2003). For the request that the United States remain, see Kandahar province local leaders interview (Oct. 21, 2003).
For the effect of the United States leaving, see Karim Khalili interview (Oct. 23, 2003).
14. Some have criticized the Bush administration for neglecting Afghanistan because of Iraq. Others, includ-
ing General Franks, say that the size of the U.S. military commitment in Afghanistan has not been compromised
by the commitments in Iraq.We have not investigated the issue and cannot offer a judgment on it.
15. Even if the U.S. forces, stretched thin, are reluctant to take on this role, "a limited, but extremely useful,
change in the military mandate would involve intelligence sharing with civilian law enforcement and a willingness
to take action against drug warehouses and heroin laboratories." United States Institute of Peace report,"Establish-
ing the Rule of Law in Afghanistan," Mar. 2004, p. 17.
16. For barriers to Saudi monitoring of charities, see, e.g., Robert Jordan interview (Jan. 14, 2004); David
Aufhauser interview (Feb. 12, 2004).
17. For the Saudi reformer's view, see Members of majles al-shura interview (Oct. 14, 2003).
18. Neil MacFarquhar,"Saudis Support a Jihad in Iraq, Not Back Home," New York Times, Apr. 23, 2004, p.A1.
19. Prince Bandar Bin Sultan,"A Diplomat's Call for War," Washington Post, June 6, 2004, p. B4 (translation of
original in Al-Watan, June 2, 2004).
20. President Clinton meeting (Apr. 8, 2004).
21. For Jordan's initiatives, see testimony of William Burns before the Subcommittee on the Middle East and
Central Asia of the House International Relations Committee, Mar. 19, 2003 (online at www.house.gov
/international_relations/108/burn0319.htm). For the report, see United Nations Development Programme
report, Arab Human Development Report 2003: Building a Knowledge Society (United Nations, 2003) (online at
www.miftah.org/Doc/Reports/Englishcomplete2003.pdf).
22. DOD memo, Rumsfeld to Myers, Wolfowitz, Pace, and Feith, "Global War on Terrorism," Oct. 16, 2003
(online at www.usatoday.com/news/washington/executive/rumsfeld-memo.htm).
23. For the statistics, see James Zogby, What Arabs Think:Values, Beliefs, and Concerns (Zogby International, 2002).
For fear of a U.S. attack, see Pew Global Attitudes Project report, Views of a Changing World: June 2003 (Pew Research
Center for the People and the Press, 2003), p. 2. In our interviews, current and former U.S. officials dealing with
the Middle East corroborated these findings.
24. For polling soon after 9/11, see Pew Research Center for the People and the Press report, "America
Admired,Yet Its New Vulnerability Seen as Good Thing, Say Opinion Leaders; Little Support for Expanding War
on Terrorism" (online at http://people-press.org/reports/print.php3?ReportID=145). For the quotation, see Pew
Global Attitudes Project report,"War With Iraq Further Divides Global Publics But World Embraces Democratic
Values and Free Markets," June 3, 2003 (online at www.pewtrusts.com/ideas/ideas_item.cfm?content_
item_id=1645&content_type_id=7).
25. For the Occidentalist "creed of Islamist revolutionaries," see, e.g., Avishai Margalit and Ian Buruma, Occi-
dentalism:The West in the Eyes of Its Enemies (Penguin Press, 2004).
26.We draw these statistics, significantly, from the U.S. government's working paper circulated in April 2004
to G-8 "sherpas" in preparation for the 2004 G-8 summit.The paper was leaked and published in Al-Hayat. "U.S.
Working Paper for G-8 Sherpas," Al-Hayat, Feb. 13, 2004 (online at http://english.daralhayat.com/Spec/02-
2004/Article-20040213-ac40bdaf-c0a8-01ed-004e-5e7ac897d678/story.html).
27. Richard Holbrooke,"Get the Message Out," Washington Post, Oct. 28, 2001, p. B7; Richard Armitage inter-
view (Jan. 12, 2004).
28. Testimony of George Tenet, "The Worldwide Threat 2004: Challenges in a Changing Global Context,"
before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Feb. 24, 2004.
29. U.S. Department of Energy Advisory Board report,"A Report Card on the Department of Energy's Non-
proliferation Programs with Russia," Jan. 10, 2001, p. vi.
30. For terrorists being self-funding, see United Nations report, "Second Report of the [UN] Monitoring
Group, Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1390," Sept. 19, 2002, p. 13.
31. For legal entry, see White House report, Office of Homeland Security,"The National Strategy for Home-
land Security," July 2002, p. 20 (online at www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/book/index.html). For illegal entry, see
Chicago Council on Foreign Relations task force report, Keeping the Promise: Immigration Proposals from the Heart-
land (Chicago Council on Foreign Relations, 2004), p. 28.
32.The names of at least three of the hijackers (Nawaf al Hazmi, Salem al Hazmi, and Khalid al Mihdhar) were
in information systems of the intelligence community and thus potentially could have been watchlisted. Had they
been watchlisted, the connections to terrorism could have been exposed at the time they applied for a visa or at
the port of entry.The names of at least three of the hijackers (Nawaf al Hazmi, Salem al Hazmi, and Khalid al Mih-
dhar), were in information systems of the intelligence community and thus potentially could have been watch-
listed. Had they been watchlisted, their terrorist affiliations could have been exposed either at the time they applied
for a visa or at the port of entry.Two of the hijackers (Satam al Suqami and Abdul Aziz al Omari) presented pass-
ports manipulated in a fraudulent manner that has subsequently been associated with al Qaeda. Based on our review
of their visa and travel histories, we believe it possible that as many as eleven additional hijackers (Wail al Shehri,
NOTES TO CHAPTER 12
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