Class / Patent application number | Description | Number of patent applications / Date published |
205789000 | For ion concentration (e.g., ion activity, pKa, etc.) | 48 |
20080230400 | Apparatus for analyzing tin compounds in liquid samples and method for analyzing tin levels using the same - An apparatus for a continuous, automated quantitation of tin compounds in liquid samples and a method for quantitative analysis based on the said apparatus are provided herein. The inventive apparatus acidifies liquid samples and in case organotin compounds are present in the sample, a selective UV irradiation converts the organotin compounds into inorganic tin. The inventive apparatus quantitates this inorganic tin by means of electrochemical methods. The apparatus and method of the present invention allow quantitative analyses of trace amounts of organic and inorganic tin compounds present in liquid samples by converting organotin, a form unsuited for measurement, into inorganic tin, a form amenable to measurements and performing electrochemical analysis. Above all, the present invention affords the construction of an automated, continuous analysis system, making unnecessary additional manual operations and reducing labor costs. The present invention also provides an apparatus for converting organotin compounds into inorganic tin. | 09-25-2008 |
20090145778 | System, Apparatus, And Method For Measuring An Ion Concentration Of A Measured Fluid - An apparatus, system and method maximizes efficiency and accuracy of measuring an ion concentration of a measured fluid by varying a flow of ions within a measuring cell ( | 06-11-2009 |
20090194431 | ELECTROLYTE ANALYZING APPARATUS AND MEASUREMENT DATA PROCESSING METHOD OF THE SAME - An electrolyte analyzing apparatus according to the present invention includes an A/D converter which converts analogue data output from an ion selective electrode into digital data. The electrolyte analyzing apparatus also includes a data processor which calculates a median of multiple pieces of the digital data converted from multiple pieces of the analogue data output from the ion selective electrode and outputs the median as measurement data of an electrolyte; and a calculator which calculates a concentration of the electrolyte contained in a specimen based on the measurement data of the electrolyte output from the data processor. | 08-06-2009 |
20090218238 | ION DETECTOR AND SYSTEM - Apparatus and method for detecting current or potential generated in a liquid sample suitable for use in a chromatography or other liquid sample analytical system. One embodiment is an electrolytic ion transfer device with a signal detector in communication with the electrodes of the transfer device. Another is a combination ion transfer device/electrolyte generator. Another substitutes a detector for the ion transfer device in the combination. | 09-03-2009 |
20090255830 | METHOD, DEVICE AND SYSTEM FOR THE MICROANALYSIS OF IONS - Method for microanalyzing ions with the following steps: placing a volume of an ionic liquid ( | 10-15-2009 |
20110042239 | ION ANALYZING APPARATUS AND ION ANALYZING METHOD - An ion analyzing apparatus includes a sensor; a counter electrode having openings, the counter electrode being positioned so as to substantially surround the sensor; and a bias generating circuit coupled to the sensor, wherein the sensor includes quartz crystal and a pair of electrodes positioned on surface of the quartz crystal, and one of the pair of electrodes is coupled to the bias generating circuit. | 02-24-2011 |
20110079521 | METHOD AND CELL FOR MEASURING THE GLOBAL ION CONCENTRATION OF A BODY FLUID - Method for measuring the global ion concentration of a body fluid that comprises application of a stable DC voltage between first and second electrodes of a cell for measuring the global ion concentration of a body fluid so as to cause electrochemical hydrolysis reactions of the body fluid water to occur at the level of said first and second electrodes, measurement of a hydrolysis current generated by said electrochemical hydrolysis reactions of the water and determination of the global ion concentration of the body fluid by comparison with a previously defined calibration curve. The measuring cell comprises a fluid channel having an internal cross-section smaller than or equal to 1.5 mm. | 04-07-2011 |
20110108439 | OXIDE-ION SENSOR FOR USE IN A MOLTEN-SALT BASED ELECTROCHEMICAL REDUCTION PROCESS - An oxide-ion sensor includes an oxygen electrode, a sense electrode and a saturated (reference) electrode. The sense electrode is operated at a substantially constant current for determining an instantaneous value of a dissolved oxide-ion concentration in the molten salt electrolyte. The saturated electrode is used to determine a reference value of the dissolved oxide-ion concentration in the molten salt electrolyte. A dissolved oxide-ion concentration in the molten salt electrolyte is continuously monitored in-situ during the molten-salt based electrochemical reduction process by determining an equilibrium potential between the sense electrode and the saturated electrode with the sense electrode carrying a small current in a circuit that is completed using the oxygen electrode. In another embodiment, the dissolved oxide-ion concentration in the molten salt electrolyte is continuously monitored in-situ by determining an electrochemical impedance of the molten salt electrolyte using a pair of bare current-carrying conductors and a frequency response analyzer. | 05-12-2011 |
20110147232 | Method for Operating An ISFET Sensor - A method for operating an ion-sensitive sensor with a measurement circuit which includes an ion-sensitive electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor structure (EIS); | 06-23-2011 |
20110174636 | Electrochemical measurement electrode, electrochemical measurement electrode chip, and electrochemical measuring method and analysis method using the same - In order to realize an accurate electrochemical measurement without a peak caused due to a silver chloride complex ion, an electrochemical measurement electrode of the present invention which measures an electrochemical active substance in a sample solution containing a chloride ion includes (i) a working electrode, (ii) a reference electrode made of silver and silver chloride, and (iii) a silver ion capturing material which captures a silver ion out of a silver chloride complex ion generated in the reference electrode. | 07-21-2011 |
20110210016 | ELECTROCHEMICAL POTENTOMETRIC SENSING - The invention relates to a method of determining a charged particle concentration in an analyte ( | 09-01-2011 |
20110247946 | Dual FET Sensor for Sensing Biomolecules & Charged Ions in an Electrolyte - A sensor for biomolecules or charged ions includes a substrate; a first node, a second node, and a third node located in the substrate; a gate dielectric located over the substrate, the first node, the second node, and the third node; a first field effect transistor (FET), the first FET comprising a control gate located on the gate dielectric, and the first node and the second node; and a second FET, the second FET comprising a sensing surface located on the gate dielectric, and the second node and the third node, wherein the sensing surface is configured to specifically bind the biomolecules or charged ions that are to be detected. | 10-13-2011 |
20110284395 | Simultaneous Electrochemical Detection of Multiple Heavy Metal Ions in Liquid - Among others, techniques and systems are disclosed for detecting trace levels of heavy metal ions in a sample liquid. A voltage is applied to a sample liquid that includes metal complexes. A current signal associated with the metal complexes is measured. The measured current signal is processed to simultaneously detect a presence of two or more metal ions associated with the metal complexes. | 11-24-2011 |
20110297554 | Complex Index Functions - A biosensor system determines analyte concentration from an output signal generated from a light-identifiable species or a redox reaction of the analyte. The biosensor system adjusts a correlation for determining analyte concentrations from output signals or determined analyte concentrations with one or more complex index function extracted from the output signals or from other sources. The complex index functions determine at least one slope deviation value, ΔS, or normalized slope deviation from one or more error parameters. The slope-adjusted correlation between analyte concentrations and output signals may be used to determine analyte concentrations having improved accuracy and/or precision from output signals including components attributable to bias. | 12-08-2011 |
20110297555 | ANALYTE TEST SYSTEM FOR DETERMINING THE CONCENTRATION OF AN ANALYTE IN A PHYSIOLOGICAL OR AQUEOUS FLUID - An analyte test element for determining the concentration of at least one analyte in a physiological sample fluid having a first and a second surface in a predetermined distance opposite from each other, said both surfaces are provided with two substantially equivalent patterns forming areas of high and low surface energy which are aligned mostly congruent, whereby the areas with high surface energy create a sample distribution system with at least two detection areas, characterized in that the detection areas of first and second surface are also provided with two corresponding patterns of working and reference electrodes of electrochemical detection means. | 12-08-2011 |
20120006693 | In Vitro Analyte Sensor and Methods of Use - In vitro electrochemical sensors that provide accurate and repeatable analysis of a sample of biological fluid are provided. Embodiments include sensors that include a sample chambers having overhangs extending therefrom. | 01-12-2012 |
20120037516 | HYDROGEN SENSING APPARATUS AND METHOD - An apparatus and methods are provided for the accurate determination of hydrogen content in fluid media at elevated temperatures. The apparatus consists of a proton conducting solid electrolyte in contact with an internal metal/hydrogen reference standard, in which the electrolyte and the reference material are in a chemically stable contact. The electrical signal generated is a function of the hydrogen concentration on the measuring side. | 02-16-2012 |
20120055814 | METHOD FOR DETERMINING ION CONCENTRATION OR CONCENTRATION OF A SUBSTANCE IN A SOLUTION - Method for determining ion concentration or concentration of a substance in a solution by means of an ion selective, field effect transistor or an ion sensitive sensor having an EIS structure. The method comprises steps as follows: at least at a predetermined point in time of a first measuring phase, the potential lying on the electrode is sensed relative to a reference potential; before beginning a sterilization- and/or cleaning phase following the first measuring phase, the last voltage sensed during the first measuring phase is stored; and at the beginning of a second measuring phase following the sterilization- and/or cleaning phase, is the voltage stored during the sterilization phase is applied on the electrode. | 03-08-2012 |
20120067745 | DEVICE FOR PROVIDING A MEANS FOR INTERNAL CALIBRATION IN AN ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSOR - Internally calibrated pH and other analyte sensors based on redox agents provide more accurate results when the redox active reference agent is in a constant chemical environment, yet separated from the solution being analyzed in such a way as to maintain electrical contact with the sample. Room temperature ionic liquids (RTIL) can be used to achieve these results when used as a salt bridge between the reference material and the sample being analyzed. The RTIL provides the constant chemical environment and ionic strength for the redox active material (RAM) and provides an electrolytic layer that limits or eliminates direct chemical interaction with the sample. A broad range of RAMs can be employed in a variety of configurations in such “Analyte Insensitive Electrode” devices. | 03-22-2012 |
20120073990 | METHOD FOR QUANTIFYING A CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE WITH SUBSTITUTIONAL STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY AND A SENSOR CHIP USED THEREFOR - The purpose of the invention is to provide a method for quantifying a chemical substance with high accuracy using substitutional stripping voltammetry and a sensor chip used therefor. | 03-29-2012 |
20120118762 | SENSING DEVICE AND METHOD - A sensing device for the determination of ions in a thin layer sample ( | 05-17-2012 |
20120228158 | Method and Apparatus for Electrolyte Measurements - Method and apparatus to measure electrolytes. The apparatus has a measuring portion for measuring electromotive forces generated by a reference fluid and the sample fluid, respectively, by the use of an electrode portion. A dilution vessel for preparing the sample solution by diluting a sample fluid with a diluting fluid. A control portion for providing control such that the reference fluid and the sample solution are alternately supplied to the electrode portion from the dilution vessel and that a given amount of the diluting fluid is supplied to and wasted from the dilution vessel prior to the preparation of the sample solution. | 09-13-2012 |
20120228159 | Methods for Operating an Array Column Integrator - Methods are described for reading a chemically-sensitive field-effect transistor (chemFET) with an improved signal-to-noise ratio. In one embodiment, a method is described for reading a chemFET having a first terminal and a second terminal, and a floating gate coupled to a passivation layer. The method includes biasing the first terminal of the chemFET to a first bias voltage during a read interval. The second terminal of the chemFET is coupled to a data line during the read interval. A current is induced through the chemFET via the data line. An output signal proportional to an integral of a voltage or current on the data line is generated in response to the induced current through the chemFET during the read interval. | 09-13-2012 |
20120255876 | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR DETERMINING THE CONCENTRATION OF OXIDIZING AGENT(S) IN AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION - In a method and a device for determining the concentration of one or more oxidizing agents in an aqueous solution flowing in a main stream, a partial flow of the aqueous solution is diverted to a bypass, wherein the difference between the potential of the aqueous solution before and after at least partial and/or selective breakdown of any oxidizing agents is measured. The bypass is for diverting and returning the partial flow of the aqueous solution, and has at least one elimination unit through which the aqueous solution flows for at least partial and/or selective breakdown of the oxidizing agent(s), and two measuring electrodes for determining the difference between the potentials of the aqueous solution before and after it passes through the elimination unit. | 10-11-2012 |
20120261274 | METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR MEASURING ANALYTES - A method is provided to sample a sensor array. The method can include measuring a waveform associated with a chemical event occurring on the sensor array. The waveform can include at least one region associated with expected measured values and at least one region associated with unpredictable measured values. The method can also include applying a first frame averaging to the at least one region associated with the expected measured values. Here, a first number of frames can be included in the first frame averaging. Further, the method can include applying a second frame averaging to the at least one region associated with the unpredictable measured values, where a second number of frames can be included in the second frame averaging. The second number of frames can be less than the first number of frames. | 10-18-2012 |
20120298531 | Dual FET Sensor for Sensing Biomolecules & Charged Ions in an Electrolyte - A method for operating a sensor for biomolecules or charged ions, the sensor comprising a first field effect transistor (FET) and a second FET, wherein the first FET and the second FET comprise a shared node includes placing an electrolyte containing the biomolecules or charged ions on a sensing surface of the sensor, the electrolyte comprising a gate of the second FET; applying an inversion voltage to a gate of the first FET; making a first electrical connection to an unshared node of the first FET; making a second electrical connection to unshared node of the second FET; determining a change in a drain current flowing between the unshared node of the first FET and the unshared node of the second FET; and determining an amount of biomolecules or charged ions contained in the electrolyte based on the determined change in the drain current. | 11-29-2012 |
20120325683 | ACTIVE CHEMICALLY-SENSITIVE SENSORS WITH IN-SENSOR CURRENT SOURCES - Methods and apparatus relating to FET arrays for monitoring chemical and/or biological reactions such as nucleic acid sequencing-by-synthesis reactions. Some methods provided herein relate to improving signal (and also signal to noise ratio) from released hydrogen ions during nucleic acid sequencing reactions. | 12-27-2012 |
20130248381 | MEASURING ARRANGEMENT AND METHOD FOR REGISTERING AN ANALYTE CONCENTRATION IN A MEASURED MEDIUM - A measuring arrangement for registering a measured variable representing concentration of an analyte in a measured medium, includes: a first electrode modified with a redoxly active substance, a second electrode, and a measuring circuit, which comprises a voltage source for applying at least one predetermined voltage between the first electrode and a reference, and an apparatus for registering electrical current flowing, in such case, between the first electrode and the second electrode or for registering a variable correlated with the electrical current flowing between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the second electrode is modified with the same redoxly active substance as the first electrode. | 09-26-2013 |
20140048426 | LIQUID ANALYZER - The present invention relates to a liquid analyzer provided with: a reference electrode S | 02-20-2014 |
20140158555 | SENSOR, SENSOR SYSTEM, PORTABLE SENSOR SYSTEM, METHOD OF ANALYZING METAL IONS, MOUNTING SUBSTRATE, METHOD OF ANALYZING PLATING PREVENTING CHEMICAL SPECIES, METHOD OF ANALYZING PRODUCED COMPOUND, AND METHOD OF ANALYZING MONOVALENT COPPER CHEMICAL SPECIES - This invention provides a sensor having such a structure that the area in which a sensor electrode comes into contact with a liquid, a mist or a gas containing an analyte has been previously specified. The sensor comprises at least an electroconductive first electrode, an electroconductive second electrode, electroconductive first and second wirings connected to the first and second electrodes, and an insulating part for insulating the first and second wirings from each other and from a liquid, a mist or a gas containing the analyte. The insulating part is formed of an organic material. In the first and second electrodes, at least the surface, which comes into contact with a liquid, a mist or a gas containing the analyte, is formed of a material which is insoluble in a liquid or a mist containing the analyte, or is not attacked by a gas containing the analyte. | 06-12-2014 |
20140183061 | COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR DETECTING LEAD IONS - Compositions containing vinyl polymers and ionophores selective for lead ions (e.g., aniline copolymers), and methods for making these compositions are disclosed herein. The compositions can, for example, be used for detecting lead ions in a sample. | 07-03-2014 |
20140209485 | SENSOR HEAD, ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSOR, AND METHOD FOR USING ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSOR - There is provided a sensor head which includes a mounting surface having insulation property. A first electrode and a second electrode are arranged on the mounting surface in a spaced-apart manner from each other. A liquid retaining material is arranged on the mounting surface in a state where the liquid retaining material covers the first electrode and the second electrode integrally. The liquid retaining material is impregnated with a standard liquid which is used as a reference in the electrochemical measurement. | 07-31-2014 |
20140305812 | METHOD FOR ANALYZING A GAS - A method for analyzing a gas includes measuring a concentration of a chemical species of the gas in a measuring space of a gas sensor. The gas sensor has a semiconductor substrate with an electrical circuit and a first thin-film ion conductor that separates a reference space for a reference gas from the measuring space for the gas. The first thin-film ion conductor has a reference electrode that faces the reference space and a measuring electrode that faces the measuring space. The reference electrode and the measuring electrode are connected to the electrical circuit. The measuring of the chemical species includes picking off an electrical voltage between the reference electrode and the measuring electrode of the gas sensor. A partial pressure of the chemical species in the gas is determined by processing the electrical voltage in the electrical circuit by using a stored processing specification. | 10-16-2014 |
20150076005 | ELECTROLYTIC FOUR-CHANNEL DEVICE AND METHOD - An electrolytic device includes four channels separated by three charged barriers. The device can be used to suppress an eluent stream containing separated sample analyte ions and/or to pretreat a sample stream containing unseparated analyte ions. | 03-19-2015 |
20150076006 | SYSTEM AND PROCESS FOR DETERMINING AND ANALYSING SURFACE PROPERTY PARAMETERS OF SUBSTANCE BASED ON KINETIC METHOD - A system and process for determining and analyzing surface property parameters of a substance based on kinetic method is provided. The system comprises a sample processing system and a detection system. The sample processing system includes a reactor ( | 03-19-2015 |
20150323491 | SOIL CHEMISTRY SENSOR - We describe a soil chemistry sensor for in-situ soil chemistry sensing, the sensor comprising a probe incorporating a first, ion-selective electrode and a second, reference electrode, wherein said ion-selective electrode comprises a first-electrode housing defining a first lumen having an ion-selective plug towards a distal end, said first-electrode including a first conductor in a first electrolyte, wherein said reference electrode comprises a second electrode housing defining a second lumen having a porous reference electrode plug towards a distal end, said second electrode including a second conductor in a second electrolyte, wherein said ion-selective plug and said porous reference electrode plug are within 10 mm of one another, and wherein said porous reference electrode plug and said ion-selective plug each comprise a polymer. | 11-12-2015 |
20160041125 | Method of Analyzing at Least Two Inhibitors Simultaneously in a Plating Bath - The presently claimed invention provides an accurate, fast, and cost effective method for determining the additive concentrations of at least two inhibitors simultaneously in an electroplating bath by using different electrical load conditions. The method of the present invention is able to determine additive concentrations of different inhibitors effectively during on-line feedback control for adjusting the amount of additives in the electroplating bath to maintain the additive concentrations within pre-defined limits during device production. | 02-11-2016 |
20160047773 | SENSORS AND METHODS FOR DETECTINGAN OXIDANT - The present application relates to sensors and methods for detecting and/or quantifying an oxidant such as free chlorine in a liquid sample such as drinking water. The sensors comprise a first electrode, a second electrode and a composite material between and connecting the first electrode and the second electrode, the composite material comprising a semiconductor and a redox-switchable organic compound associated therewith. The methods comprise exposing the liquid sample to the sensor under conditions to oxide the redox-switchable organic compound and analyzing a resulting change in current. | 02-18-2016 |
20160054257 | Electrolyte Concentration Measuring Apparatus and Measuring Method Using Same - An electrolyte concentration measuring apparatus is provided with: a plurality of ion selective electrodes and one reference electrode; a sample introduction unit that introduces a sample solution to the plurality of ion selective electrodes and the reference electrode; a potential measuring unit that measures a voltage between the plurality of ion selective electrodes and the reference electrode; and a resistance measuring unit that measures a direct-current resistance of the plurality of ion selective electrodes. | 02-25-2016 |
20160097740 | System and Method for Detection of Mercury - Embodiments provide mercury detection systems and methods for detecting the presence of mercury ions in one or more samples. In a detection method, a sample and TPET2 molecules are introduced into a channel. A first potential difference is applied across the length of the channel in a first direction, and a first electrical property value is detected. Subsequently, a second potential difference is applied across the length of the channel in a second opposite direction, and a second electrical property value is detected. Presence or absence of mercury ions in the channel is determined based on a comparison between the first and second electrical property values. | 04-07-2016 |
20160097741 | System and Method for Detection of Silver - Embodiments provide silver detection systems and methods for detecting the presence of silver ions in one or more samples. In a detection method, a sample and TPEA2 molecules are introduced into a channel. A first potential difference is applied across the length of the channel in a first direction, and a first electrical property value is detected. Subsequently, a second potential difference is applied across the length of the channel in a second opposite direction, and a second electrical property value is detected. Presence or absence of silver ions in the channel is determined based on a comparison between the first and second electrical property values. | 04-07-2016 |
20160178572 | Drift Compensated Ion Sensor | 06-23-2016 |
20160187289 | METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR MEASURING ANALYTES - A method is provided to sample a sensor array. The method can include measuring a waveform associated with a chemical event occurring on the sensor array. The waveform can include at least one region associated with expected measured values and at least one region associated with unpredictable measured values. The method can also include applying a first frame averaging to the at least one region associated with the expected measured values. Here, a first number of frames can be included in the first frame averaging. Further, the method can include applying a second frame averaging to the at least one region associated with the unpredictable measured values, where a second number of frames can be included in the second frame averaging. The second number of frames can be less than the first number of frames. | 06-30-2016 |
205789500 | Cations | 5 |
20100032320 | ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNIQUE TO MEASURE CONCENTRATION OF MULTIVALENT CATIONS SIMULTANEOUSLY - Methods and systems for simultaneously measuring concentration of two or more different cations in solution. The methods include the steps of applying a steady state polarization technique to a solution comprising two or more different cations; measuring the limiting currents of the solution; and correlating the limiting currents with the concentration of the different cations. The system includes a working electrode; a potentiostat; a counter electrode; a reference electrode; a solution comprising different cations to be analyzed; and a model for correlating the limiting currents with the concentration of the pair cations. The working electrode may be any electrode compatible with the media, including noble metals, carbon, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the working electrode is a rotating disk electrode (RDE). | 02-11-2010 |
20120073991 | METHOD FOR QUANTIFYING A CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE WITH SUBSTITUTIONAL STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY AND A SENSOR CHIP USED THEREFOR - The evaporation of the stripping liquid | 03-29-2012 |
20140131224 | SENSOR DEVICE, A METHOD AND A SENSOR TO DETERMINE A RELATIVE CONCENTRATION OF A FIRST KIND OF IONS WITH RESPECT TO A SECOND KIND OF IONS SOLUTE IN A DROP OF LIQUID - A sensor device according to an embodiment includes a semiconductor substrate including a plurality of channels, the channels connecting a cavity and a measurement electrode, and a counter electrode arranged to be in contact with the cavity, wherein the cavity, the measurement electrode and the counter electrode are arranged to accommodate a drop of a liquid and to allow a voltage to be applied to the drop of liquid. | 05-15-2014 |
20140183062 | POLYPYRROLE COPOLYMER NANOPARTICLES-BASED COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR DETECTING LEAD LIONS - Compositions containing vinyl polymers and ionophores selective for lead ions (e.g., polypyrrole copolymers), and methods for making these compositions are disclosed herein. The compositions can, for example, be used for detecting lead ions in a sample. | 07-03-2014 |
20160111740 | ESTIMATION OF THE STATE OF CHARGE OF A POSITIVE ELECTROLYTE SOLUTION OF A WORKING REDOX FLOW BATTERY CELL WITHOUT USING ANY REFERENCE ELECTRODE - A Method and device for measurement is disclosed in operation, an undivided cell sensor immersed at any desirable point of the positive electrolyte circuit is constantly supplied at a controlled fixed DC bias voltage between the positive metal electrode and the porous carbon counter-electrode by an appropriate voltage regulator of adequate power capability, or cyclically at two or more different voltages, all within a range that includes the region between 0.35V and 0.45V, measuring simultaneously the current flowing across the undivided cell sensor at the fixed voltage or voltages bias. By correlating the paired voltage and current values, using a look up table compiled at calibration, estimated values of the degree of oxidation or state of charge of the redox ion couple of the positive electrolyte solution are produced. | 04-21-2016 |