UNCLASSIFIED
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY.
"*"
6
MEMORANDUM FOR: /
Defense Intelligence SchoolIA
Siberian Development
Per your request ofanuary, attached are several unclassified articles on industrial development in Siberia and use of the Tran-Siberian Landbridge. *
*
Attachment As stated.
i j
^UTIOV
Landbridge Traffic Soars
Annual freight volume on the TransSiberian Landbridge has soared since the Soviets introduced the serviceandbridge is presently carrying nearlyercent ofontainers moving annually between the Farand Western Europe. Its share of traffic betweenajor trading areas will continue to increase as the Soviets offer more attractive raten for the service.
he Soviets began offering to haul containers overland from the Pacific Ocean to the Baltic Sea atelow those on all-sea routes. Previously, most goods moving between the two widely-separated regions had moved by ship. When the service began, handling facilities were crude and service was erratic and plagued by delays.
In the past four years, the Soviets have built container-handling facilities on the Pacific coast at Nakhodka and Vladivostok and have double-tracked major sections of the TransSiberian rail line. On the Baltic Sea, Moscow hascontainer facilities at Leningrad and Riga to handle increasing volumes of Landbridge traffic. In addition, existing rail service to Europe has recently been supplemented with service to Iran.
AJSSTRACTS
I lie OulliH'l In ihc Sov
ol Ux Dow
TMf FAR FAST"VS AJOrJOS. 1'IXTS (Uy Fseeuoniht>.id olHI* Planninc CommilleVf Councillorrrulurlive Funis ChinumirlicMMvacueiJ. ho. economic potcntulnl Ihc firt male itcctaflandoiie* porta of ihccnnirt in 'ofM n, i.
II Is alto HCtSHnf th* Fir EmI'i Wrasirueur*rsturii* ihrrc-ih Ol IM po.frepair lifiiii.es.ori faculties rt other bnaifcW of lh> eeonwn.brnrospects. II Ithai iht standard of livine rite faster In th. Far Eui thin in lh* central portion of lh. country.
In itiefii-til Ihronditionsepon determin. tlwil lhe neveIcoxcm of eioort Will (oca*primarily on raw msirrials andsemifiniihcuVoductstiuriber.Subsequently.,roo.
become bujajron
*riasporutica 5rob - ol It- par
lar-cel. emrniwale ol MBM. Construction o! the rutfcil-Aaur railroad (BAM)l the utmost iiaportaecc in tail f'.nnettloo.
Itits, and eosluoln. ti scheduled to ro IntoZ and lull operationncerailroad will carry IS.QCS.O'JOfons of crude oil. In the secondh*of careo tbculd
CoafinsciKM ol DAM will becrunt factor LilaayS.pi" Have already diKO>erid Of1 Uie
IU surrounded by vast iracisare'
plane to set unumber-in du!lry enterprises1 output will Leubicwood per year. DAM "illremendousce of ihr ZeiaStobodoy territorial productionard will increase 'he economic postibIIHkes of [heinduairial eei-ter. It will 1U0 createfor the .'fij-iriil operauon of hydrop<werin theof tneGilrti Bieer. theWera aad
la ace crdar.ee wifcepiaaned rapid crowihof fh*. F.rade aad eeononie retattoci =lih lhe counties of Ihe Pacific 0MM and the IndianBAAl will ben rear uicreasL-cof loniber. oil.p. paper and nor-lerrouc mfUl Itr ex|torl. In this csoneciion.of> liter ce.ipori to lie Soveisfcua Gmi recioi to receive MaoriBAM hasulaf.an* confirm ihe economic rOMttvantll of mnn.rB an ollplpefcne from ihe Cnli ana apipei.ne from the Vilvuiskdeposits to Ihal pert as wellhc pipeline! are instance.
also be aai Lsibler.c- iaa larffa rehter*nd a seltinoloodillonj are also fa.orahlecanltruruenjlp-ina-paper erterpr.se heie.
The creaiionire*base in ih* Far East has become in urr.rnt cast Tneherelait with an annual production mac try of ft.MO.MO ions ofeastiriA.uts of utrl0 ions cl rolled MfOl would be eon.palely |ui.lif|rd. /
The resou.eesLn-'ferrcj* meiallurcv in Ihr Farof eo.ir* coal mat iron or* deoosuc
taalui.i Ta niuielinl amsibt*souihern. ul
has biedtv..Ivdol*ilhJapanr iha
S.B. I. to mehev..
. f't Ml
l-r w,,,
riMrailtea,
will he nmn.lM.il in
nlorrntetu^
il her.*
l
e.nt-r. will rriMlri.lrse- iati .( .
fo*es of the Tieifle
I derdopmem of Ih* pulp-and-pap,,
t m,Vb- limber catftunt aad. -
tr- upiC 1
Ir* in Ihr |'ir last.
, Siaif PlAnnincouwiith,'rodnrttvc Forres his proposed andhe buildiirpicny tbe Mealn th* Ifaatfo.n.Amvr rcc.On Weil Siberian oil. Viiut natural southern Vikul eokinr coal, apatil* and phonphorit* in. Scl.nidihi region can serve as (ha raw-miiernH base herr
kn stould be etrploiied particular.aef and rur=sieo deposit. Iht rXpouiakv llnPolntl epotn.- K If MU, and others should be developed iltans ccitrm in* *eonomierlfe<(ivenessMeo-.Mrwi.he Maritimelant to0 ton, of alumina per vearie procrstm; ofuttHfl. The aUmina from lh* plant would co to alunn.-om
l Siberia, and lhewould be
..Kporiedotimrics cf thy Pacific Oceanies ol elw-ap electric power willake it an alumuiuoi plaM kn lh* Martiine Terrnoe..
At peeieni. per eaptra output ofheSue thil for Iba couairsm> ceaditiens rf this repon. however.more elietrirkiy lhan cecdtiion* in lhe countryholessare ro erased uistmc eleciric power sU-lioni and conairuct new* ones.
Itailer of eitremeureenc* lhat Ihecosi ofbeiters in ihe
eouihern porilOri of lhe Far East with Vai.ui rai can be cf feral help in Ibis connection The Idea ofaal powerur Strait hasreit ayil at interest. Accordjtcostiouiei. ihe com of iM* siai.oa would Oe be lew ih*cost oTeonHnaciiAi power
Of ihe refions conslrociio- eapabiliti.i Attney are III inferior to ih* consirurtloo eapik.lil.es of Ibr MMttrynolo, noi ii menion those ol ihe most highly deielofied pirn of lhe country
ptd drvelopmeni of productive lotres In Iheit will creatly increase ihc proouctlon ell.cicney and economic potential ol Ihc entire ecunlry.
Sovici-Lipanese TradeNew Era' of Large-Scale Piojecis DtiDcr Acnoss the
AhHf.ul
U firvelopint! Surecsslully. (Il*craturna>-ae.ared.pril. MhJ.MQ words, Abiiracl:rTokyo, Marchfi dilleren. vie illhai hasnpem-lruilysUariw-lrwiand siepbi sieptoeeercoeae lonc-Siia<sie<ad
5
c unit fit dici.st Or thi: jjoviet riit-ss
nIt.f )Ur; lliry tltf
lit* llait In thru n-'- ilin in mid carp and
llin. II nVCtlmi'lal Di Xtt.ODJ ID lifll InlUi'l
rj fl aa! lOIIUiaiiT tf jufj titf<
lamtii'al. ti itr<iii,iti,
Natural Resources
ALONG
VlillWC VMiov* CcilMlU
THE KMKAL- AMIR kAlU'Oi!) (llv Prvfa A.I. EKpiMf Minillfi il Cifiln'-r.. 1.
I.iai. irit.iir>secail
r raflftvta*
1UA1 i- Amur iailra>ad. bw:lrl of IV.1 aland nettelnet lo th* >ur<irUi( nKiiurv la lay inrJ.
f.rrv ir
rili in ttrnionrsni 10 feuic noi (ould un* it
lori ul rma^li-irt Ind c( liif*ciiCfiil (die's Isr It*nd nnn-ffrnws ciu! lurry Un- Ml)hrntjl inojiiinri. Th*
railroad Mil (rossT.-iii.rir Ui* Ciffcier, al majormineral
deposm.
it Ol* llvKii-
x route.iii nai*tl,1ySouUi Vakulian haaui n! mliia* tW'.andi(ll rcilila
:ichfr.Mi( olinwsinrrtrrvri aK irona-ii* ihc mi, (uim
'.ctlllS IN*qiir ISminll'.ur. iiJit (iKCiSjrynl ul Icrroul
tli liMlia) ClOial- Il.^njS.
uiiti ot irot. Ir^aJ.
lu.nd aihct rv.na[ir.'T ntiarar,oirifullv ifudi.dt,ntivoran*,
n In* toafthtrrn part :' Ajtnr.onicutt Rrnxwic tni Vi Uie hhuu Prounc, iniM la altrn;Li*nli- rr.iinili bit; al Ilrroia iu*uUien eita antlliOa Ww lilril-
i ol iorknl Ui* CMn
titco'frtd Utoro.enolBilliuiifd is'f ramc'isnicwr(is* "ll rwiir* crriiaivialbcr-
Olr'fi' iKV'i ol1ar iron or*ia W*iK. Th* ran mairriallot Ibe (Nlr.v:*o Tallin. By !ti( *nd ol in*iranilla linith fiploraio ('ior in* roil! rut nan Ol(jpil.t* oliial'1 ol
yt>i. I' )flli"Bi. or
(ail ^votfi'il (inymiil "WihoJ.
lit-rftit ilia Win: >lw-'rrrous
HI II,
i^ifiliral ValU* *ul JhkoXIir."
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nr iflitotlfail
leiiout Mculluirit ini|aorUM.
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on di it
rirarihr Cta tn picuJi* noi- it pri
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(OodlXIKd tl) III* Ell-if. ft-
. II. Aili'mii cl tilt
tht MMM Iluai.i.ilrcidta.r m m
iiarf* n* prill all* ats-
wir
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Transportation
RCAIIS TKIIUUC'I I'lllXi (B* T. COf
l
rrmii.oMrurt icit'l Moidaviunli dccrits ol IM Prttiafluront. R. andir. KeputEie io-
proit*Iroir.diiCirt
l ovr ditirid's frllt*nv* iirms. nat* lari-.t.-
' afrv*"iici unit*nirrprmiaa irattor.i ipcarial'i thr" J'l Tnoa* fainllv rfiniriOiiifdard In rarrftofittfn Inril roialin'nll", it bcrn api'nlrtr p'ira)eirrd inci 'jior ii|n4
ixiit imw tao ran ll! nl ;Fc di<-lricra irr*mintliei.*On) Ui*rc itcal Coil la bo dena.
Rercilllilane Ua. Kiev Uuncn ol ihi 'll-tmonDCinfi tinn .ona)ifii ol v'ic diitri<*'a reid> in llTd-USO. i. jnon-.iiii cllCaj'1 by lu'. Iirr.f itiiiis by .rj , In I' ir<an>ltt Mill nTCdidJtriiiird anCt* nil hin la beill.
Aftmi riilmtfi is'i miairai- tint-
nl Io' iii* (lifnudl nvliiHi a.ill>
of Ihe riwiw. Thoiiii* dcp>uiistit- Aldan ir* tlrody Wine aw:ii!*i< in>in*i*
W-'" I"n KhSbii-t"
Ihf nmn aii-.iiluraadlriir^ ol'Infiil piom-
I'-. I ' 1 '
I v. .
i illtiiVOl
Ui*inlcnoi utff*.
khidi I* Ve site rif" mdustnil
i
rmaifit*rti*iafi ali*i'; lir.nia>ii oll our
iT.n* fiisain* ur^miialioo
olAidso'tt* la arquir*iai**gr air lionrfl n'arf ina*iind vuuifvnrfii.Mjrr*'"r-.iit tiuildini'ri'i. on in*ldtr .ndutlfriif* lir*'i.irma ami itivr ftf (iitiMluvt. mor an
afhfaalff* Ian*, llul tl IXlt.
ll Vill hueuild theHipo-cr.of
ti
BRATSK CONFERENCE ON THE FUTURE OF SIBERIA
NovosibirskRGANI2ATSIYA PROMYSHLENNOGO PROIZVODSTVA in RUSSian.NO 3, 57
/Report by Z. M. IbragimoVa, correspondent forRGANIZATSIYA PROMYSHLENNOGO PROIZVODSTVA, from theroduction conference "Socio-economic Problems in the Development
Siberia during theve-Year Plan^/
/fext7 Let us talk about the future of Siberia. Buts not talk like the dreamers and poets who bequeathedmotional prophecies and bright hopes for theuture" of this very rich land. In our day the language I' of figures, the opinions of specialists, economic experiencej and analytical conclusions are more convincing thanrophecies.
oday Siberia forecasts its future at scientific-
ractical conferences. The first ofthe development
nd distribution of Siberia's productiveplace
nhe Kemerovsk )
as devoted to the face of Siberia in thehe
onference in) discussed problems of prospective
planning; in Shushenskiy concrete problems of
iberia's development up to 0 werend at the latest meeting in Bratsk problems of the Tenth Five-Year T'lan were discussed.
The main distinguishing feature of the meeting in Bratskhe concentration on complex territorial problems and "complex" ; representation in the discussion of these problems. For
three days at the Bratsk conference the platform was turnedo obkom and kraykon party secretaries, administratorslanning agencies, executives of large economic concerns from
all the oblastc, krays and republics of Siberia and representatives of ministries and central planning organization
Everyone was in Bratsk, energy specialists and railroad men. builders and geologists, agronomists and oil men. The very logic of economic developmentnification of forces separated by industrial specialization. As Comrade Brezhnev saideexing with the voters of the Bauaanskly Electoral District cf Moscow on "The more problems there are to be solved simultaneounly, the more urgent is the need to solve themoordinated .fashion, systematically and purposefully, taking into account the complex and many-faceted relations among individual areas of the country, among branches of the economy and amonr all spneres of public life. omposite systematic approach is essential to the working out of responsible solutions.-
Conferences like the one at Bratsk are one of the ways to implement precisely this approach to the development of the eastern regions of tho country.
nto an Era of Industrial Onslaught
In becoming an arena for large scale economicn experimental proving ground for the realization of large complex programs, Siberia is livingtormy period of industrial onslaught.
Everything that has been created inunique industrial establishments, gigantic hydro-electric power stations, chemical complexes,of it is connected to the achievements of the industries which are energetically developing the resources of the Siberian territories?
During the fifty years'*.2 newformed within the bounds of Siberia and the Farthese SI (orercent) appeared in conjunctionorganization ofprocessing of mineral
raw materials, ftore thanercent of nil the Siberian workers' settlements established during tnc lastears, arc connected with prospecting and developing various useful minerals.
What do those areas of the economy which are "subduing" Siberia take pride in? In the millions and billions.of tons, cubic meters, and kilowatt-hours which have been extracted, obtained or produced. Pirst placethe country's oil regions gooo to Western Siberia,
2
sillion tons of oil in the last year has Men called upon to provide nearlyercent of the entire nation'sNincrcase in cil production ln the Kinta Five Year Plan.
Every third ton of Soviet metal is smelted with coal from
the Kuzbass';
Siberian industry turns out three-fifths of all the
machine building production of tho country's East (excluding
the
In the Ninth Five-year Flan Siberian enterprises will account for hall of,the total increase of commerical wood taken and of the production of saw-timbers.
0
he Ninth Five-Year Plan oust also increase the contribution if Siberian metallurgy to the national output of metal.
And all these large increases in production are tied to the relative cheapness of Siberian rawton of Kuzbass coal is onealf times cheaperon of Donetsk coal, and expenses for Siberian oil are the lowest in tho country, etc.
Siberian victories by the branches of industryule nean the introduction of new capabilities and the mastery of new types of resources. However, a sharp reorientation of the national economy from extensive to intensive methods of development on the basis of accelerating scientific-technical progressew interpretation of many indicators. First in line is the question of how and by what means to pursue the further development of tho eastern regions of the country. The participants at the 3ratok Conferenceng the positive tendencies in theof Siberia during the Ninththe appreciable turn in public production in tho direction ofiberia at present about ercent of tne increase In production is obtained tnrough tne growth of labor productivity and onlyercent by increasing the number of.econd, no less important circumstance isin tne structure of Siberian production! the share of those employed in the mining industry is decreasing percentage of intensive timber processing (the establishment ofXtimbor industry complexes) is increasing significantly. In tho procuouon of Western Siberia tho position of chemistry and petrochemistry is rising an is electroonergy and non-ferrous metallurgy in Eastern Siberian production! newer and newer technologies are appearing for the reworking of basic raw material
1
Tho Siberian economy has strikingly demonstrated the fruitfulncss of cooperation among the branches of industry in theof large economic programs.
In the He port of the CC CPSU to the congress of the. Brezhnev listxl examples of the cocioosite approach to planning and the adoption of major national economic decisions-he included, in addition to programs for improving agriculture' and exploring space, the program for rutting into production the oil-bearing region of Western Siberia.
%
i|
We must not fail to mention in this connection the Bratsk-Ilimsk Territorial-Production Coaolexonceived and carried out as the first large-scale, high-efficiency TPC in the territory of Sioeria.
Another vivid example of this is1 decision of the CC CPSU and the USSR Council of Ministers on measures for thedevelopment of production forces in the Krasnoyarsk^ kray1
The entire economic experience of Siberia convinces oreof the necessity for precisely this approach to the development of new regions. The scale of mistakes and costs of industrial disassociation are capable of bringing the successes oi" inter-industry cooperation to naught.
ruits of
While giving what is due to the achievements of the branch Industry approach to the development of new regions, the conference participants at the same time analyzed with uneasiness certain difficult economic situations, the very emergenceichonsequence of uncoordinated actions by various agencies.
Thus, in many presentations concern was heard regarding the state of affairs in the field of energy without which Siberia's economic prospects are inconceivable.
i thexceedsrid, covering the West to the tern includes such ;v d;-oeiec trie
The characteristics of the United Power System of Siberia are well knowni it is one of tl its established capacity ofilowatts; they all work on one territory from" the Omskaya Obla: Buryatskaya ASS it in tne East.
ation/ the Belovskaya and Tom'-Uainskaya,
giants as the Bratskaya and Krai Power st
^tate Regional Electric Powerhose in the Kuzbass and others. The groat economy of the stations plus cheap fuel provide the Siberian system with the country's lowest expenditures for elcctroenergy.
However...
Despite the large surplus of established capacity, consumers are actually receivingercent of the United Power system's capacity. Power engineering in Siberia haseriod of electroencrgy deficit, and until new stations are put into operation the system will be forced to limit consumers.
an ieaa to scriou corresponding consequences for consumers
These are not all the reasons which explain the difficulties of Siberian power engineering, but what was citedoti the dependence of the branches on each other is becoming ever greater and the necessity for coordinated actions is becoming ever more acute.
] turn toife-supcorting" branch of industry, The Eastern Siberian Railway. Labor productivity here isercent higher than tne average for the system and is approaching the productivity of labor on L'.S. railways. The railway serves Krasnoyarskiy Kray, Irkutskaya 0blast and the Buryatskoya ASsH. It partially serves the Kemerovskaya Cblast, and It carries out the basic transportation of freight for Yakutiya from the transhipment ports of tho Lena. It consumesercent of the electroonergy "eaten up" by railway transportation in the countryi it is equipped with the newest technology and has high economic indicators'. Tho scale is truly Siberiani the volume of work is greater
The reasons? One of them is that the development of' power engineering was movinglower ratheraster pace. If, in rough terms, the level of electricity consumption of the brancnes of industry was developingercent, power engineering at this sane time was developing only atercent. Secondly, the development of the fuel base for the TETs ^eat and Electric Power Station/ did not proceed simultaneously with the power engineering. The capacity of the Kuzbass thermal stations exceeds '* million kilowatts, but the association cannot completely realize this capacity since it "sits"canty coal ration. Thirdly, grid construction is behindt it is sufficient for one line on the main transit lino to be cut off and this event, which is essentially ordinary in energy management, can lead to serious breakdowns with corresponding conseouenrpi.
on the railroads of the FRC, France, Spain and Italy taken
together. And the prospects, which are for large increases
are Siberian, 0 transportation on the Bratsk section'
of the railroad will increase tenfold, and shioments
in the region of Achinsk sevenfold, etc. It is'assumed
that by that year the gross output in the regions served by
the railroad will increase ten tines, and in the future
railway workers will handle more thanercent of all shipments
So what is it that concerns the railroad workers, who have. It seems, quite enough business of their own?
The railway workers are demanding the development of other forms of transportation! water, motor and aviation When hundreds of train cars stand "ir. line" in the Lena port waiting to be unloaded, the railway suffers very acutely from the under-developcent of water transportation.
It is the very same case when industrial brar.cn effectiveness signifies very little in the determinationational economic effect! _individuallytrain, the automobile, thefreight very cuickly, but it reaches its destination very slowly, with the speednimal drawn transportation.
The costs of the non-composite approach send tens oftrain cars empty across tne entire country everyEast-Siberian Railwayrctv the west and the cars for emptyconeJ
The costs of the non-comuosite approach burn ud billions of cubit licad gas: its use coefficient does not exceedercent 5 production.will consist of aroundillion cubic meters. 0 production will beat and new capacities for processing it, for gas pipelines, etc. are needed in order that the gas does not burn.
The costs of the non-composite approach every year force
Poljtechnical Institute to leave for various areas of the country and at the sameraduates of various VUZ's
? Br?!sk on assignment to IC-atsk Get construction Administration]which would have accepted Its people from Bratsk with greater pleasure andreater guarantee of "permanent settlement."
re the -voices"
of the branches of the economy.
But since the supcrrich Siberian land has been divided into administrative rayons, it is not completely superfluous to listen to tne "voices" of the territories which directly reap the fruits and the misfortunes of the industrial onslaught.
In the strugglelace in the nationalaigure in the state plan, seven
nrays and tnree autonomous republics of Siberia are putting inain "trunpof the value of their resources and favorable technical-economic indicators of their development in the near future and over the long range.
Chitinskaya Oblast is concerned with the development of the Eastern-baykal Killing and Ketallurgy Conbinei the Baykal area is "burdened" with Udo'<an and it io dreaming of tho world's largest mining-concentrating combine,
Yakutiya, which supplies the country with diamonds, gold, antimony, mica and tin aspires toarge coal-metallurgical basei in the republic's south, next to deposits of high quality coking coals there are extremely ricn deposits of iron ore. Geologists say the reserves run to the billions of tons,
It is essential for the its enormous naturalexpand production capacities, to build new enterprises, to reconstruct and to ro-equlp the coal industry and the Kuznetsk Metallurgical Combine.
Buryatiya needs to develop its mining industry. During the tenth five-year planombines will be built here on trie- basis of the Oshurkovsk apatite deposits and the Ozerninsk deposits of copper ond lead as will tne Enterprise for the dining and Processing*
J.ji5 aur large zinc and lead deposits is being cor-.pleteciles from BAH /baykal-Anur'frunkould it not be expedient in this connection to locate tho East-Siberian Metallurgical Plant of Lead and Zinc Concentrates next to tne Ozerninskiyning and Concentration Combine^ on the some grounds?
Of Eastern Siberia's balance of reserves, about Uo percent of the asbestos and more thanf the coking coals, mercury, zinc, etc..belong to Tuva. And its claims for capital inveat ment arc supported by calculations showing that at tne Sayanskiy Asbestos Combine coats will be recoveredittle more than five
The map of Siberia is large and no spaceagazine is sufficient to hear the voices of all its territories. ertain conditionality one can say that Siberia and thee aroundercent of the predicted reserves ofbasic typos of mineral resources. In Siberia there are no orphaned lands, impoverished by nature. Another rayon and again millions and billions of tons, cubic meters, kilowatt-hours which have been produced, which are possible or surmised. The present of Siberia is tied to them, to these millions and billions. but its future is tied to them in an even greater measure because millions and billions of ruble-are necGccl for the millions and billions of tons andtersi the program for developing Siberian resourcesong term program.
Does it need to be said that the territories' claims for capital investment exceed the available resources by many times*
One of the conference participants jokingly calculated the "cost" of the primary requests of tne Siberianevenough calculation it woved to be many tens of billions above the ever growing capital investments.
And the economy of Siberia has received0 billion rubles during the post-war yearsncluding more thanillion rubles in the Seventh and
irSJS*, * ,BUtow economic and psychological inertia links the development of Siberia to new construction and the introduction of new capacities. It is obvious that in the Siberian rayons, as the least developed, the role of extensive factors will always be greater than in the countrvhole, out this does not at ail lessen the significance"ntensification in the econony ofthe contrary by virtue hole series of specific circumstances the prob-anywhere1elseSlfyinS Production ar* here more pressing than
First of all we are talking about the choice of the moststructure for productiontructure which would increase Siberia's contribution to the national economy of the country. The growth of useful mineral outout must bo accompanied by the organization of composite use of raw materials and by the development of theor their thorough processing. The effectiveness of many basic production units is reduced by low labor productivity, orimarilv of handuxiliary and servicing production units. iheir reorganization is an important reserve of intensification.
a
The second task is the purposeful implementationechnical policy oriented toward the specific features of Siberian conditions. . Lenin's well-known words that the mineral resources of Siberia "are located under conditions that require 'the best machines" have not lost their topicality today. The enormous concentration of resources, enterprises unique inhortage of manpower, the opportunity for broad application of clcctrotechnologicalis the "bill" of the Siberian economy to scientific-technical progress which still must settle it. This also signifies the acceleration cf Siberia's machine building development and the expansion of the network of construction, planning and experimental organizations.
The third major problem of intensification is the sharp improvement of construction. The construction bases of Eastern Siberia wereears ago, and in the majority of cases their resources do not meet the requirements of modern construction. Per this reason it is not accidental that the deadlines for assimilating allotffidcapital investment are not met.
Andourth aspect of increasing the effectiveness of Siberia's economy deserves special mention. We are talking about eliminating the backwardness of Siberia'sackwardness which accumulated over the decades.
while the claims of the administrative rayons to new enterprises need special examination in each individual case, nonetheless their unanimous dissatisfaction with the state of the production and socio-service infrastructure describes the general Siberian situation, which requires general energetic measures.
They all need roads and transportation, housing and .medical services, cafeterias, houses of culture, etc.
The lack of attention paid to the infrastructure is the reverse side of the victorious industrial onslaught, it is one more cost of tne non-composite approach which waa already discussed.
And It is precisely here that there is the "hottest" point of intersection for tne interests of the territories and the branches ofoint which can be calied the height of contradiction. But while the industries themselves, whi< control millions of not only cubic meters but also, in contrast f
'3
to the territories, millions of ack of coordination in the
sphere, the entire burden of the consequences of all this same lack of coordination falls on the shoulders of the territories.
The problem is acute if we recall that the first stage in the establishment of the territorial-production complexes which were assigned the very job of cutting the Gordian knot of non-coordination,ertain degree revealed the mechanism of this non-coordination and the aggregate of its sad results.
The pride ofSratsknot escape
the well known mistakes and blunders which
GAZETA called in its time "the lessons oi Sratsk." These
lessons briefly consist of the same old thing i "departmental
rule" leads to disproportions in the Development of a
coraplcxi "cities are needed and small towns are built,"
"housing lags behindcommunal management
does not keep pace with the city's rate of development!
the social, cutural and consumer services don't keep up
with the growth of thend "transportation
facilities do notneeds,"
Each settlement has its own water supply and heating
system, etc. In other words this is not the new TFC
but the old communal apartment, where eachamiles
had its own little table, its own bucket, floor cloth, boll
its own corner in the entrance nail, etc. This way everyone
suffers inconveniences, the nonsense of duplication and
confusion, but nothing changes because behind the 15
floor cloths is system of relations which have developed
with this forced association, tradition, inertia and on and on.
But while these apartments live out their working lives, territorial-production complexes are only being established ond they, according to general opinion, are the best form for the structural development of Siberia, Many compare theof Siberia to the exploration of the wrlc ocean or outsr space For this reason it is so important to analyte the first experience of thc?lr establishment and to draw the appropriate conclusions.
he Cost of Dinneredical Certificate
The plat, or more accurately the desires, which the territories and the industries have are enormous. Hew GES's, plants,Arc3.ds, combines, minfis, pits andIfiese are in the future proposals for the tenth and following five-year plans
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and very often there is only one thing missing, labor resources In solving this problem the "voices" of the territoriesot go unhcedod.
..Against the background of theeter dam of the *^ Bratskaya GES how insignificant looks the
who suffersinsects of the summer heat and
the wind in the cold winter frost, who is subject to colds and changes of mood'. rivial" seem the problems of tho bath house and the cafeteria, the club and the nursery school along side the problems of developing the "millions and billions of tons and cubic meters of Siberian raw materials! How petty are the kitchen gardens and the cattle yards in comparison with just the building of tho Bratsk Aluminum Plant, the largest aluminum plant.
Butonsequence of these "trivialegative balance of migration hangsroubling question mark over Siberia.
Never in tho history of our economy have the problems of intensifying social production been so closely interwoven with the problems of raising the standard of living as they are in our tine. Never have production successes depended toecisive degree on the living standard of the pro-mmm ducers as todav. This problem too Siberia interprets in
its own wayi the reduction in the population of many Siberian settlements is forcing It to dig for the reasons of tho migration and to look for new ways of struggling against it.
Much has been done in recent years to increase the material welfare of the residents of the eastern and northern territories of our country. This included tne introduction of an addition factor to the base wage of employees in light industry and the food industry and in the non-proudctive snhereof tho southern rayons of Western and Eastern Siberia. It also included increasos in the amount of the northern benefits and the inclusion of new ravons and organizations in the category to wnich the "northern benefits" apply. (Due to these measures in particular the gap has been lessened between the real incomes of the Siberian population and that of other rayons of tho KSFS3.) And there has been an increase in tne appropriations for housing and socio-cultural construction. Thus the implementation of significant measures to raise tho welfare of Soviet people begins with the areas that havo the most difficulties in thioregard."
it
Nonethclesc oven these specific North-Eastern benefits are notosition to immediatelyhe living conditions in Siberia with the conditions in other economic areas of the country.
Two interviews with conference participants on the subject ofiberian lives and what needs to be done for him to live better tomorrow than today are presented below:
V.G. Boycv, Director of the Economics Institute of the Siberian Division of the VASKXXL All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences.mber of VASXHXL
as In Ust'-Ilimsk at the marketi tho vegetables there are notcheap. And this was in the fall, at the height, so to speak, of the vegetable season. The average wageonstructio worker at the Usf -Ilimskaya UESubles. Evenage like that the vegetables are quite exoensive. tn convinced that food difficulties are one of the main reaszjisthat half of tho workers in Usf -Ilimsfc left last year.
you approach Bratsk by airplane, the number of greenhouses next to homes is strikingi the sun is reflected in their glass roofs. eased the party secretary of the Altayskiy kraykora who was flying with net
"There are more greenhouses in Bratsk than in Barnaul."
countered. 'We are not oriented toward the private sector:
"What do youturned out to be right! m conversinr with Bratsk residentsi
"How is the supply of vegetables?"
"The person whoreonhouse does fine, the person who doesn't havo one does badly."
"AndNot good."
"And this Is in Bratsk! Thereea of heat, light and energy--and difficulties wj th foodl It seems that this fightlace to establish an agro-industrial complex with recruitment of industries which are caoable of providingturoaterial basel"
"After all, in tho same Irkutskaya Oblast tho first steps along this path have been taken in the Cheremkhovo region. Located thereoultry plantairy complex, etc. which use the material patronage of the enterprises.
-There is also another example. ave in nind the specialized farms in the Tyumcnskaya and Tomskaya oblasts. Well, for example, the Surgutskiy Sovkhoz of petroleum workers. The central farmstead of the sovkhoz is the settlement Belyy Yar, locatedilometers from Surgut, The summer there is short butnd the climatic conditions make it possible to raise potatoes and other vegetables. 02 tho sovkhoz spent more thanillion rubles on the construction of production, cultural-service quarters and the organization of public services and amenities of the territories, and this money was mainly from the petroleum workers. There are mechanized farmsargo poultry plant and thousands of square meters of winter and summer greenhouses. The oil industry board provides the sovkhoz with transportation, technology and spare parts. esult the settlement is continuously supplied with milk, eggs and partially supplied with vegetables and fresh meat.
There are, in my view, two paths for the development of agriculture in Siboriai agro-industrial complexes and small bloc-type as in the oil areas.
-The practice of producing food stuffs locally which are usually supported bywhich are persuasive of the fact thatin the food, oven by airplane is cheaper than tolocally. It seems to me that such calculations aresolve this problem. Theoretically bringingis
justified, but in practice it often leads to an absence of food stuffs 1 bad road conditions and weather unsuitable for flying and those first settlers sit without moat and at times without potatoes.
-In regard to tho agro-industrial complexes themselves there can be no routine recommendations. Each TPC has its own specific features and scientific recommendations must take them into condideration. ood scientific undertaking is necessary, which is now, speaking directly, in miserable conditio It is essential to develop agricultural science inwithout it we will not solve the problems of food supply in the new areas to be developed."
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The second interview is. Prokhorov, Mead of the lector of Medical Geography of the Institute of the Geography of Siberia and the Par East of the Siberian Division of the USSK Academy of Sciencesi
-The most accurate and objective indicator of the state of affairs is the health of the population. To foresee the medical consequences of the industrial development of new territoriesask which by itself is not standardized, and theust say, is not effectiveedio-gcorxaphical forecast isegative forecast. According to the research data of scholars headed by. Kaznacheyev, of the Academy of Medical Sciences, work time losses due to the rate of illness in Siberia are appreciably higher than the country's average. Why? J. thinkm saying nothing new. because of tho lack of attention given to these questions, to the inability to plan for the consequences of the technical-economic decisions.
"rfe will take Ust'-Ilimsk. This is notontinuation of the good traditions of Bratsk, butepetition of its mistakes. As you know, up to now no unified plan has been approved for the development and distribution of projects ir. the economic network. ite was set aside for the construction of the city on the right bank, but it is being built..on tneand feverishly i after all, there has to be someplace to live! (Incidentally, Jt.lt. semenov, head of
Bratskgesstroy, talked about this same tning at the conference. 'Unfortunately the mistake of 3ratsk was repeated in Ust'-Ilimsk too. while working out the technical-econonic basis for the construction of the GES not one agency announced the construction of an enterprise and correspondingly the plan for the construction of the GSs did not provide for cooperation in the construction of general production units and engineering structures or in tne formationransportation network or of thend, of course. tn& settlement will receive civil rights despite its unplanned quality, dee.nite the future dfficulties. The problem ia that tho settlement will bo locatod on the hank of an unfreezingatch of water in the midst of ice. in warm years the length of the polynia will reacn up0 kilometer3i it is obvious that we will receiveenter of active fog formation. And if we take into considers toon that smoke wastes will be coming from the timber industry complex, then it is not difficult to imagine that we will have "to deal with worsening conditions of life.
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the nine-storey buildings are growing and, of couse, no one will take down an unplanned, but built settlement. According to our classification thisypocomfort zone,one of reduced comfort and this means an increased rate of illness. When thereesidents in Ust'-Iliask illness will cause cany millions of rublesworth damage. This means that lowering the rate of illness even by only ercent, would save the government several millions every year.
"According to the approximate calculations Irkutskaya Oblast aloneillion rubles due to lost work capability of the copulation. It is well know that in Megion during the period of development, the rate of illness was nany times greater than the average for the Union. All this is not to frighten but in order to direct the attontlon of economists and planners, industrial organizers and researchers to these problems too. In the name of what arc we oeveloping the new areas and the resources of Siberia? In the nameetter life for can. ho only for he who will come after us, but also for he who is performing tne nighty work of development. And in the meantime he does not always live well. At present theyan to ths difficult areas with economic stimuli, while not always taking into consideration the health of the worker, ournain resources. And, in my opinion, the wnole problem is that toe few people are working on 'humannere is no comparison with the army of those who drawn into 'technical problems." Tnere aro no insoluble problei7ip--they are insoluble only when they do not solve them. Developing scientific research in this area mean3 suggesting ways out in practical situations."
These two interviews are only two opinions of two specialists from the nany thousands of people wno are in one way or anotner concerned with the problems of Siberia.
Address a similar question to architects and they will tell you that in the majority of Siberian cities the process ofruly city appearance nas not yot begun, that people want to love no't only their CE^'s, but also their cities and here in Siberia thereealth of work.
Tine of the
Here is how researchersfrom the Institute of Economics and the Organization of Industrial Production, Siberian Division of the USSH Academy of Sciences evaluate tho situationi
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national economic combination. They substantiated the necessity* for locating groups of machine building enterprises, electro-metallurgical enterprises and enormous complexes of'enterprises of right industry and food industry in this complex. The scientists also had to answer econd questioni how to best locate the designated enterprises and how to arrange them territorially. The problem was solved with the aid of economic and matheraatical models:esult the most favorable sites for the spatial distribution of production forces were selected.
And what came of it?
Deadlines for construction and putting industrial establishments in to operation are not met. Industrial centers are olanned and built without consideration of significant expenditures for the construction of roads between centers. In the Oznachennyy settlement the organization of an industrial' center was begun. It was to be large and would be builteriod of many years. There were many people building but for now.no main builder. There is no plan for the industrial center, and no general plan for the city, etc.
That is, everything is just the same. And all for the same reasons. The model has been worked out, but not the general plan for the estaolishment of thelan which would stipulate assignments to ministries according to the period and amounts of construction financing. There is no organ which is responsible for fulfilling the plan for the establishment of the TPC and the coordinating management of the general-complex, and general-center elements of the production and social infrastructure.
The measure which the scientists proposed was to singlenow thn first and foremost large complexes asunits (with the rank of autonomouskrays) within the oblasts and krays and to make theobjects of composite territorial planning. In theirtime has come to conduct an experiment on the establishmentupon the principles of unified managementt toentire infrastructural preparation in one set of handscarry out/the financingentralized way and notministries. One of the TPC's which is being newlySiberia couldesting area. roposalany case the territories
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eport. Chiryayev, first secretary of the Yakutskiy Obkom of the CPSU. Avdeyev, head of the economics department of the YakutskiyBranch of the Siberian Division of the USS* Academy of Sciences,
kc adherethose opinions already expressed at.the conference
regarding the necessity to establish some agency which would
coordinate thb. preparation and the actual development of the
resources of the territorial-production complex. It is important
for this agency to possess real opportunities to combine material
financial ana labor resources. It seems to us that it would
be mostexample, tooard for the combined
development of the Xldan-ChuTman -Udokan rerion as an organ
of the national Gosplan in as much as it is the union ministries, mainly
with theosplan of the RSFSH, which will be
workingcouldind of experiment in
the implementationomposite program for the dovelbpment of the
resourcesoncrete rayon which has iirmortant significance
for the national economy of- the countryhole.
..Does everything which has been said mean that the very word combination "territorial-production- unites two independent concepts which for the present .signify not unity, but rather the single combat of two forces?
During the discussion of thissore" one for Siberia,
Kf,Vnr"her Positive/suggestion which was expressed. It wasby Professor Ivan Mikhaylovich Syroyeznin, athe conference, head of the chair of economicthe Leningrad Economics and Finance Institute imeniof economic
^Recall Engels' idea that all economic relations are manifested in the end as interests. It isforce the ministries to unite when clashing with the interestshe territories, and for this it inessential to change the method of distributing and using resources. tartage fund should be handed over to the local organs of power;'
in the East the economy is not go closely linked and it isorganic as in the West, and hereeasure would.
aybe it/is possible? Maybe it is necessary? aybe the Tenthn is the time for such experiments? illion cubic meters of accompanying gas on tho petroleum plainations of Siberia are not burned-, Sd that tho level ofincomes of the Siberians would at least be equal with the
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nation's average? So that tho Siberians might love their own cities as well as their uES's and gigantic enterprises?"
All these are the problems which trouble the minds of pooplo on the threshhold of the Tenth Five-Year Plan. Of course, this report does not come near to exhausting all the fullness of the territorial, industrial and inter-agency problems wnich were discussed by the participants at the Bratsk conference But one thing is obviousi the unanimous striving forfor improvement of the economic structure and clearly this will be the basis for fulfilling those grandiose goals of the five-year plan which the country sets before Siberia.
ossible Contours of the Five-Year Plan
In order to outline more clearly the contours of the Tenth Five-Year Plan for Siberia and to more accurately imagine the scale of the problems which lie ahead, it would be useful tomall digression into the recent past.
The First All-Siberian Scientific Research Congress was opened on6 in Novosibirsk. Tne chairman of the Siberian kray ispolkom spoke at the'opening of the congress 1
'Almost everywhere the current opinion has develooed that Siberiaealthy land, but if wc ask exactly"what resources Siberia has and how they might best be used, we hardlyufficiently exhaustive answer and at times it is easier to receive an answer regarding the resources of distant Canada than of our native Siberia." ,
In Siberia the goal of industrializing'the country ran up against tne fact that the kray had beon little studied 1 "up to the present time Siberia isercent almost completely unstudied and unresearched "While everyone goes around saying that Siberiaold mine, we do not nave the data to affirmDespite tne scientific work of two centuries', woo not know with any accuracy at tne present time where what and in wnat quantities is located or from which end 1tvwould be more economical and more expedient to industrialize thetc.
And although it is now well known that thelong range development of Siberia's production forcos, hich was worked out at the scientific congress, was subsequently subjected to substantial changes, this does notsignificance of the congress itself. Without its materials and recommendations both versions of the general olan for the development of the Siberskiyould have been impossible.
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Tho conference in Novosibirskf the Siberian Division of the USSR Academy ofat its
ant to talk now not simply about the Siberia of thealso al>out the future of Siberian science. And notthis area of human endeavor is closer to me thanothers,Shut also because the harmonious development ofenormous in its dimensions, and the completeits resources will become possible onlv when thediscoveries are introduced into all thethe national
Talking about the resources of. Lavrent'yev and his listeners know precisely what this rceansi according to, the data of the conference materials the basic resources of lead, coal, gas, oil, copper etc.are concentrated in Siberia.
The national economy's needs for mineral raw materials is doubling every 5 years. . now it is well known where to get the mineral raw materials, but how to get them with the least expenditures and by what means to obtain the maximum when extracting useful minerals?
Siberia inisillion people producingenth o. the total national product. Siberia's role as main fuel-energy base for the country has already been defined. It is hard to imagine our country's metallurgy without the coal of the Kuzbass. Siberiaeading producer of aluminum. hree-quarters of Siberia's machine building production is shippod to other areas and four-fifths of machines which Siberia needs are shiDped in, further, they are not suited to the harsh Siberian conditions. In comoarisonthe fuel and raw materials base, the processing units of production are poorly developed. The gross agricultural product is decreasing.
Jnd although the past five years have made some corrections in9 forecast (mainly in the forecast figures which in fSJi J? caS^st0 *avoset too low, specifically ifti J ' th0 conIerence materialsarge roio in uoH-rminin-; the tendencies of Siberia's development.
"ference were taken into account
in"/oul1'ne ninth Mve-xear Plan for the development ti the country's national economy.
(nd here in the -forests" of forecasts, proposals and rough Srafts is the Tenth Pive-Ycar Plan for Siberia.
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If we consider the development of Siberiaatural process ln the consistent implementation of large regional programs (the Uralo-Kuznetskiy and trie Angaro-Yeniseyskiy projects, the development of the Western Siberian oil and gas bearing province, the Bratsko-Ilimskiy, Krasnoyarskiy, and the Irkutsko-Cheremkhovskiy complexes, then the Nizhne-Angarskiy the Sredne-Yoniseyskiy projects, etc.). thenew problem as the economic development of the BAM zone must be named one of the primary programs in the Tenth Five-Year Plan, 'tie are talking not only about the Baykal Amur Trunk Line itself, the main construction project of the country in the neVr future. The national significance of the trunk line is determined by the necessity to develop the natural resources oyer an enormous territory and in the future the SAM zonebe an aggregate of effective territorial-production complexes.
G.L. Tarasov, head of the department of SOPR Council for
the Study of Productive Resources/ of Gosplan USSF.
drew for the conferenceicture of the future
of the BAM zone. ery cursory, and still quite approximate
survey of the prospects of the "BAk-area- strip may look like
this.
At the beginning of the route, from Ust'-Kut, the lino passes through tne territory of the Irkutskaya oblast which Is very promising for oil and gas. sut the basic resources of this area are the high quality forests. It is probableimber industry complex will be located here, possibly in the Kazacninskiy Rayon. Two large rivers, the Lena ana the Kirenga. with theirmeet the industrial and agricultural water needs.
To make use of the Lena for Transportation.and power needs, it would clearly be wise to build on it several hydroelectric centers witn hydroelectric stations and navigation systems.arse hydroelectric center could be constructed in the area of tho city of Kirenssa (above the mouth of thewould improve the navigation conditions on the Lena up to the port of Osetrovo.
Further on the trunk line passes through Nizhne-Angarsk, at the northern extremity of Lake BayKal. arge number of deposits of non-ferrous and rare netalls have been discovered in the areas of the Northern baykal Plateau. These are
the pre-requisites for tne
conveniently located and sufficiently efficient mining and concentrating comoines.
21
ue deposit of chrysotilo asbestos "mining silklocated-near the Molodezhnoyearge mining and concentrating combine to be built here
W?an^enierP^SeShe asbestos cement industry of Siberia and the Far East with raw materials.
The hydroenergy resources of the Vitim and its tributaries the Tsipa. Hui and Amallat are evaluatedillionascade of hydroelectric stations is possible?
And the undeveloped reserves of timber in the northernBuryatiya are calculated to beillion ne aore large timber industrywood fiber board and saw
Pi?lhe raad in thB Kalaro-Charskiy Rayon of the Chitinskaya Oblast are the very large Udokanskoye
of difficultHnd high seismicrty. But BAH is making the constructionining and Concentrating combine something
come.UD ofingleman-
- coraplex'the southfakutiya there are many
a leral resources and enormous reserves of pit coal and
iron ore. supplyingith food can be done from
the contiguous Amurskaya Oblast where agriculture is developed.
yE|!iy industria* center, an area with significant
XhlnJveS ofraw materials'?
a^ar* settlement with
in producing comome,
niStry,fnd the Production of petroleum andwill receive broad development onand Vilyuysk
Even thin highly oversimplified sketch gives somef
-ndT% bet0toa SAM zone
pl2nnedhe Tenth
ith the voters of the Baumanskiy
saiS! Ct 1W". Brezhnev said, Every five-year plan is an aDDreciade step in the
development of our society. But the tenth, onehe
22
anniversary five-year plan, willpecial place. And not only in terns of the planned accomplishments which, naturally, is growing. There is the additional fact that in accordance with the directions of the 2Uth party congress, the new five-year plan is being prepared together with the general prospect for the development of the national economy during thend the plan willomponent of it."
And during the Tenth ?ive-Year Plan, in addition toof the road Itself, numerous problems ofdevelopment of the zone will beappraisal of the natural environment and theto the selection of possible sites for
But no matter how grandiose are the projects related to tho construction of BAM and, tho development of the new zone, the goals of the Tenth Pive-Year Pilan in Siberia are in no measure exhausted by them.
0 Western Siberia will supply nearly half of the union's petroleum production. The rate of developing gas and condensate reserves is growing sharplyi if the Ninth Five-Year Plan can be called tho beginning the "gas subject" of Siberia, then the tenth will become ito culmination.
At the same time that oil and gas pipelines willin, the first lines of the Tomsk obol'sk petrochemical complexes will be introduced. proposed to increase oil refining capabilities so muchwill be cox.pleteiv unnecessary to ship petroleumthe European areas of the country. Particularthe forthcoming five-year plan will be paid toin Siberiaew branch of industry forof incidental petroleum gasi tho immediatetoercent of
In the Tenth Five-Year Plan the Angaro-Yeniseyskiy project will see the completion of the Ilicskof the Bratsko-Ilimskiy energy-industrial complex and the energetic construction of the Sayanskiy TPC.
The realization of theroject will also begin 1 the construction of tho Boguchanskaya GES-, the development of new technologies of timber industry proauction and thearge condensation
stations.
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In forecasting the development of an agro-industrial complex, scholars think that0 the gross agricultural product may exceed by more than onealf times the level of the average yearly production of the Ninth Five-Year Plan. To reach this it is essential to estaoiish agro-industrial associations and to put agricultural on an industrial base everywhere in Siberia, during the Tenth Five-Year Plan the productivity of agricultural labor must increase nearly twofold in comparison with the Eighth Five-Year Plan.
Scholars link all the programs and projects for the economic transformation of Siberia with the essential condition of improvement in the life of the Siberians, and thiselatively rapiincrease in nominal incomes, broader opportunitiesualitative jump in the development of the social and consumer infrastructure, etc. Industry on behalfis the truth which is transformed from a publicist slogan into economic reality.
Even these individual sketchesortrait of the future Siberia make it possible to judge the scope and diversity of the goals of the Tenth Five-Year Plan and the more long range prospects. The grander are the designs, the more careful and intense must be the preparation for their implementation. The Tenth Five-Year Plan is not only large scale projects and colossal' construction jobs, it is also difficult problems. And if'they are not solved, many forecasts and preliminary plans may remain unrealized.
PHOTO CAPTIONS
Irkutskaya Oblast.extreme western point of BAM, The main line beinghere will connect with the Tayshet-Lona railroad.
2,p 23 Tomskaya Oblast. This year the experimental production farm of the Tomsk Model Agricultural Station will turn over to tne0 tons of'vgrain. This is significantly more than the plan. On two threshing floors the farm put into operationrain.drying silos (in the picture). The capacity of each isons. Photo by A. Polyakov
CSOl
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Original document.
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