authority at 10:31, see DOD record, Continental Region chat log, Sept. 11, 2001. For possibility of ordering a shoot-
down, see Larry Arnold interview (Feb. 2, 2004).
241. NEADS audio file, Identification Technician position, recorder 1, channel 4, 10:02:22.
2 The Foundation of the New Terrorism
1. "Text of World Islamic Front's Statement Urging Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders," Al Quds al Arabi, Feb.
23, 1998 (trans. Foreign Broadcast Information Service), which was published for a large Arab world audience and
signed by Usama Bin Ladin,Ayman al Zawahiri (emir of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad),Abu Yasir Rifa'i Ahmad Taha
(leader of the Egyptian Islamic Group), Mir Hamzah (secretary of the Jamiat ul Ulema e Pakistan), and Fazlul Rah-
man (head of the Jihad Movement in Bangladesh).
2. "Hunting Bin Ladin," PBS Frontline broadcast, May 1998 (online at www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/
shows/binladen/who/interview.html).
3. Usama Bin Ladin,"Declaration of War Against the Americans Occupying the Land of the Two Holy Places,"
Aug. 23, 1996 (trans., online at www.terrorismfiles.org/individuals/declaration_of_jihad1.html).
4."Hunting Bin Ladin," PBS Frontline broadcast, May 1998.
5. Ibid.
6. For a classic passage conveying the nostalgic view of Islam's spread, see Henri Pirenne, A History of Europe,
trans. Bernard Miall (University Books, 1956), pp. 2526.
7. See Martin Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds., Fundamentalism Observed, vol. 1 (Univ. of Chicago Press, 1994).
8. See Emmanuel Sivan, Radical Islam: Medieval Theology and Modern Politics, enlarged ed. (Yale Univ. Press, 1990).
9. From the perspective of Islamic, not Arab, history, the Baghdad Caliphate's destruction by the Mongols in
1292 marks the end not of Islamic greatness but of Arab dominance of the Muslim world. Moghul India, Safavid
Persia, and, above all, the Ottoman Empire were great Islamic powers that arose long after the Baghdad Caliphate
fell.
10. Bin Ladin,"Declaration of War," Aug. 23, 1996.
11.The Muslim Brotherhood, which arose in Egypt in 1928 as a Sunni religious/nationalist opposition to the
British-backed Egyptian monarchy, spread throughout the Arab world in the midtwentieth century. In some coun-
tries, its oppositional role is nonviolent; in others, especially Egypt, it has alternated between violent and nonvio-
lent struggle with the regime.
12. Sayyid Qutb, Milestones (American Trust Publications, 1990). Qutb found sin everywhere, even in rural mid-
western churches. Qutb's views were best set out in Sayyid Qutb,"The America I Have Seen" (1949), reprinted in
Kamal Abdel-Malek, ed., America in an Arab Mirror: Images of America in Arabic Travel Literature:An Anthology (Palgrave,
2000).
13. For a good introduction to Qutb, see National Public Radio broadcast, "Sayyid Qutb's America," May 6,
2003 (online at www.npr.org/display_pages/features/feature_1253796.html).
14. "Bin Laden's `Letter to America,'" Observer Worldview, Nov. 24, 2002 (trans., online at
http://observer.guardian.co.uk/worldview/story/0,11581,845725,00.html). The al Qaeda letter was released in
conjunction with the release of an audio message from Bin Ladin himself.
15. Ibid.
16. See Arab Human Development Report 2003 (United Nations, 2003), a report prepared by Arabs that exam-
ines not only standard statistical data but also more sensitive social indicators recently identified by the Nobel
Prizewinning economist Amartya Sen. It says little, however, about the political dimensions of economic and social
trends. See Mark LeVine, "The UN Arab Human Development Report: A Critique," Middle East Report, July 26,
2002 (online at www.merip.org/mero/mer0072602.html).
17. President Bush, remarks at roundtable with Arab- and Muslim-American leaders, Sept. 10, 2002 (online at
www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/09/20020910-7.html).
18. See, e.g., Intelligence report, interrogation of Zubaydah, Oct. 29, 2002; CIA analytic report, "Bin Ladin's
Terrorist Operations: Meticulous and Adaptable," CTC 00-40017CSH, Nov. 2, 2000.
19."Open resistance flared so quickly that only two months after the invasion . . . almost the entire population
of Kabul climbed on their rooftops and chanted with one voice,`God is great.'This open defiance of the Russian
generals who could physically destroy their city was matched throughout the countryside." General (Ret.)
Mohammed Yahya Nawwroz and Lester W. Grau,"The Soviet War in Afghanistan; History and Harbinger of Future
War?" Military Review (Fort Leavenworth Foreign Military Studies Office), Sept./Oct. 1995, p. 2.
20. Rohan Gunaratna, Inside Al Qaeda: Global Network of Terror (Columbia Univ. Press, 2002), pp. 1623. Regard-
ing UBL's access to his family's fortune, see Rick Newcomb interview (Feb. 4, 2004);William Wechsler interview
(Jan. 7, 2004).
21. Government's Evidentiary Proffer Supporting the Admissibility of Co-Conspirator Statements, United States
v. Enaam Arnaout, No. 02-CR-892 (N.D. Ill. filed Jan. 6, 2003).
22. Intelligence report,Terrorism: Usama Bin Ladin's Historical Links to `Abdallah Azzam, Apr. 18, 1997. By
466
NOTES TO CHAPTER 1
FinalNotes.4pp 7/17/04 4:26 PM Page 466