dents--indicating that these new authorities were limited to using the capture and rendition approach.There was
no indication that this MON authorized kill authority, although lethal force could be used in self-defense. See NSC
memo, McCarthy to CIA, Dec. 1999.
17. CIA cable,"DCI message and update on Millennium threat," Dec. 20, 1999; NSC email, Cressey to Berger's
office and others, Dec. 23, 1999.
18. Trial testimony of Ahmed Ressam, United States v. Mokhtar Haouari, No. S4 00 Cr. 15 (S.D. N.Y.), July 3,
2001 (transcript pp. 536569); July 5, 2001 (transcript p. 624); FBI report of investigation, interviews of Ahmed
Ressam, May 10, 2001; May 24, 2001. Ressam's recruitment by Abderraouf Hannachi (a Khaldan alumnus) is noted
in Deposition of Ahmed Ressam, In re: Letters Rogatory, August 1, 2001 (S.D. N.Y.), Jan. 23, 2002 (transcript pp.
3233). See also PBS Frontline broadcast,"Trail of a Terrorist," Oct. 25, 2001 (online at www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/
frontline/shows/trail).
19.Trial testimony of Ressam, United States v. Haouari, July 3, 2001 (transcript pp. 570584); FBI report of inves-
tigation, interview of Ressam, Aug. 7, 2001.
20. FBI report of investigation, interview of Ressam, May 10, 2001; Hal Bernton, Mike Carter, David Heath,
and James Neff, "The Terrorist Within: The Story Behind One Man's Holy War Against America," Seattle Times,
June 23July 7, 2002 (part 11,"The Ticking Bomb").
21.Trial testimony of Ressam, United States v. Haouari, July 5, 2001 (transcript p. 605); Deposition of Ressam,
In re: Letters Rogatory (S.D. N.Y.), Jan. 23, 2002 (transcript p. 23).
22. Trial testimony of Ressam, United States v. Haouari, July 3, 2001; Bernton, Carter, Heath, and Neff, "The
Terrorist Within," June 23July 7, 2002 (part 6, "It Takes a Thief "). A friend of Ressam's, Fateh Kamel, would pay
Ressam for stolen passports, credit cards and other identity documents. Kamel is now serving eight years in prison
in France for activities related to association with terrorist enterprises. Bruce Crumley,"Fighting Terrorism: Lessons
from France," Time, Sept. 24, 2001 (online at www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,176139,00.html).
Ressam testified that he also sold stolen documents to Mohktar Haouari. See trial testimony of Ressam, United
States v. Haouari, July 5, 2001 (transcript pp. 631632).
23. PBS Frontline broadcast,"Trail of a Terrorist." Leo Nkounga was the document broker and an illegal alien
in Canada from Cameroon who failed to surrender himself for deportation in 1993. Canadian deportation order,
Adjudication file no. AOT93-0077, Sept. 15, 1993. He said he obtained two genuine Canadian passports for Ressam
by submitting fake baptismal certificates to Canadian authorities. CBC News broadcast, Disclosure,"Target Terror-
ism," Mar. 26, 2002 (online at www.cbc.ca/disclosure/archives/020326_leo/resources.html).Ressam told border offi-
cials that he did not have a visa for Pakistan because he was only transiting on his way to India. FBI report of
investigation, interview of Ressam, May 15, 2001, p. 7.
24. FBI case profile (part of materials provided to Dale Watson),"Abdelghani Meskini," Feb. 8, 2000. Meskini,
who spoke English, was to drive Ressam and to give him money, but Ressam never showed since he was arrested
at the border. Meskini was arrested on Dec. 30, 1999, and charged with material support and interstate fraud. See
Testimony of Dale Watson before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Feb. 9, 2000, pp. 1112. On pass-
ports and visas provided by Haouari, see United States v. Haouari, 319 F. 3d 88, 91 (2d Cir. 2002).
25. INS alien file, No.A73603119,Abdel Hakim Tizegha.There is no record of Tizegha's entry into the United
States.
26.Trial testimony of Ressam, United States v. Haouari, July 5, 2001 (transcript pp. 605607, 613); FBI report of
investigation, interview of Ressam, May 10, 2001; Opening Statement, United States v. Ahmed Ressam, No. CR99-
666C JCC (W.D. Wash.), Mar. 13, 2001 (transcript p. 33).
27.Trial testimony of Diana Dean and Mark Johnson, United States v. Ressam, Mar. 13, 2001 (transcript pp. 116,
165). On the unraveling of the Ressam case, see Bernton, Carter, Heath and Neff, "The Terrorist Within," June
23July 7, 2002 (part 15,"Puzzle Pieces").
28.Trial testimony of Mark Johnson, United States v. Ressam, Mar. 13, 2001 (transcript p. 124).
29. NSC memo, Berger to President Clinton, terrorism threat at the millennium, Dec. 9, 1999.
30. NSC email, Clarke to Berger, Dec. 11, 1999.
31. Samuel Berger interview (Jan. 14, 2004); George Tenet interview (Jan. 22, 2004).
32. NSC memo, Berger to President Clinton, terrorist threat at the millennium, Dec. 18, 1999.
33. NSC email, Clarke to Berger, roadmap for Small Group, Dec. 22, 1999; NSC email, Cressey to Berger and
others, Dec. 23, 1999.
34. NSC memo, "The Millennium Terrorist Alert--Next Steps," undated (attached to NSC draft memo,
"Review of Terrorism Alert and Lessons Learned," Jan. 3, 2000). In the original document, the quotation is under-
lined, not italicized. See also NSC memo,"Principals Meeting: Millennium Terrorism," undated (likely Dec. 1999);
NSC email, Clarke to Berger, roadmap for Small Group, Dec. 22, 1999.
35. NSC email, Clarke to Berger, roadmap for Small Group, Dec. 22, 1999.
36. Samuel Berger interview (Jan. 14, 2004). See also Richard Clarke interview (Jan. 12, 2004); Roger Cressey
interview (Dec. 15, 2003).
37.Trial testimony of Diana Dean, United States v. Ressam, Mar. 13, 2001 (transcript p. 124).
NOTES TO CHAPTER 6
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