rO REWORD
Tlie continuing efforts Of the USSR to expand the capabilities of those ports and pipeline systems that handle oil for export are described in this report- Current capabilities are analyzed against current requirements, and prospects for the future are examined. Bnphasis is given to the possible limitations that ports andmay place on future increases in Soviet oil sales.
Suiisnary and
I. Portsactor in the Export of Oil from the USSR .
A. Current
D. Current Limitations
C. Planned Expansion of
II. Pipelinesactor in the Export of Oil from the
A. Current
D- Current
C. Planned Expansion of
Appendixes
Appendix A. USSR: General Description of Ports Exporting
Appendix B. Glossary of
Tables
"JSS3: Method of Delivering Oil for
;JSS!i: Exports of Oil from Black Sea Ports, by Type and
by Port, of Origin,
Exports of Oil From Baa tic See
k. USSH: Pipelines for Exporting Crude Oil: In Operation, Under Construction, or Planned for Construction,
1 January
L la hK]
Following Page
Figure 1. USSR: Exports of Petroleum, by Port,
2
Exports of Petroleum, Petroleum Products, and Crude Oil from the Black Sea, by Port of Origin (Chart)
3.
Hose Connections at Batumi
*t.
Hose Connections at Novorossiysk
5,
Hose Connections at Novorossiysk, the Hew Pier for Handling Petroleum
6.
Hose Connections at Fao
7.
Pipelines for Exporting Crude5 (HapJ^UKCEASSlFIED) .
8-
facilities for Handling Petroleum
9.
facilities for Handling Petroleum at Novorossiysk (Hew Pier)
a5dlItie* for Handling Petroleu-a
11.
Facilities for Handling Petroleum
12.
Facilities for Handling Petroleum
13.
Facilities for Handling Petroleum
Ik.
Facilities for Jfendlingi -
USSR: PORTS tOlD PIPELINES FOB EXTORTING OIL*
Sutanxaxy and Conclusions
, exports of oil Tron the USSR to other Comnunlst countries and to non-CCBBBunist countries Increased annually by an average of almostercent to more thanillion tons. With only minor exceptions, the USSR has honored Its trade cocmitaento In full, in both quality and quantity. This has aeant not only the successful coordination of production, transportation, and shipping schedules but also the concomitant expansion of means of transport and loading as the volume of exports increased from year to year.**
Port facilities have been upgraded, facilities for handling oil and tankers have been enlarged, and new ports for exporting oil have been established on the Black Sea and tho Baltic Sea. Although facilities probably have been strained to meet the demands placed on them, these demands generally have been satisfiedo date neither ports norhaveimiting factor in the Soviet drive to enlargein the international oil market. The limitation, if there has been any, has rested with restrictions on the amount of oil the USSR could make available for export.
That the USSR fully intends to Increase its exports of oil in the coming years is quite clear, and much of the groundwork for handling this anticipated increase has already been carried out. Current CIA estimates place the aaount of exportable surplus oil in the USSR0 at betweenillionillion tons, which implies onannual growth in exportsercent toercent't-TO. For comparison, in theear period, total oil exportsfromillion to more thanillion tons, or byercent annually
Rev oil pipelines have been laid to the Black Sea ports of Tuapse and Hovoroeslyux (Hyshe Baltic Sea port of Ventspila will be linked by pipeline with sources of oil supply inandis to begin5econd oil pipeline between the export base at Batumi and the Baku oilfields. Delivery of crude oil toEast Germany, Hungary, and Poland will be handled largely by tho recently completed CEMA (Council for Mutual Economicr Friendship,
* The estimates and conclusions In this report represent tho best Judgment of this Office aa
** In this report, tbe term oil Is meant lo include both crude oil and petroleum products. Tonnages are given in metric tons. The term other Comnunint countries includes the European Satellites (Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Rumania) as well as Communist China, Cuba, and Yugoslavia.
s much asillion ton3 of crude oil, representingoercent of the Soviet exportable [i'ootnote continued on p. 2]
Of puramount importance to continuing Soviet export of oil will be the new base for exporting oil that is nearing completion at Mys Shes-kharis,ew kilometers southeast of Hovorossiysk. Test delivery of oil from this new facility, which on completion6 will rank as the largest in the USSR, began late Reportedly, the port will be able to accommodate tankerseadweight tonsnd at full operation will almost double the capacity of all the ports on the Black Sea to export oil. Finally, expansion of the Soviet tanker fleet continues through construction both in foreign and domestic yards. On the basis of improving the means to deliver oil to paints of export and the continuing enlargement of port capacitiesparticularly Mva SheskharisIt is estimated that at least0 ports arid Pipelines will notimiting factor in Soviet sales of oil.
The recent emergence of the Baltic ports of Klaipeda and Ventspils as important suppliers of oil to Scandinavia and Northern Europerecognition of the need to establish points of supply much closer to these market areas than the distant Black Sea ports. silting lc so severe and dredging, which is needed to keep the channel open to the required depth, so costly that Klaipeda may never achieve its roleajor oil port.
At the Black Sea ports both natural and manmade limitations often Interfere with shipping schedules. Although icing isarticular problem, coastal storms ln winter months often force the harbors to close. Moreover, the ports arc hindered by notoriously low-capacity discharge pumps that seriously hamper loading operationsin fact there seems toeluctance on the part of Soviet nlanners to allocate funds necessary to permit replacement of these pumps. If the neea to Improve pumps continueserious bottleneck could develop in meeting delivery schedules. Moreover, lack of improvement in loading rates would negate those advances made in delivering oil to port areas and in accommodating larger tankers in greater numbers.
Except for Odessa and Feodosiya, which depend on rail transport for the supply of Oil, all major ports on the Black Sea and Baltic Sea eitner now are served by pipeline or soon will belans and construction are well underway to provide such services. Some of these pipelines -ill obviate deliveries by rail tank car and permit movement of oil at reduced costs, in larger quantities, and on more secure schedules- nevertheless, delivery problems may occur until all pipelines serving ports can be linked, directly with fieldscrude oil.
surplus, may be movod to Eastern Europe by this pipeline system inecause carrying capacity of that part of the Friendship line within Eastern Europe -ill be inadequate to handle this amount, plans have neen formulated to parallel existing lines vrithin Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary-
efinition of this term and of others corrF,only used in shin-ping, see Appendix B.
I- Porteactor In the Export of Oil from the USSR A. Current Role
In recent years the USSR has emerged as an importantmarketer of crude oil and petroleum products, and there hasonsiderable shift in emphasis on the means used to transport this oil to its ultimate destination. Increasing reliance has been placed on transporting export oil by oceangoing tanker.* orercent of the oil exported was moved by oceangoing tanker, but3 this share had increased toercent (see Inasmuch as almost all of the oil sold to non-Communist countries is delivered byercenthis shift, then, reflects the relative increase in sales to countries outside the Bloc.
Some rearrangement is taking place in the other means of transporting oil (rail, inland waterways, and pipeline). 0 all the crude oil for export that was moving inland was carried by rail or by tankers and barges on the inland waterways (as distinct from oceangoing tanker). Since2 the use of parts of the CEMA, or Friendship, pipeline as they were completed has reduced the movement of crude oil by rail and inland waterway. Of theillion tons of crude oil for export that was moved by Inland meansillion tons,ercent, were handled by the CEKA pipeline. Within the next several years, as the CEMA pipeline is brought to its full capacity, expectations are that most of the crude oil Tor export that is moving inland will be handled by the pipeline.
* ombination of construction in both Communist and non-Communist yards, the Soviet tanker fleet has increased rapidly in recent years- At the endk the Soviet tanker fleet totaledillion DWT, compared with only slightly moreillion EHTurther growthillion DWT by the end5 is forecast- Continued acquisition of tankers of varying capacities is dictated by the expressed Soviet hope of having in the nearanker fleet capable of delivering all export oil. ** P. k, below.
*** In that year, Finlandtons of petroleum prod-
ucts by rail; Afghanistanillion tons of products overland; Austria received all of its oil imports from the USSRillion tonsby combined inland waterway and rail; similarly, Soviet exports of products toillion tonswere handled bywater and rail-
Most of the petroleum products moving inland continue to be handled bynd lesser amounts arc being shipped by inland No pipeline for petroleum products crosses internationalto serve the export market, and except for speculation regarding
USSR: Method of Delivering Oil for
the possible construction of an oil pipeline from the USSR to Finland, it is unlikely that any such pipeline would be built.
Except for those minor quantities of Sakhalin crude oil that are exported to Japan through the Soviet Far East port ofxports of oil through ports of the Black Sea and the Baltic Sea reflect Soviet activity in maritime oil shipments. The export of oil from Black Sea ports has increased steadily in recent3 million tons08 million tons3nd in the latter year, such exports representedercent of the total oil for export that isby oceangoing tanker. Analysis of trade statistics also points to the high degree of specialization among the Black Sea ports in handling crude oil and petroleum products. 0dessa, Tuapse, and Batumi handled betweenndercent of the petroleum products moving in export trade from the Black Sea (see* the map.nd the chart.. Batumi held the lead inat the beginning of the period, butoth Tuapse and Odessa had surpassed Batumi as exporters of petroleum products.
The developing market for Soviet oil in Scandinavia and Northern Europe, when measured against the long and profit-consuming hauls required if this oil were to be shipped from Black Seaed the USSR to develop two ports on the Baltic Seattlaipeda and Ventspilswhich, in addition to being comparatively inactive, possessed natural features that were thought to be conducive to rapid development as major ports.
Initial shipments of products were made from Klaipedaut only negligible quantities were involved. Facilities for loading petroleum at Ventspils were not placed in operation untilnd onlyons of crude oil passed through the port that year.
* See p.elow.
** P.elow. Following p. 6.
! Shipments from the Baltic to Scandinavia and Northern Europeombination of long pipeline hauls and short tanker movements. The reverse Is true for Oil delivered out of the Black Sea. The costof using 3altic Sea ports is quite clear when noting that pipeline costs in the USSR8 kopeckson-kilometers compared withopeckson-kilometers for maritime shipment-
tf Reduced reliance on the Black Sea und the availability of ports on the Baltic Sea also have strategic values.
Tn theears, exports of oil from Klaipeda and Ventspils increased by moreercentillionuantity that representedercent of the total movement of petroleum by tanker from the USSR. Yet the assumption by these ports of arole in moving crude oil and petroleum products by tanker from the USSR has not relieved to any great extent the general congestion
Exports of Oil from Black Sea Ports by Type and. by Port of
in the Black Sea, inasmuch as the total quantities of oil moving in export trade have continued to rise steadily. (For exports of oil out of the Baltic Sea, according to port of origin, see
Table 3
USSR: Exports of Oil From Baltic Sea
Million Metric Tons
Year
Oil)
Products)
Through all of the oil shipped from these Baltic ports had to be brought in by rail, 'ihe USSR had recognized this limitation and originally had scheduled the construction of two oil pipelinesone for crude oil, to terminate at Ventspils, and one for petroleum products, to terminate at Klaipeda- i'resumebly because of thein maintaining adequate water depth in the harbor, the project toipeline to Klaipeda has been eHher abandoned or postponed indefinitely, but constructionipeline to Ventspils for crude oil was begunnd plans call for completion of this system
Only one port in the Soviet Fur Eastr'-oskal'vois activelyandling oil for export. This port, which is located on the northern tip of Sakhalin Island and close to fields producing crude oil, handles those small amounts Of Sakhalin crude oil destined for Japan, as illjstrated in the following tabulation (in million tons):
0.1
0.6
0.6
o-J>
Mo other exports of oil are shipped frcn MosKsl'vo; those Lo Japan,3 were equivalent to onlyercent of oil exported Uy tanker-
Increases in the export of oil from Moskal'vo to Japan or to any other destination are unlikelyariety of reasons. First, production of crude oil on Sakhalin Island is quite limited and falls far short of meeting requirements for the Soviet Far East. Second, construction is underwayinch pipeline for crude oil between Sakhalin Island (Okha) and the Komsomol'sk oil refinery on the Construction of this pipeline probably would not have been undertaken if exports of oil from Moskal'vo were to be increased.
B. Current Limitations
All of the major ports on the Black Sea that export oil ere subject to severe climatic conditions, especially during the winter. Icing isarticular problemonly at Odessa arc icebreakers requiredbut coastal storms Often force the harbors to close. At Novorossiysk, for example, an average oforking days per year is lost because of gale winds. Moreover, severe frosts, whichaccompany the gale winds, can cause damage to loading equipment. Such damage causes loss of petroleum, delays in loading, and greatly increases the danger of fire. Loading operations slow down during the winter, and rates at ports such as Odessa, Klaipeda, and even Batumi have been reduced officiallyoercent. This step was necessary because of the difficulty in moving crude oil and heavy products through unheated hoses, for as the temperaturethe rate of flow declines.
Silt accumulation at Klaipedu hay been so great as toa downward revision of the port potential and theor perhaps even abandonment of plans to connect the portof oil by pipeline. To deepen the harbor to depthsaccommodate large tankersand to maintain this depthprohibitive in cost. Even handling the tankersonow using the port requires constant dredging of thealso is required to keep the Ventspils channel open,ofeet, which are sufficient to acccnmocate tankers in
apacity pumps hamper loading operations in all theat, in turn, results in high rfemirrage as incoming tankers stand Idle. At Odessa, Novorossiysk, Tuapse, and Batumi,ingle tanker reportedly averagesons per hour, butoadings reduce the rate drasticallyeported average as low as POOons per hour.*
* In extreme contrast, at the highly developed port facilitieswith the Baytown (Texas) oil refinery, one of the largest in the US, loading rates ^an reach as high as iu,CO0 tons per hour.
Judging from complaints reported in the Soviet press, Soviet Planners appear reluctant to allocate funds for improving loading
facilities, such as pumps and hoses-* (For loading facilities in common use in the ports of the USSR, see the photographs. Host of the attention has been devoted to the physical expansion of the port facilities through the construction of nev piers, increasing the depth of water alongside the piers, continual removal or Silt, and the like. The scheduled acquisition by the Soviet fleet of tankers with increasingly greater deadweight tonnage will only underscore the general inefficiency of the pumps.
Completion of new pipelines to Novorossiysk and Tuapset and to Ventspils inill relieve the railroadseavy burden of supplying oil to these ports but does not and will not fully guarantee the regular, uninterrupted flow of oil to the ports until these pipelines can be linked directly with fieldscrude oil. onsiderable improvement in means of delivery has been achieved, and such bottlenecks as may occur in oil deliveries to Black Sea ports more likely may occur at Odessa and Feodosiya, both of which will continue to depend principally on the railroads for their oil supplies.
C- Planned Expansion of Facilities
A number of construction programs to expand the various oil ports on the Black Sea are Still underway- Most prominent among these are the construction of an offshore berth for handling petroleum at Batumi and the completion to full capacity of the new port at Kys Sheskhuris. Tn addition, dredging and the renovation of existing facilities is expected to continue. For the most part, these programs arc to be commensurate with additions to the capability to move oil to terminals on the Black Sea, and bold actions, although Implying continued increases in the export of oil from zhe Black Sea, also point to the adequacy of means to handle these Increased exports.
Such equipment abroad. Moreover, shortages of high-capacity pumps (and compressors) are typical for alll" the economy. Following
Moreover, it is clear that the program of developing ports On the Black Sea has been designed prinarily to provide capacity for loading tankers for increased trade in oil with non-Bloc countries. It is anticipated thatlmost all the trade in oil with the European Satellites will he in crude oil, of which only those amounts going to Bulgaria will be handled by oceangoing tanker- The remainder, perhaps as much asoercent of the total deliveries to the European Satellites, will be carried by the Friendship pipeline. most of the oi1 shipped to Cuba may continue to originate fromhe Black Sea, the greater part of tills capacity will be available to handle deliveries to non-Communist countries.
Future growth in exports of oil from the Baltic will have to be provided largely through expansion of facilities at Ventspils, and such expansion is underway. It is estimated that quantities of oil exported through the Baltic will continue to increase, but no major displacement of the preponderant share in the total oil exported from ports on the Black Sea is believed likely. The scope of expansion of facilities on the Black Sea for exporting oil is much too broad to allowhift.
II. Pipelinesactor ln the Export of Oil from the USSR
A. Current Hole
From thes until thes the principalof the USSR inipeline system was to relieve rail transportart of its burden- Lateowever, the USSB and the European Satellites (Poland, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, and Hungary) embarked on the constructionajor international pipeline for crude oil to link new refineries under construction in thesewith Soviet sources of crude oil. This system was completed in its entiretylthough parts of the line, such as those linking Brody, Uzhgorod, and Bratislava (Czechoslovakia) were placed inseveral years earlier.
Recently completed pipelines to the major Black Sea ports of Tuapse and Novorossiysk should greatly facilitate the flow of oil from producing regions to these ports. These pipelines generally will be used to replace rail transport and will supply oil in greater volumes at reduced cost- In addition, transport hy pipeline is more dependable than by other means, particularly during the winter, when surfaceoften is tied up.
B- Current Limitations
By the close* the Capacity Of pipelines to move oil for export either to ports or to the Soviet border may have been as much asraillion tons. As lateuch Capacity probably did notillion tons (excluding that part of the Friendship pipeline between Brody and Uzhgorod). This very sharp growth in capacity of pipelines to carry oil for export will be most advantageous in the Soviet drive for additional Oil markets.
The Seven Year Planor construction of Cll pipelines was designed to provide for (l) the linking by pipeline of all major oil refineries, peration or under construction, withhe linking of four of the European Satellites with Soviet sources of crude ai'. through construction of the CEMA oil. pipeline;of the so-called Soviet oil offensive through construction ofto terminals onck Sea and the Baltic Sea.
Figure A. USSR: Hose Connections at Novorossiysk. Two hosesanker tied to the old petroleum pier. The connection between the leftnd right host! derrick is clearly visible. This method ol handling hoses is common in all Soviet oil ports. {TON'
in spite of the failure to install oil Of the oil pipeline lengths scheduledctual construction probably will fall short of the original plan goalercenthe above majorof the prograa for constructing pipelines generally vill have been accomplished by the end* Priority status was not accorded to any single objective. In fact, completion of the CEVA pipeline was delayedearesult both of the desire to expand the gas pipeline system as rapidly aa possible and of insufficient supplies of large-diameterinch) pipe.
There is no evidence to suggest that lack of pipeline carrying capacity ln recent years hasimiting factor in the Soviet drive to Increase Its sales of oil. Moreover, the balanced program topipeline connections with oil ports indicates that growth ln the capability to deliver oil to terminals on the Black Sea and the Baltic Sea should be commensurate with whatever growth is achieved ln the amounts of exportable surplus oil.
C. Planned Expansion of Facilities
Other than the pipeline to Ventspils now under construction und the plan to build, beginningecond line between Baku and Batumi, little is known regarding Soviet plans for constructing oil pipelines. Perhaps such plans are being held inuntil schedules for production of crude oil for West Siberia and the Mangyshlak Peninsula (Kazakh SSR) can be worked out. Earlyof these regions as major oil-producing centers could drastically change the requirements for constructing oil pipelines, and severalexist for such construction in tho coming years. Should the USSR and Japan ultimately reach agreement on the barter of oil for steel line pipe, then the constructionipeline to the port of Nakhodka on the Pacific Ocean would be indicated. This pipeline, in essence, would be an eastward extension of the pipeline for crude oil from Tuyaaxy tom In length, that was completedhe extension would beO0 km ln length and, regardless of diameter, would requireears for Installation*
* Some preparatory work has been carried outiteewat Kremenchug in the Ukrainian SSR. This refinery is to bewith crude oil by meansipeline leading off the CEMA system. Although the pipeline is atill in the planning stage, there is no reason to doubt that it could not be Installed on schedule commensurate with completion of the refinery.
A second possibility would be to extend the pipeline for crude oil from Al'met'yevek, Cor'kly, Yaroslavl', and Kirishim
to the northwestingrad.- (For pipelines carrying oil for exportn use, under construction, or plannedsec Tableand the mop.
Table U
USSR: Pipelines for Exporting Crude Oil: a/ In Operation, Under Construction, or Planned for Construction
15
Baku Baku
Tikhoretsk Tikhoretek
Polotsk
Afiyskaya
Armavir
Tukha
Karskoye
Kuybyshev
Terminus
Batumi
Batumi Ho. 2
Tuapae
Kovorossiysk
(Mys Sheskharis) Ventspils Novorossiysk Tuapse Krasnodar Novorossiysk Brest Uzhgorod
Length 1Kilometera
* cj
Diameter fInches)
8
N.A.
O
N.A.
8
N.A-
0 to 21
Capacity b/ (Million Metric Tons per Year)
.
6o 8
K.A.
1.3
N.A.
8 too 8
no pipeUnes Tor exporting petroleum products,
b. Basedoviet data.
CEMA, or Friendship, pipeline measured from Mozvr' Bclorusalan SSR.
the
USSR PIPELINES FOR EXPORTING CRUDE5
if//,
>"
5
APPENDIX A
USSR: GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PORTS EXPORTING OIL
I. Black Sea Ports Export!tip. Oil A. Major Ports 1. Batumi
Batumi, the oldest port in the USSR from which oil has been exported, has heen in serviceears. rogram for expanding the facilities of this port began in mid-ig62. Previously the port had five principal berths for handling petroleum (see the sketch,. Alongside these berths the water wasoeetepth which meantanker was the largest that could be accommodated. Additionally, two small piers in the cabotage harbor were used for petroleum.
Expansion of port facilities has consisted of dredging to increase the water depths alongside the five berths, dredging along the seaward or outer side of Neftyanoy Mole,ixth berth in the section handling petroleum, andumber of large oil lines for loading tankers. Additionally, and perhaps most important, an offshore loading facility is being buill, which on completion, will be able to service tankers of upCOO DOT.
Although reports are contradictory as lo the depth of water at the berths handling petroleum, apparently the depth at the first berth has been increased to ateet,ouldanker0 3WT. imilar minimum depth presumably has been planned for the seaward side of the NoftyanCy Mole. No dates for completion of the offshore petroleum berth or of the dredging program have been announced.
Concomitant will: the expansion of the port facilities, pi ans for constructionew pipeline for crude oil between Baku and 3atuml have been announced. This new line presumably will augment and not replace the existing pipeline system between the two points, of the line is to be accomplished in relatively easy stagesthe first,re to be finished0 and them Presumably this construction schedule has been coordinated with the schedule for the over-all program for expanding the port.
petroleum is served
by two principal storage areasotal capacity estimated atons. One Of these storage areas is associated with the Batumi
oil refinery. Based on exports of petroleum from Batumiaxim utilization of this storage capacity wouldupplyonth
2. Novorossiysk (and Mys Sheskharis)
A delegation of executives from US shipping companies, which inspected various ports of the USSR during August andas impressed by Novorossiysk and commented that the port contained some of the most modern facilities for handling general cargo and petroleum seen by the delegation during its tour.* Two piers are available for loading petroleum In tankers. The newer of these piers has an alongside water depth ofoeet which would be adequate for tankers0 DwT (see the sketch, Construction of the newer pier, partrogram undertaken in recent years to expand and/or upgrade facilities in the harbor for handling petroleum, apparently was dictated by an immediate need to provide for additional berthing for tankers. Berthing for only one tankerime is available at the new pier. Sovie- officials, who knew that the new oil port at Mys Sheskharis (see below) was soon to be opened, probably were reluctant to invest any sizable resources in the expansion of Novorossiysk and thus viewed the new pier astopgap measure.
Although the older pier has alongside berthing on both sides, water depth on the northeast side is as loweet in some places arid is generally sufficient only for coastal tankers. Water depth on however, rantf. : frrcr.: feet, and there, are two berths each capable ofype tanker.
in Order to use those facilities available to the fullest extent and to accommodate as many large-size tankers as possible, those tankers having drafts, when loaded, in excess ofeet are partly loaded first at the old pier, then topped off at the new pier.
Crude Oil is delivered to Novorossiyskumber ofthai connect with the local oilfields. Tlie Kurskoye-Kovorossiysk line- :nay be jsed alternatively to carry residual fuel oil produced at tie Krasnodar oil refinery. These pipelines, however, have beenand additional oil is brought to Kovorossiysk by rail and by tanker.
* Ths> delegation also visited Murmansk, Leningrad. Odessa, ll'ichevsk, and ikiku.
In apparent anticipation of increased exports Of crudepetroleum products and recognizing that the economic limitpetroleum al Novorossiysk probably had beenew port Mysointmtiovorossiysk has been undertaken. Reportedly, this new port is-het modern and the largest port for handling petroleumi. cv.'I' 'f.oe
the sketch, Arrangement of the berthing is such that no more than six supertankers can be handled at one time, but because each berth reportedly will beervicing aunertankers of atO DWT, tho new port will almost double the capacity for exporting oil in the Black Sea.
acity for storing petroleum at Novorossiysk is tion to the quantity of petroleum handled by thi:
port on an annual basis. Analysis of available data indicates that storage is provided by two areas and that3 capacity may have beenons. In that year, however, more thanillion tons Of petroleum were moved out of Novorossiyska feat thattorage availability ofays. Under these circumstances, any interruption in the movement of petroleum to the storage area would be reflected almost immediatelyecline in the amount of oil moving out of Novorossiysk. Commissioning of the new harbor at Mysill eliminate this Critical dependence on the maintenance of aSupply of petroleum. If the old facilities at Novorossiysk are used exclusively for handling petroleum products, as has been suggested, then the storage capacity (related to the volume of petroleum products handledould be about t> days' supply.
Mys Sheskharis apparently will specialize in handling crude Oil that will be moved to the port by pipeline from Tikhoretsk. This pipeline,nches in diameter and 2U) km in length, was completed Regular tanker shipment from Mys Sheskharis were anticipated lor5 at which time observed delays in loading at Novorossiysk should be relieved because all of the crude oil may Originate at Mys Sheskharis. It ia possible that the old petroleum pier may be converted to handling dryituation that would leave the new pier to handle only petroleum products.
3- Tuapse
U, facilities at Tuapse for loading netroleum were limited to one pier that could provide for the simultaneousof four tankerswo loading berths on each side of the pic (see the sketch, Figure The maxinum depth of water alongside the pier probably was no more thaneetand that only at the tip of the pier. Toward the shore Ihe depth dropped off to l8 feet. These limitations notwithstanding, the situation4onsiderable improvementhen the maximum depth alongside Ihe pier had
following
** The Tikhorctsk-Novorossiysk (Mys Sheskharis) pipeline ultimately is to be extended inland to Volgograd, thusirect nipelineetween the port and the oilfields of the Urals-Volga. No"date for construction of this extension has been Following
been onlyeet, permitting the accommodationanker ofWT. For loading those tankers whose draft exceeded this depth, lighters were used. As early, however, tankers had left Tuapse with paylosds in excess0 tons. Evidence alsothat tankers were loaded at Batumi to the limit that could be handled by that port and then shifted to Tuapse where they were topped-off to capacity. Dredging reportedly began at Tuausc2 tothe alongside depth at the oil pier in order to eliminate the use of lighters for loading tankers in excess0 1WT.
Examination of the current program for expanding facilities for handling petroleum at Tuapse points to the probable continued growth in the quantities of petroleum exported from this port. expansion activity in the port includes the reconstruction of the Town Pier for use in handling petroleum and renovation and expansion of the existing oil pier. Thus, on completion of this expansiontwo piers will be available for handling petroleum at Tuapse. Reconstruction of the oil pier had been completed byU, but other construction activity continues.
The carrying capacity ofinch pipeline forrves the Tuapse (Ordzhonikidze) refinery, is Inadequate todemands both of the refinery and of export. Consequently,laceinch pipeline for carrying crudeTikhoretsk and Tuapse, most of the crude oil exported fromport was delivered to the port by rail; smaller quantitiesby
The Ordzhonikidze Petroleum Storage Terminal serves both the port area and the Ordzhonikidze oil refinery. Storage capacity at the terminal has been estimated to have beenons in- the equivalent of aboutays' supply.
4. Odessa
The harbor at Odessa has five berths for loading petroleum in tankers (see the sketch.. Several years ago the depth of water alongs d< the berths was reporte. aa to feet, but esult of dredging, tankers with drafts up toeet were loaded In
, .: :
anchor outside the Odessa harbor.
Plans have been formulated to increase the depth alongside the oil berths to *i0 feet, which, if carried out, would call fordredging. Data indicate that the area along the north side of the petroleum pier is being reclaimed, probably in order to add more
Mo oil pipelines serve Odessa. Consequently, all of the crude oii delivered to the area for export and/or for Charge to refining
at the Odessa oil refinery is carried by rail. Most recently, crude oil has been transferred from the Friendship pipeline at lirody to rail tank cars. Petroleum products can be made available from the nearby Odessa oil refinery, which has direct pipeline connections with each of the five berths loading petroleum.
There has been soae speculation concerning the construction of an oil pipeline to Odessa, presumably from the Krenenchug refinery, now under constructionite0 km to the northeast, but no official plans have yet been revealed.
To relieve Odessa of some of itslan reportedly calls for constructionetroleum port at Il'ichevsk, which is located aboutm southwest of Odessa. Although the port of Il'ichevsk" is partly operational at present, no facilities for handling petroleua are yet in use or known to be under construction.
There aro rive petroleum tank farms in tho vicinity of Odessa, and each farm is connected by pipeline to each of the five petroleua berths. Total storage capacity has been estimated to be slightly lessons, or the equivalent of aboutays' supply About ho percent of the storage capacity is located at the Romankovo tank farm which also serves tne Odessa oil refinery.
11. Minor Ports
Of the several Black Seu ports handling oil for export, only Feodosiya is considered to be of minor importance. This port, which is located on the Crimean Peninsulam east of Simferopol, handles largely military cargoes, andas exportedquantities of petroleua. Because Feodosiya is closed to foreign shipping, details concerning facilities for petroleum and water depths are lacking. Two petroleum wharves are known to be in operation, andanker drawing aboutee', departed from Feodosiya, but maximum depths cannot be established. ubmarine pipeline permits loading tankers offshore. There are no trunk pipelines for oil into the area, and oil supplies are brought to Feodosiya by rail, probably from the Brody terminal on the Friendship line. Capacity at the two storage areas that serve the wharves has been estimated toarrels0qual to aboutays' supply
II. Baltic Sea Porta ifixcorttng Oil
A. Vent spilt;
Ventspils has become the major port exporting oil on the Baltic Sea. The port, located at the mouth of the Venta River, is one of the few Soviet Baltic ports, along with porta such aa Leningrad and Riga,
Those storage facilities observed at Il'ichevsk are believed to be for odlble oils.
which are open to non-Communist shipping. Crude oil is shipped from Ventspils Lo most of the nations of Northern Europe. Exports from Ventspils have increased steadilyhe first year of operationillion tons of crude oil passed through the port, andillion tons of crude oil
The harbor of Ventspils consists of two sections: the inner harbor along the banks of the Venta River and the outer harbor, which is protected by breakwaters, on the stretch of Baltic beach at the mouth of the Venta River (see the sketch.. The facilities for handling petroleum In the outer harbor consist of two piersone pier has been in use for some time,econd was completed late in" Flans call for the constructionhird pier,Lo be built when the crude oil pipeline from Polotsk to Ventspils is completed. All three piers are to be idenlical in configuration and capacity.
The pier currently in operation is made up of three sections. The main sectionolid filled pier abouteet wide extending out from the banko 6o0 feet. Beyond this section, and in line, arc two concrete islands or dolphins connected to the main sectionatwalk. The over-all length of this structure iseet and was intended to handle two tankers on each side. Because thefor delivering the Oil do not extend beyond the main section of the pier, the full length of the pier Is not utilized. foot depth alongside the pier precludes supertankers from using these piers, but tankers with Cargo capacities as high0 tons regularly operate out of Ventspils.
Connections between storage areas ana the pier are made by two sets of pipelines, each containing three or four lines. Koses arc handled by four mast and boom-type derricks; two at the end of the main section at the pipeline-hose connections and two at about the middle of the main section.
* Both of these piers are equipped with cranesesign generally used for handling dry Cargo. The presence of such cranes on oil piers is quite unusual, and their size suggests the capability for handling extremely heavy loads.
Capacity for Oil storage in Ventspils is estimated to be well in excessons. This capacity is dispersed in four separate places in the harbor area, but the greater part of it is believed to be locatedarge depot in the suburb of Mezsargs Mazkakis. This terminal, Currently supplied by rail, pro'yably is used exclusively for the storage of cruris oil and probably will be the terminus of the Ventspils crude oil pipeline, which is to be completed The terminal is believed to be connected by pipelinemaller tank farm, which is located adjacent to the north breakwater. The pipelines feeding the dock area connect directly with this depot. Two Other
small facilities arc located adjacent to the dock area. The larger of these two is directly behind the dock area and is visible from tankers moored at the pier. The smaller of these, which is made up primarily of horizontal tanks with small capacity. Is on the north bank of the Venta River where it empties into the outer harbor. Neither depot is known to be connected with the dock area, and both probably are for storage of products used in bunkering ships and for local consumption.
On completion of the second and third piers for petroleum, and the crude oil pipeline, Ventspils will be among the leading ports of the USSR in the capability to handle oil for export. Some difficulties remain. The entrance to the outer harbor is subject to heavy silting and must be dredged constantly. Moreover, chunks of ice tend to collect and freezeack in the northeast corner of the outer harbor, where Construction of the third pier is planned.
B. Klaipeda
Klaipeda, which is located in Lithuania at the mouth of the Kurischcs Haff, is one of the two ice-free ports on the Baltic Sea and was selected late ins for development an an oil export port. Since construction beganwo petroleum quays, each capable ofazbek-class tanker, have been completed and put into operation (see the sketch. Figurehird quay is near completion. Although original plans calledull line of products to be shipped from here, records show that, since the facility was Opened, Klaipeda has exported only fuel oil. These exports have grownegligible amount the first year of operation,illion tons
Before expansion Of the facilities for petroleum, Klaipeda was equipped with two dolphin quays, which served coastal tankers and barges,ank farinapacity ofons. One of the dolphin quays and the tank farm are still used to supply local needs forproducts.
During the first few years that oil was exported from Klaipeda, only the South PelroLeum Quay was available. oot-long quaynkers of almost any length, inasmuch as ships can noor along side the cuay parallel to the shore, fir. alongside depth ofoeex, however, limits service to Kazbek-class tankers0 DWT. The North Petroleum Quay, which became operationalas the same length and alongside depth as the South Quay and also can service tankers Up to those of the Kazbek class. hird quay under construction just north of :he North Ouay apparently will have characteristics similar to the existing quay.
Following p. PO.
Reportedly, two pipelines lead from the larger of two storage arease dock area,anifold permits servicing of either or both quays, because of severe low temperatures during the winter, tanks
and loading bases are heated, and even in the extreme cold,ons per hour can be
Petroleum storage in Klaipeda is estimated to be between IOC COOons. Based on the lower estimate, Klaipeda couldaintained an average of aboutays' supply Theapacity ofons, has been in use since5 and currently serves local needs. Trie terminalabouturface tanksnderground tanks located on the bank of" the Kurishes Haff, which is adjacent to the south edge of the South Petroleum Quay. The second storage area, builts locatedeters inland from the North Petroleum Quay. The area contains at leastanks, eachapacity ofons, as wellumber of smaller tanks of undetermined capacity. The facilities of the North Petroleum Quay may be partly allocated for local civilian or military use but arc used essentially for export.
The port is supplied by rail with petroleum productsprimarily fuel oil for exportrobably from the refinery at Polotsk. In the past, lack of coordination between the shipping schedules of theand those of the tanker fleet has caused temporary delays in loading; there have been occasional reports of tankers lying idle in port and waiting for delivery of oil by rail. Tank cars at Klaipeda are unloaded by an unusual method (see the photograph,. The oil is drained from the cars directlyoncrete trough from which it is pumped to storage. Plans for developing the Dort apparently have called for the construction of dock facilities with*small capacity (see the photograph,. This decision isarked contrast to development plans in the Black Sea which call for increasing the capacity of existing facilities as well as building new facilities capable of servicing supertankers. Moreover, Ventspils, the Other Balticor nandling petroleum, also lias been developed to service deep-draft tankers.
Klaipeda harbor, because of its location at the mouth of the Kurisches Haff, is subject to silt accumulation, and periodic dredging is required to maintain the depth cf the harbor at its current level. It may be possible to increase the depths alongside the piers to abouteetepth that .would permit tankersapacity of more0 tons to be serviced, but the cost of reaching that depth and then maintaining mij hi well be prohit Li-. . More, reat nural er of the ports inrincipal target for exports of petroleum from the USSR, are shallow and are unable to accommodate tankers with cargoes much largerons. Continuing Soviethese markets is evidenced by the Soviet-Finnish trade agreement4 that called lor Finland lo supply the USSR60 withankers, eachapacity for cargo of aboutons, tt may well be that present plans call for Klaipeda to specialize in the accenmoda-tion of small tankers.
USSR: Facilities /or Unloading Oil at Klaipeda. ull train of tank ears stops over the covered concrete trough, which is then opened and into which oil from the tank cars is drained. The oil is then pumped from the trough into tank storage. Reportedly, this method is suitable only for crude oil and fuel oil. JSCCP M
Figure lo. Hose Connections at Klaipeda-Facilities at this port on the Baltic Sea lack even such rudimentary equipment as hose derricks- tSJi^ftW
appendix h
GLOSSARY OP TERM!KOIiOOY
Any description or discussion of porta and shipping involves the useumber of technical teres, the Meanings of which are often misunderstood or not understood at all. This report makes use of sou of the sore common of these terms, and each is defined in the following cceipilation.
Perth The place assignedessel ln port when anchored or lyingharf, or the like, where it can load or discharge cargo.
Breakwaterny structure or contrlvanco suchole, mound, wall, or sunken hull serving to break the force of the waves anda harbor.
frankerTo load coal or fuelompartmentessel for Its own use as distinguished from loading the fuel as cargo. Theessel burns for its own use.
Cabotage -- Coastal shipping.
ost of material, insurance, and freight.
Deadweight tonnage (DWT)he vessel's carrying capacity when loaded in salt water to Its approximate load line, Including, lnto cargo, the crew, bunkers, provisions, and stores.
Deep-draft tankeror the purposes of this report, any tanker whose draft exceedseet.
Demurrage Detentionessel by the supplier, carrier, cnarterer. or receiver of the cargo beyond the time allowed in the charter for loading and unloading. essel is said to be on demurrage and isixed sum, per day or per hour, agreed on ln the charter ln compensation for earnings It la compelled to lose.
Dolphinooring post or buffer placed at the entranceock,harf, or in the middletream.
OraftThe depth of waterhip requires to float freely. The depthessel below the waterline, measured vertically to the lowest part of the hull, propeUers, or other reference points.
FairwayThat partiver, harbor, and so on, where the main navigable channel for vessels of larger site lies.
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Gross register tonnage (GRT)he measurementessel's capacity in gross tons (one gross register tonubic feet3 cubic meters). Lack of uniformity in measurement of gross tonnage of vessels of various countries exists because of variations in the method of measurement and in the number of spaces excluded from measurement. It Is not, therefore, an accurate measurement of cubic capacity buteasurement for legal registration.
Jettytructure of timber, earth, stone,ombination of the three and projecting into the water In the natureierike embankment. Jetties placed at the mouthiver or harbor tend to concentrate the current and Increase the depth of the water over the entrance bar.
lass ofankers built by the USSR beginning The Kaxbek-clasa tankereet long,foot beam, draws abouteet when fully loaded, andonnage0 DWT. Because of modifications within the class It is referred to also as the Kazbek-Leningrad class or as the Leningrad class.
Lighteressel used for off-loading cargohip not.'at berth.
MoleA substantial masonry structure often serving as aon its seaward side and at the same time offering facilities on Its inner side for loading and discharging ships.
QuayA solid masonry and earth rilled structureanding placeessel to receive or discharge cargo or passengers and designed so th* vessel is moored parallel to the shoreline.
Roadsteadore or Ioiih open anchorage affording less protectionarbor but more than the open sea.
Supertankerankerapacity greater thanWT.
lassankers built in the US during World War TI for naval and convoy duty. Theeet long,foot beam,raft ofeet. Its deadweight capacity isT. because of the large numberankers in use after the war, tanker capacities are now frequently measuredhatessel5 DWT capable of sailing atnots
Top OffTo complete loading operationsartially loaded laitker either within tbe same port or ir. anotner port.
omparison of representative US and Soviet oil tankers, see
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Wharftructure of timber or iron built from the shore and extending into deep waterarbor so that vessels may lieclose together. Alsoier.
USSR and US: Selected Classes of Tankers
PEVEK CLASS:WT
XX
CLASS:0 DWT
LISICHANSK CLASS:0 DWT
I
CLASS:0 DWT
MANHATTAN CLASS:WT
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Original document.
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