cga gtg atg acc atg gat ggt 912Pro Asn Cys Asn Gly Leu Lys
Arg Lys Arg Val Met Thr Met Asp Gly 290 295
300gct gaa tcc tct gcc ttg gat ggt agc agc agt agt aac ttc agt aga
960Ala Glu Ser Ser Ala Leu Asp Gly Ser Ser Ser Ser Asn Phe Ser Arg305
310 315 320aaa ctg aag ctg
cca agt gat tca ata aga agc agc agc cac agc cat 1008Lys Leu Lys Leu
Pro Ser Asp Ser Ile Arg Ser Ser Ser His Ser His 325
330 335ttt ggc agc acg acg agc agc tac tgc aac
cag caa cag ctt gtg gac 1056Phe Gly Ser Thr Thr Ser Ser Tyr Cys Asn
Gln Gln Gln Leu Val Asp 340 345
350aga agt ggt ttt cag tac agc agc ctg ctg agc tat cca ttc ctc gag
1104Arg Ser Gly Phe Gln Tyr Ser Ser Leu Leu Ser Tyr Pro Phe Leu Glu
355 360 365atg cag tag
1113Met Gln 3704370PRTPanicum
virgatum 4Met Pro Ser Ala Thr Ser Arg Leu Pro Asn Leu Pro Ala Gly Phe
Arg1 5 10 15Phe His Pro
Thr Asp Glu Glu Leu Ile Val His Tyr Leu Met Asn Gln 20
25 30Ala Ser Ser Leu Pro Cys Pro Val Pro Ile
Ile Ala Glu Val Asn Ile 35 40
45Tyr Gln Cys Asn Pro Trp Asp Leu Pro Ala Lys Ala Leu Phe Gly Glu 50
55 60Asn Glu Trp Tyr Phe Phe Ser Pro Arg
Asp Arg Lys Tyr Pro Asn Gly65 70 75
80Ala Arg Pro Asn Arg Ala Ala Gly Ser Gly Tyr Trp Lys Ala
Thr Gly 85 90 95Thr Asp
Lys Ala Ile Leu Leu Thr Pro Thr Ser Glu Asn Ile Gly Val 100
105 110Lys Lys Ala Leu Val Phe Tyr Gly Gly
Lys Pro Pro Lys Gly Val Lys 115 120
125Thr Asp Trp Ile Met His Glu Tyr Arg Leu Thr Gly Ala Asn Lys Thr
130 135 140Thr Lys Arg Arg Gly Ser Ser
Met Arg Leu Asp Asp Trp Val Leu Cys145 150
155 160Arg Ile His Lys Lys Ser Asn Asn Phe Gln Phe Ser
Asp Lys Asp Gln 165 170
175Glu Gly Ser Thr Val Glu Glu Glu Glu Ser Leu Asn Asn Asn Met Met
180 185 190Asn Gly Thr Ile Ala Ala
Ser Pro Lys Ser Glu Ala Asn Asp Asp His 195 200
205Asp His Gln Phe His Pro Thr Thr Met Thr Met Thr Met Ser
Lys Ser 210 215 220Tyr Ser Ile Thr Asp
Leu Leu Asn Thr Ile Asp Tyr Ser Ala Leu Ser225 230
235 240Gln Leu Leu Asp Ala Pro Ala Glu Pro Glu
Pro Pro Leu Ile Tyr Pro 245 250
255Ile Thr Thr Gln Thr His Glu Ser Leu Leu Ser Tyr Asn Asn Asp Ser
260 265 270His Tyr Phe Asn Leu
Pro Gln Val Asp Ala Cys Ser Asp His Val Ala 275
280 285Pro Asn Cys Asn Gly Leu Lys Arg Lys Arg Val Met
Thr Met Asp Gly 290 295 300Ala Glu Ser
Ser Ala Leu Asp Gly Ser Ser Ser Ser Asn Phe Ser Arg305
310 315 320Lys Leu Lys Leu Pro Ser Asp
Ser Ile Arg Ser Ser Ser His Ser His 325
330 335Phe Gly Ser Thr Thr Ser Ser Tyr Cys Asn Gln Gln
Gln Leu Val Asp 340 345 350Arg
Ser Gly Phe Gln Tyr Ser Ser Leu Leu Ser Tyr Pro Phe Leu Glu 355
360 365Met Gln 3705807DNAArabidopsis
thalianaCDS(1)..(807) 5atg gaa gta act tcc caa tct acc ctc cct cca ggg
ttc aga ttt cat 48Met Glu Val Thr Ser Gln Ser Thr Leu Pro Pro Gly
Phe Arg Phe His1 5 10
15cct acc gac gaa gaa ctc atc gtt tac tat ctt cga aac cag acc atg
96Pro Thr Asp Glu Glu Leu Ile Val Tyr Tyr Leu Arg Asn Gln Thr Met
20 25 30tct aaa cca tgc cct gtc tcc
atc atc cca gaa gtt gat atc tac aaa 144Ser Lys Pro Cys Pro Val Ser
Ile Ile Pro Glu Val Asp Ile Tyr Lys 35 40
45ttc gac cca tgg caa tta ccc gag aaa aca gag ttt gga gaa aat
gag 192Phe Asp Pro Trp Gln Leu Pro Glu Lys Thr Glu Phe Gly Glu Asn
Glu 50 55 60tgg tat ttc ttc agc cct
aga gaa aga aaa tat cca aac gga gtc aga 240Trp Tyr Phe Phe Ser Pro
Arg Glu Arg Lys Tyr Pro Asn Gly Val Arg65 70
75 80cca aac cgg gca gct gtt tcc ggt tat tgg aaa
gca acc ggt aca gac 288Pro Asn Arg Ala Ala Val Ser Gly Tyr Trp Lys
Ala Thr Gly Thr Asp 85 90
95aaa gcc att cac agc ggt tca agt aac gta ggt gtc aag aaa gct cta
336Lys Ala Ile His Ser Gly Ser Ser Asn Val Gly Val Lys Lys Ala Leu
100 105 110gtc ttc tac aaa ggt aga
cct cct aaa gga atc aaa act gac tgg atc 384Val Phe Tyr Lys Gly Arg
Pro Pro Lys Gly Ile Lys Thr Asp Trp Ile 115 120
125atg cat gag tat cgt ctc cat gat tca cgt aaa gca tca acg
aaa cgt 432Met His Glu Tyr Arg Leu His Asp Ser Arg Lys Ala Ser Thr
Lys Arg 130 135 140aac ggt tcc atg agg
tta gat gaa tgg gta ctg tgt agg ata tac aag 480Asn Gly Ser Met Arg
Leu Asp Glu Trp Val Leu Cys Arg Ile Tyr Lys145 150
155 160aag aga gga gca agt aag ctt ctg aat gag
caa gag ggt ttc atg gac 528Lys Arg Gly Ala Ser Lys Leu Leu Asn Glu
Gln Glu Gly Phe Met Asp 165 170
175gaa gta cta atg gag gat gag aca aaa gtt gta gtt aac gaa gca gag
576Glu Val Leu Met Glu Asp Glu Thr Lys Val Val Val Asn Glu Ala Glu
180 185 190aga aga act gaa gaa gag
ata atg atg atg acg tcg atg aaa ctt cca 624Arg Arg Thr Glu Glu Glu
Ile Met Met Met Thr Ser Met Lys Leu Pro 195 200
205agg acg tgt tcg ctg gct cat ttg ttg gaa atg gat tac atg
gga ccc 672Arg Thr Cys Ser Leu Ala His Leu Leu Glu Met Asp Tyr Met
Gly Pro 210 215 220gtc tct cac att gat
aat ttt agt cag ttc gat cat ctt cat caa cct 720Val Ser His Ile Asp
Asn Phe Ser Gln Phe Asp His Leu His Gln Pro225 230
235 240gat tcg gag tct agt tgg ttc ggg gac ctt
cag ttt aac caa gac gag 768Asp Ser Glu Ser Ser Trp Phe Gly Asp Leu
Gln Phe Asn Gln Asp Glu 245 250
255atc tta aac cat cat cgt caa gcg atg ttt aag ttt tag
807Ile Leu Asn His His Arg Gln Ala Met Phe Lys Phe 260
2656268PRTArabidopsis thaliana 6Met Glu Val Thr Ser Gln Ser
Thr Leu Pro Pro Gly Phe Arg Phe His1 5 10
15Pro Thr Asp Glu Glu Leu Ile Val Tyr Tyr Leu Arg Asn
Gln Thr Met 20 25 30Ser Lys
Pro Cys Pro Val Ser Ile Ile Pro Glu Val Asp Ile Tyr Lys 35
40 45Phe Asp Pro Trp Gln Leu Pro Glu Lys Thr
Glu Phe Gly Glu Asn Glu 50 55 60Trp
Tyr Phe Phe Ser Pro Arg Glu Arg Lys Tyr Pro Asn Gly Val Arg65
70 75 80Pro Asn Arg Ala Ala Val
Ser Gly Tyr Trp Lys Ala Thr Gly Thr Asp 85
90 95Lys Ala Ile His Ser Gly Ser Ser Asn Val Gly Val
Lys Lys Ala Leu 100 105 110Val
Phe Tyr Lys Gly Arg Pro Pro Lys Gly Ile Lys Thr Asp Trp Ile 115
120 125Met His Glu Tyr Arg Leu His Asp Ser
Arg Lys Ala Ser Thr Lys Arg 130 135
140Asn Gly Ser Met Arg Leu Asp Glu Trp Val Leu Cys Arg Ile Tyr Lys145
150 155 160Lys Arg Gly Ala
Ser Lys Leu Leu Asn Glu Gln Glu Gly Phe Met Asp 165
170 175Glu Val Leu Met Glu Asp Glu Thr Lys Val
Val Val Asn Glu Ala Glu 180 185
190Arg Arg Thr Glu Glu Glu Ile Met Met Met Thr Ser Met Lys Leu Pro
195 200 205Arg Thr Cys Ser Leu Ala His
Leu Leu Glu Met Asp Tyr Met Gly Pro 210 215
220Val Ser His Ile Asp Asn Phe Ser Gln Phe Asp His Leu His Gln
Pro225 230 235 240Asp Ser
Glu Ser Ser Trp Phe Gly Asp Leu Gln Phe Asn Gln Asp Glu
245 250 255Ile Leu Asn His His Arg Gln
Ala Met Phe Lys Phe 260 26571958DNAArabidopsis
thaliana 7cgtcatctca tcctaatcct catatctttt aatcctatcc tttttgtccc
atgccctata 60tagtaagtat ataaaattgg cttggtgatg tatatgaaca tatgatgaat
catgtgccat 120ttgaaatata gtataataca tgtacacttg tgtaaaatag cttttggggt
cttttaattt 180gttagaatag catttttaga ttgtccatta acaaggtagt ttcttgaaaa
attttaaaag 240atattcatgc gccacttaat tataacggtt taatgaacaa ttatttgtgg
caatagcgaa 300acaaaatcat gaaattaaca agaataaaca gctaatcatg aacttgtttt
ttctcctctt 360tcccactttg tgctggaacg ttccttcgca tcttgtagta atctcacaaa
acccattttc 420aagaaacttg tgtccagtct gaattgagcg tgtggagttt tttggacaaa
tgtagtaaac 480aaagatttaa tcacccaatt agggaataat aatgacacca ttagataaga
acatgcgtaa 540ttagtgacat ctaattattg tttaatcaga aatccgccgt ggcgcgtggg
tgtatgccct 600ccacaatcct tatccctaat gactttttat gtgaaaatga cacgtcattc
agaagcaaaa 660aaattggacc ccccaagcct tgtagcatgc cacgtttctt ccaaaattaa
gaccaagaat 720ggtcttcaca ctagttttta tgttatacaa gttctttagt acttctcctt
tggattcttt 780ttaattacta gtttgtttta tgaaaaacgt atgttattga ttattgagat
atcagtatta 840ttatatatgc agtataaagt tattgatgtg tatattttgt catgcaaact
atatcgtgga 900gaaaataatg ttgcttatga cttttgatag ttgggcttac atttggataa
tggatagggt 960agacaaagat aggaggaaag caataatagc gaaatgaaga acgaatattt
ggggaaatag 1020gacaaatgaa tatacttctc tttgaaatgg agattcacct aaattattaa
tactaaagcc 1080atgcaatgca tccaaacaaa tcagtggtca agcacactca attatatgtc
cacgaagacc 1140tttagaatct tcacaaccaa aagctatttt ctacgctacc tgataattct
gactcaattc 1200ttcttcataa aacgtataat gaagctttat gaatgattaa ttatagacac
aaccggccct 1260atctgcgatt tctacaaaca atagaacaca aaactttaaa agttactaca
aaataccgaa 1320ttgactatat atatcatatt atcagtataa acatgattag attgatcatg
tttatcagta 1380atcatgaaag acaaagagtg tgactattgt aaaccaaatt ttagaataaa
ataaataatt 1440tatcatacta tatacagtat tttgttaagt atatgtcatc caatagtaac
attatcattt 1500aaactgaaaa atgtttcagc tactttaagg aattatagct ttattaaaag
tatatacttt 1560taggtcacgt gtttagaggt gaagaacaat aataattact caataagttc
accagtcaca 1620ctccaacatc ttattcaaat tccttttaaa agctttttaa ccgtggctgt
ttgatgacca 1680tttgacaaaa tttagtatat tagaaaaaaa caataggata gggataatat
aggacattag 1740actattagat ggacaaaatg aagtattatt taattttcca atgtaccaac
caataagaaa 1800gaagtgacgc acagtaaacg acaaaaagct caagcataaa aacccaaacc
ttctctgctt 1860tctaaacatt tcaagaacct tgagaacatc aaaaactaac acagaaagaa
aaaaaacagt 1920tcctgttcta ttagattgtt ttctaaattg tctgaaaa
1958827DNAArtificial SequencePrimer 8gaaatgaaac aagatacaca
aagtcac 27921DNAArtificial
sequencePrimer 9aagcttcggc ctaagtgtca c
211019DNAArtificial sequencePrimer 10attttgccga tttcggaac
191122DNAArtificial
sequencePrimer 11actcgtgcat gatccagtyk gt
221222DNAArtificial sequencePrimer 12kcgggswgaa gaagtaccac
tc 221322DNAArtificial
sequencePrimer 13tcgacctcta caagttcgay cc
221422DNAArtificial sequencePrimer 14gcgagmagga gtggtacttc
tt 221525DNAArtificial
sequencePrimer 15ttagatctat ggcggtaagc tctgc
251640DNAArtificial sequencePrimer 16taggtcaccc tagtgttttt
ttctttcata tttgaatttg 4017185PRTPanicum
virgatum 17Met Thr Ser Ser Thr Arg Leu Pro Asn Leu Pro Ala Gly Phe Arg
Phe1 5 10 15His Pro Thr
Asp Glu Glu Leu Ile Val His Tyr Leu Met Asn Gln Ala 20
25 30Ser Ser Ile Pro Cys Pro Val Pro Ile Val
Ala Glu Val Asn Ile Tyr 35 40
45Gln Cys Asn Pro Trp Asp Leu Pro Ala Lys Ala Leu Phe Gly Glu Asn 50
55 60Glu Trp Tyr Phe Phe Ser Pro Arg Asp
Arg Lys Tyr Pro Asn Gly Ala65 70 75
80Arg Pro Asn Arg Ala Ala Gly Ser Gly Tyr Trp Lys Ala Thr
Gly Thr 85 90 95Asp Lys
Ala Ile Leu Leu Thr Pro Thr Ser Glu Asn Ile Gly Val Lys 100
105 110Lys Ala Leu Val Phe Tyr Gly Gly Lys
Pro Pro Lys Gly Val Lys Thr 115 120
125Asp Trp Ile Met His Glu Tyr Arg Leu Thr Gly Ala Asn Lys Asn Thr
130 135 140Lys Arg Arg Gly Ser Ser Met
Arg Leu Asp Asp Trp Val Leu Cys Arg145 150
155 160Ile His Lys Lys Ser Asn Asn Phe Gln Leu Ser Asp
Gln Asp Gln Glu 165 170
175Gly Ser Thr Val Glu Glu Glu Ser Leu 180
18518231PRTTriticum turgidum 18Met Gly Ser Ser Asp Ser Ser Ser Gly Ser
Ala Gln Lys Ala Thr Arg1 5 10
15Tyr His His Gln His Gln Pro Pro Pro Pro Gln Arg Gly Ser Ala Pro
20 25 30Glu Leu Pro Pro Gly Phe
Arg Phe His Pro Thr Asp Glu Glu Leu Val 35 40
45Val His Tyr Leu Lys Lys Lys Ala Asp Lys Ala Pro Leu Pro
Val Asn 50 55 60Ile Ile Ala Glu Val
Asp Leu Tyr Lys Phe Asp Pro Trp Glu Leu Pro65 70
75 80Glu Lys Ala Thr Ile Gly Glu Gln Glu Trp
Tyr Phe Phe Ser Pro Arg 85 90
95Asp Arg Lys Tyr Pro Asn Gly Ala Arg Pro Asn Arg Ala Ala Thr Ser
100 105 110Gly Tyr Trp Lys Ala
Thr Gly Thr Asp Lys Pro Ile Leu Ala Ser Gly 115
120 125Thr Gly Cys Gly Leu Val Arg Glu Lys Leu Gly Val
Lys Lys Ala Leu 130 135 140Val Phe Tyr
Arg Gly Lys Pro Pro Lys Gly Leu Lys Thr Asn Trp Ile145
150 155 160Met His Glu Tyr Arg Leu Thr
Asp Ala Ser Gly Ser Thr Thr Ala Thr 165
170 175Asn Arg Pro Pro Pro Val Thr Gly Gly Ser Arg Ala
Ala Ala Ser Leu 180 185 190Arg
Leu Asp Asp Trp Val Leu Cys Arg Ile Tyr Lys Lys Ile Asn Lys 195
200 205Ala Ala Ala Gly Asp Gln Gln Arg Asn
Thr Glu Cys Glu Asp Ser Val 210 215
220Glu Asp Ala Val Thr Ala Tyr225 23019183PRTArabidopsis
thaliana 19Met Glu Val Thr Ser Gln Ser Thr Leu Pro Pro Gly Phe Arg Phe
His1 5 10 15Pro Thr Asp
Glu Glu Leu Ile Val Tyr Tyr Leu Arg Asn Gln Thr Met 20
25 30Ser Lys Pro Cys Pro Val Ser Ile Ile Pro
Glu Val Asp Ile Tyr Lys 35 40
45Phe Asp Pro Trp Gln Leu Pro Glu Lys Thr Glu Phe Gly Glu Asn Glu 50
55 60Trp Tyr Phe Phe Ser Pro Arg Glu Arg
Lys Tyr Pro Asn Gly Val Arg65 70 75
80Pro Asn Arg Ala Ala Val Ser Gly Tyr Trp Lys Ala Thr Gly
Thr Asp 85 90 95Lys Ala
Ile His Ser Gly Ser Ser Asn Val Gly Val Lys Lys Ala Leu 100
105 110Val Phe Tyr Lys Gly Arg Pro Pro Lys
Gly Ile Lys Thr Asp Trp Ile 115 120
125Met His Glu Tyr Arg Leu His Asp Ser Arg Lys Ala Ser Thr Lys Arg
130 135 140Asn Gly Ser Met Arg Leu Asp
Glu Trp Val Leu Cys Arg Ile Tyr Lys145 150
155 160Lys Arg Gly Ala Ser Lys Leu Leu Asn Glu Gln Glu
Gly Phe Met Asp 165 170
175Glu Val Leu Met Glu Asp Glu 18020200PRTSolanum lycopersicum
20Met Glu Ser Thr Asp Ser Ser Thr Gly Thr Arg His Gln Pro Gln Leu1
5 10 15Pro Pro Gly Phe Arg Phe
His Pro Thr Asp Glu Glu Leu Ile Val His 20 25
30Tyr Leu Lys Lys Arg Val Ala Gly Ala Pro Ile Pro Val
Asp Ile Ile 35 40 45Gly Glu Ile
Asp Leu Tyr Lys Phe Asp Pro Trp Glu Leu Pro Gly Lys 50
55 60Ala Ile Phe Gly Glu Gln Glu Trp Phe Phe Phe Ser
Pro Arg Asp Arg65 70 75
80Lys Tyr Pro Asn Gly Ala Arg Pro Asn Arg Ala Ala Thr Ser Gly Tyr
85 90 95Trp Lys Ala Thr Gly Thr
Asp Lys Pro Val Phe Thr Ser Gly Gly Thr 100
105 110Gln Lys Val Gly Val Lys Lys Ala Leu Val Phe Tyr
Gly Gly Lys Pro 115 120 125Pro Lys
Gly Val Lys Thr Asn Trp Ile Met His Glu Tyr Arg Val Val 130
135 140Glu Asn Lys Thr Asn Asn Lys Pro Leu Gly Cys
Asp Asn Ile Val Ala145 150 155
160Asn Lys Lys Gly Ser Leu Arg Leu Asp Asp Trp Val Leu Cys Arg Ile
165 170 175Tyr Lys Lys Asn
Asn Thr Gln Arg Ser Ile Asp Asp Leu His Asp Met 180
185 190Leu Gly Ser Ile Pro Gln Asn Val 195
20021200PRTOryza sativa 21Met Val Leu Ser Asn Pro Ala Met
Leu Pro Pro Gly Phe Arg Phe His1 5 10
15Pro Thr Asp Glu Glu Leu Ile Val His Tyr Leu Arg Asn Arg
Ala Ala 20 25 30Ser Ser Pro
Cys Pro Val Ser Ile Ile Ala Asp Val Asp Ile Tyr Lys 35
40 45Phe Asp Pro Trp Asp Leu Pro Ser Lys Glu Asn
Tyr Gly Asp Arg Glu 50 55 60Trp Tyr
Phe Phe Ser Pro Arg Asp Arg Lys Tyr Pro Asn Gly Ile Arg65
70 75 80Pro Asn Arg Ala Ala Gly Ser
Gly Tyr Trp Lys Ala Thr Gly Thr Asp 85 90
95Lys Pro Ile His Ser Ser Gly Gly Ala Ala Thr Asn Glu
Ser Val Gly 100 105 110Val Lys
Lys Ala Leu Val Phe Tyr Lys Gly Arg Pro Pro Lys Gly Thr 115
120 125Lys Thr Asn Trp Ile Met His Glu Tyr Arg
Leu Ala Ala Ala Asp Ala 130 135 140His
Ala Ala Asn Thr Tyr Arg Pro Met Lys Phe Arg Asn Thr Ser Met145
150 155 160Arg Leu Asp Asp Trp Val
Leu Cys Arg Ile Tyr Lys Lys Ser Ser His 165
170 175Ala Ser Pro Leu Ala Val Pro Pro Leu Ser Asp His
Glu Gln Asp Glu 180 185 190Pro
Cys Ala Leu Glu Glu Asn Ala 195 20022183PRTOryza
sativa 22Met Glu Cys Gly Gly Ala Leu Gln Leu Pro Pro Gly Phe Arg Phe His1
5 10 15Pro Thr Asp Asp
Glu Leu Val Met Tyr Tyr Leu Cys Arg Lys Cys Gly 20
25 30Gly Leu Pro Leu Ala Ala Pro Val Ile Ala Glu
Val Asp Leu Tyr Lys 35 40 45Phe
Asn Pro Trp Asp Leu Pro Glu Arg Ala Met Gly Gly Glu Lys Glu 50
55 60Trp Tyr Phe Phe Ser Pro Arg Asp Arg Lys
Tyr Pro Asn Gly Gln Arg65 70 75
80Pro Asn Arg Ala Ala Gly Thr Gly Tyr Trp Lys Ala Thr Gly Ala
Asp 85 90 95Lys Pro Val
Gly Ser Pro Arg Ala Val Ala Ile Lys Lys Ala Leu Val 100
105 110Phe Tyr Ala Gly Lys Pro Pro Lys Gly Val
Lys Thr Asn Trp Ile Met 115 120
125His Glu Tyr Arg Leu Ala Asp Val Asp Arg Ser Ala Ala Ala Arg Lys 130
135 140Leu Ser Lys Ser Ser His Asn Ala
Leu Arg Leu Asp Asp Trp Val Leu145 150
155 160Cys Arg Ile Tyr Asn Lys Lys Gly Val Ile Glu Arg
Tyr Asp Thr Val 165 170
175Asp Ala Gly Glu Asp Val Lys 180
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