CIA I
HEMESSiilTEED
USE OF TOXINS AND OTHER LETHAL CHEMICALS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND AFGHANISTAN
VolumeAnalysis
mil Kufrign IntrllkcnKr (knid
b'IdKon o* (hit Eiliauie2f?
una"H* cwmtta ol ihii UTOftd volume
THIS ESTIMATE IS ISSUED BY THE OIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE.
THE NATIONAL FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE BOARD CONCURS.
The loBowing intelligence organizations participated in tho preparation of the Estimate!
Ihe Central Intelligence Agency, the Defense InteUigence Agency, the National Security Agency, and the anteligeace organiialion ol the Department of State.
Also Participating:
Ihe Assistant Chief of Stall for Intelligence. Deportment of the Army Ihe Director of Novo! Intelligence. Deportment ol thehe Assistant Chiel of Sto'l. Intelligence. Department ol lhe Air Force The Director ol Intelligence. Iserarjauorlers. Marine Corps
fup-c
CONTENTS
Page
I. CHEMICAL WARFARE IN
Nature of (lie
The
IL CHEMICAL WARFARE IN
Nature of (he
The
SOVIET
The Soviet Role In Southeast Alfa
Motivation for Using Chemical
Alternative
WARFARE IN
Nature of the
The
CASE FOR CW USE OF
Sample Analyses for the
Natural Occurrence and Significant
EVOLUTION OF THE SOVIET CHEMICAL
WARFARE
Continued Soviel CW/BW
ANNEXES
Page
A. Talmlafjoin ol Reported Chemical Warfare Attacks in Ijos. Kampuchea.
and
B Collection and Analysis ol Samplesrlare Agents andI
C US Army Surgeon General's Invcsiigativc Team Report
nalysis and Review of TrichothecencI
Medical
f Report of the Weapon and Space Systems Intelligence Committee. April
n Use of Chemical War fare in Afghanistan. Laos, and
I. CHEMICAl WARFARE IN LAOS
Key lodgment; Lao and Vietnamese lorces. assisted by Soviet logutks and supervision, have used lethal chemical agents against H'Mong renif ancr lofcea and villages, causirag thousand! oi* deaths sinee at6 Tnchotheceoe loiim hive been positively tdentified as one of the classes of agents used, but medical symptoms indicate lhat irritants, incapacitants, and nerve agents also have been employed.
Nature ol the Evidence
otalhemical
attacks against H'Mong villages and guerrillaIn Laos have been reported by victims andttacks reportedly caused the deaths of alf the H'Mong people' Most of (lie reports were provided by H'Mong refugees, including village leaders, who were inlerviewed in Thailand and the United Slates. These morenterviews wan carried out variously by US Embassy officials inepartment ofarn of mcdical-toxicclogicalS physicians (including amedicinehai officials, tournaltitv and representatives of international organisationsto these interviews,9uring the US Vietnamese conflictand Sovietircrali were usually employed to disseminate toxic chemical agents by sprays, rockets, and bombs In some cases. Soviet helicopters and jet aircraft wcie said to have been used
'See 'Sam
The medical symptoms reportedly produced by the chemical agents are varied According lophysicians, the symptoms clearly point to al least three types of chemical agents incaoaciunt/riot control agents, nerven BM agents causing massive hemorrhaging The lasl namedpositively identified as tiiehothecerw ioiihs in the fall1
Impntuni leslimonva bo providnd by law-lian and Vietnaincseumber ol govern
rtitn <Z.
mend provided information based on their ownefforts Information provided by these sources includesl lowing
4.
Aotun Air Force unit was responsible for carrying out attacks using chemical warfare (CW) rockets
CW agents were stored at sites in Laos.
Warheads containing lethal agents were filled to US rockets In several small laboratories in Laos
A nerve agent was used
Laotian and Vietnamese forces exterminated some H'Mong people by herding them intocave, dosing the entrance, and filling (he caveethal chemical gas.
The Soviets were involved in an advisory and supply role.
C
confirmed the presence, transportation, and use oT^ chemical warfare agents In lavas The existence there of CW ftorage facilities was first noted onhen theeadquarters at Vientiane made preparations for Soviet personnel tohemical facility at Pakxr. where lethal chemical agents were stored Other reports indicate lhat sites used for this storage of chemical agents or munitions exist a( Savannakhel, Xungkhoang. Vicng Sal. and Xeno. Chemical agents and munitions are moved bv truck and aircraft between storage sites and airfields for loading on aircraft used in mounting chemical assaults.^
typical conventional ammunition storage facilities, which are also used lo store chemical muni lions are located near I'nkxe. Xiangkhoang. and Vientiane'
3
A
j
3
"^Soviet AN-2
aircraft and capluiedl.8 ait. craft These have been the mint commonly identified chemical assault aitcraft in I
Sample Collection and Anahyiu. Inrogram was mil cited to collect and analyze environmental umples lhat ought contain residuehemical attack and insue samples fromlefuteei leportedly exposed lo taiicEnvironments! samples received Irora areas of chemical attackiece of polyethylene plas tie believed to have been contaminatednd Mi samplesellowishn due recovered liom rocks, leaves, and rool thatching
Analysis failed lo reveal the pimencc of aor any known CW agonl on the plastic sample The powder residue samples were anilyied foiof any known itanduid CW agents None were detected in ihese samples. Two of the samples, howev er. contained diaceto.yseirpenolotent toiin of the Inchothecenr group, which causes massive hemorrhagingtli One of these alsooxin '
9 MedicalKoblrm has been lhe compilation ol medical records and dimcal histraries on victims exposed to chemicalThis has been especiall* true ia (he camps theoud -I'll. H'Mong relmees ate staged before resettlement In otliciA< lean three ptuh ably moic.een camp medical directors icpoil thai numerous iclugccs didsigm ol continued gastiulnleiiinilringing, small bliv Irrs. and icspualoiv "gin not associated wilh known
'See innei II liMr'mUl-v. JoxtVclnl ami ualvtad
>
pulmonaiy diseases even afier exhaustive diagnostic tests. All these individuals reported involvement in at least one direct chemical attacJc of "yellownd several of them were near death. These reports cover primarily the8 through
the relief organisations in the campsroutinely maintain medical records onto run simple outpatient centers, thedata were collected by the camp medicalnurses and maintained separately in clinic files.cases, the files mysteriously vanished shortlyby official interviewers, most recently priorvisits of the UM group ol eiperts investigating
Ihe Evidence
Vietnamese and Laotian chemical attacks against the H'Mong villages in northern Laos date back at leasthen refugees first reported such attacks to officials in the Thai camps. (Secther than refugee reports, however, very littleon chemical attacks appears to have been compiled6 and9uch wider range of information broadlylive H'Mong allegations was obtained
Lao Pilot* Testimony. The most complete description of the* cameao pilot who was directly involved in chemical warfare Theormer LPLA officer who defectedeported that he flew i.1 aircraft equipped lo dispense toxic chemical agents on H'Mong villagers in the Phou Bia area of northern Laos He said that lhe LPLA. in cooperation with (he PAVN, had conducted CW operations In Laos since April oi early6 At that time, twoM helicopters were flown between Long Ticng and the Phon-savan airfield {nearoth in XiangLitnaug Provinceries of [light* to Iran' 1'iirt rockets tn I'liongSiivari lor storage
Between June and6 (he LI'LA launched attacks in the aiea ofXia linktronghold for remnants of the forces ol former H'Mongg Pao The LI'LA9 aircraft fnritn-ks aimed at elimiii.ihrut theesist aiicv in lhalrewssilile Im loadmi'.
rockets on chc attack aiferafl noted, liowever. thai llicy were not allowed lo use the rocket* that hud been moved Irnm Long Tietighongsavan. even (hough Phoiigsavan was much closer lo (lie Isouarnlotig target area than Long Ticng. where LPLA aircraft had to rearm. The pilot said that during nearly three months of flying missions against the Itouamlong area, he flewircraftong Tienge armed with rockets.
In6 lhe9 aircraft waswilh rockets stored at Phongsavan.4 helicopters were usedransport the rockets from Phongsavanepot near lhe Ban Xon airfield. Vientiane Province, where ihey were fitted onio racks of9 aircraft for missions in the Phou Ilia area. Later, (he rockets from Phongsavan were transported lo Ban Xon by trucks. All US-manufactured rockets were stored with the lip and eanisler kept apart; in other words,o parts had to be joined before being fittedhe racks on the aircraft. The pilot observed, however, lhat all (heans ported from Phongsavan to Ban Xon were already assembled.
As part of his routine lllght activities, the pilot would check over his airerall and, in doing SO.the tip portion of new smoke rocket' that had been transported from Phongsavan lie said thai most of them appeared loose in the portion where the tip and canislci mined, whereas the tip and caiiisiec of Ihe ordinary ciplosivc-iype rockets at Long Tienc were noticeably more lightly connected
nG. in piepacation for airstrikes on Kasv (Louangphiabang Province) and in new areas ol Phou Oia. the pilot said he begano or three I'AV|si staff officers, sometimes accompanied by an LPLA staff of ficer,1 aircraft for reconnaissance nvcr the large! areas. When these airstrikes weren- defector pilot initially (lew hisaircraft On missions with another pilot and an LPLA Staff officer sitting In the red' seal Alter two or thrwhuwfvci. Pa VN Ma ifs.ho spokelent Lau. beganhe mar-seal role with the LPLA officers Uolom each mission, the PAVNtaff of licei would gn ovr taiprl a'ca* outlined silualionihcutaken along-andil nmi-.i- In Ik- aHacl.nl (Ik-
source noted lhat at no lime did (he PAVN stafl officer silting in lhe back seal of his aircraft com muni rate with LPLA officers on tlie ground, as did the LPLA staffew PAVN officer was used on each mission ofI rccoonaiiaanee9 airstrikc missions in the H'Mong areas. The average age of Ihese PAVN staff officers was In the middle forties.
beefore9 airsirike missionsull load of tockets he was often warned by an LPLA commanderly al above-normal altitudes when firing rockets lo precludelo the occupants of the aircraft For thus reason Ihe pilot surmised thai the 'smoke" rockets fired at the H'Mong people were unusuaL He was able lo observe lhat the "smoke" rockets detonated in the alt and (hat some produced white smokeixture of blue, while others produced red smokeUture of yellow. Thelosive-type rockets detonated on impact The commander or his designatedtold lhe pilot before every mission that lheEalinct Destruction Operations-were intended lo "wipe oul" the reactionary H'Mong people.
ission involving "smokehe commander warned lhe pilots lo keep the operation secret. The source said that, during theo years in which he flew rocket mtssaram. he leained from thetaff officers accompanying him lhai there -sir two types of rockets Theostlyrockets, were lo be fired al targets far away Irorn LPLA and PAVN troops lo avoid exposing them lo (he poison smoke The second was ol lhe ordinary eiplosivc type,close support" rockei that could be fired near LPLA and/oi PAVN Irooo positions Initially, the LIS aimrafl earned eight rockets- -five "close support" and thice "smoke"Later, only lour rockets, mainly of lhf> "imokr lype. were carried
Aller eachhich chemical warfareweie inerl. lUr pilotnil house" ai Phou*savin where anand nurse would riamim- him He said (lust aflei his missions, especiallye was parlioitailv well healed by (heoctor and watched very closely bv lhe LPLA nuncircraft pllnls
4i
assigned lo missions utilizing chemical warfare rockets had special privileges, including additional flighi pay and free meals at lhe Phongsavan cafeteria.he LPLA slopped9 aircraft on combat missions and began using Soviet MIC-2ls for chemical attacks on lhe Phou Bia areas.
orroborating Evidence. Several H'Mongprovide significant substantiation of theof the Lao pilot. The chief of eight villages, for example, described attacks covering all seven days of the week6 in tbe Bouamlong area, Xiangkhoang Province He9 aircraft firing lockets that produced red and green smoke. Ten villagers were killed by gas andy shrapnel. Most of the H'Mong reports documentedS foreign service officer in9epartment of Defense medical team in9 are consistent with the Lao pilot's testimony. H'Mong observers familiar with military aircraftntilS. After that time, reports described Jets or "MICs" and some accurately described Soviet AN-2s.
As is disctivscd in chapter III. lhe Soviets supervise
chemical warfare activities in Laos;assume, there lore, thai chemical munitions are handled in about the sanu: manner as in the USSR No prolcetivc clothing or special decontamination equipment is required for loading chemical bombs on aircraft and helicopters al chemical munitions lest ranges, according to former Soviet chemical warfare personnel.
he Lao oilot's description of lhe roekels used on9 was corroborated by otherI Mongotiitci coinmmaitdorOO-uian iCsiStance force, reported that7 heisiei andscoaiated warhead that heere the kinds used by the VietnameseO The canister, he said, hadarkings identifying ilSnch racket, as wellllirr.s- lines -if Russian writing (which In:
COuld notnother H'Mongee force officer, wlto reportedly had been trainediaison officer and ordnance expert before the Communist takeover of Laos, slated thai he too believed the rocket canister was of US manufacture and that (he Soviet technicians in Laos had modified the upper stage tooisonous (lethal) chemical.
he diameter of the warhead was reported to5 centimetersrobably atakenodified warhead because the United States docs notnch warhead Forinch "rocketuring the Vietnamaboutillioninch rockets were sent to the war zone, and many tens of thousands of these no doubt fell into Northhands when South Vtelnamese forces collapsed The usual US fills for these rockets were whitehigh explosives, flcchettes, and some CS (riot controlhe Vietnamese may be using some of these rockets with existing loads, but modifiedforinch rocket motor could easily be fabricated ui Vietnam and filledethal oi non lethal agent in Laos, especially with SovietAccording to US experts, fabrication of a5 inches in diameter, necked down to fitinch rocket, could be accomplished by trained techniciansmall, well-equipped machine shop and laboratory.
ther Enideiiea.r
learnedpecial Ijotian Air Force unites' res;Min.sil)lc for chemical nickels This uiltlanted Lao andoviet rocket export attached as an adviser Modification ol capturednch rockets lo con (am lethal CW agents reportedly is done routinely in Laos, with chemical agents supplied by the Soviets under ihe direct ionSoviet and Vietnamese, experts Smdl. hot adequately equipped three aid loui-manor tins activity icpottedlv are located in William-'hongxavnn in Xiatigkhoauy.rovince '
2hidlum provides a
lirture of1 cliemie.il warfare inst.iiii'aiioii
and (he direct involvement of the VlentHDW and the Soviets hi supporting thai effort The Supreme Head quarters Command in Vientiane controls the Regional Militaiy (aSeniical Seetsons.
In Ihe fall1 the United Slates discovered trichothecene loiiniegetation sample collecled from Kampuchea This ledeanalytis of samples takenos9 Two samplesellow substance collected from different areas showed high levels of trichothecene toiins. New samples were received inl and arc currently being
The discovery of Inchottvecene losln as the mysterious lethal agent thai eluded US analysts for many rears has somewhatignificant body ol earlier evidence thai several different types of agents- -lethal aodbeen used over lhe years.
There is even some evidence to suggest thai in the early years lhe Laotian and Vietnamese forces were cipcriinentmg with difleient agents and delivery systems in search of an effective way lo eiterminate (he H'Mong or drive them out ol Laos.
alhct Lao sohher is reported lo have told H'Mong villagers in8 (hai an agent sprayed over iheir villagesest had not been cfltedve bul thai lie could provide ihem an antidote il ihev were affected by lhe agenl Dispersal of this particular agent wai associatedblackhen it was effcclivc. (he symptoms were Quite different (rom what has been described afler "yellow rnin" atrops on bare skin caused severe necrosis, totting skin, and high fever thai sometimeseath
umber of lb* refugee reports, the eyewit ncss accounts describe the "red gas" as beim more lethal than lhe "yellowormer Lan Army cantain stated ihal (lie "red gas' caused the II'Mont; to die withinours. An employee of an inlet nationalti-i'i ui interviewed victims59 attack where nnolrthal rounds preceded an attack by five or su "red gas" bombs thateter area Termm wtihinr. .ten of llw-circle0 minirles alter severe wnviihinns Others hadlmsl pains, and vomiting but did nul die
hile if has been difficult to associate specific symptoms with the colors, it is apparent in reviewing reports back6 thai several different agents have been used The different colors cannot be dismissed as only smokes used to mark target areas. In many cases It appears ihal Irritants or incapaeitants have been used on H'Mong villages before useethal or heavy -casualty-producing agenl like nerve gas or toi-in.
he method of disoening agenls also varies Several types of aircraft and helicopters have been used. There have been questions raised about Ihe effectiveness of agenl delivery at the high altitudes00irburst rockets could be fired from high altitudes effectively. Many reports, however, including those from H'Mong soldiers,attacks madeeet The Lao pilot described firing Ihe chemical rockets (tornhigher than would be normal for conventionalumber of reports, especially7escribe chemical attacksm arlil lerym rockets One report'Mong officerm chemical rocket attacks from laauangphrabang Airfieldilometers awav
Lao militarythai poison chemicals had beenthe Lao Government in an effort to kill Lao
finned Ihal totie chemicals had been spreadimall yellowhospital ai
Paksane requested assistance inargeof villagers sulfering (rom nausea and blondv
revealed thu
[jo military unit, were setting up classes in the use ol
chemical weapons and protection from iheir use bi thene repeal stared lhat "enemy lorcn
entered Laos from Thailand with Ixiurd Soarc chcmi
eals lo poison Cm units' fond and >iln
suggest Ihe nnl surittitiiin
I ii el IIUl llir: ch-iiiieal wnrffit' pmiiraiii i" cnrii(xvlit Inn the Lan military, ami thai fiehl mutt
I-
arcacquiring knowledge about domical watfaio activities pteviouslt restricted lo speciiliied units and individuals This accords with the secretive nature oi lhe Vitinimmr directed chemical activity reported by lhe Lao pilot Lao it oops probably startedropaganda about an eneray chetntcal Ihreat in otdet to dlset spreading knowledcc of the government's use of lethal agents.
n_il.l5cesj conference in.ealth Ministry BureauKhamsengkeo Scngsthith. said that the Vietnamese were using chemical weapons "in the air and on then Laos. Idlinge said the Vietnamese alone were using chemical weapons,the affairs secret fiom the Laotians Furthermore, ha statedoviet advisers are in Laos and they "have taken control" of the Lao Air Force00 Vietnamese troops liave teduccd Urn to colony status Wc believe that few people in tlie Laotian military and government are aware ol tlie Vietnamese/Soviet-directed chemical warfare activi
ll. CHEMICA1 WARFARE IN KAMPUCHEA
Key Judgment Vietnamese forces have used lethal trichothecene loains on Democratic Kam-puchean troops and Khmer villages since at8 Again, medical symptoms indicate that irritants, (ncapacitants, nerve agents,ighly effective hemorrhagic agent or mixture ot agents also have been used
Nature ol the Evidence
0clobcr IS'S.Mdiobiuadcasu.
I"
ho-evei. ihc guerrilla forcesKhmer People's National Liberation Front revolted lluthad attacked themcar gas which, from
press releases, and official protests lo the United Nations by thehe Democratic Kampu chea (DK) dissdent group have accused the Vietnam rse and the Hanoi-backed People's Republic of Kam puchea (PliK)sing Sonet made lethil dtcmieslet;weapons agiinst DK gueriilla Inri-es aid civilian* |
llicii description, resembled CS. SubseQuently. Thai DK informants and refugees, delectoes from the Peotde't Army of Vietnam (PAVN* US and Thai medical personod.he Internationalhe Red Cross (ICRQ. and Canadian androi>ear. dfidats also have impltealed the Vietnamese in the dlensiveethal and incapaei taling chemical agents in Kampuchea
JH_.The.conflict in Kampuchea differs from that inIn lhat the UN-recogniredam puchea. Pol Pot's Democratic Kampuchea group, is operating as an organized guerrilla force. DK reporti cannot be taken at face value Pd Pots forces are engagedropaganda effort against theandheir reports must be assumed to be false or grossly exaggerated.
According to DK officials, chemical attacks have^ occurred inrovinces and were concentrated in theattambang and Punat. alongai-Kampuchean border. (SeeIV) The DK also accused theoisoning food and medicines given lo Kampuchean civilians The Vietnamese have cou met claimed lhat the DK is poisoning Vietnamese food and water supplies with toxic plant extracts, including tfrych nine
lficial DK radiobroadcasts aid pressave staled lhat the PaVN-PHK chemical attacks produce symptoms ranging Irom mild, temporar. incapacitation lo severe incapacitation and death Initially, inhe DK description indicat ediot control chemical was used The DK did not publiciie symptomatic effects ascribed to lethal agents (as did reports Irum Laos) until the plight of the H'Mong refugees had been published in the Thai pie* and other news media.
he DK also reported thai tlie Vietnamese wereround contaminant thai produced Bta-swelling ofeet. tissue dearuftmi! pus In itand gangrene, with death uwmngo ihrei-days Bccaavl forv* -earrrsislentesicant* sini'lai tu lhe arsine aid mustardotnpnoidsrsed in ihn way could produce these eflecti
s early atlierc were reports of lhe uie in Kampuchea of lethal chemicaii ihal caused vomiting, internal hemorrhaging, and dealk Report-iiiC by various sources, not directly connected wilh (he DK. claimed (hat (he PAVN and (lie PltK were attacking DK guerrillas with lethal and incapacitating chemicaii delivered bymnm9 grenade launchers, aerial Sprays, rockets, andotal of It4 separate chemical attacks in which 9SI individuals died have been reported*
erial attacks reportedly were made with fUed-wing aircraft and helicopters Spraying yellow and white aerosols that were usually lethal. Artillery chemical shells produced white and black smokes thai were usually incapacitating Liquid-type loalcreportedly were used In bcobytraps. Lethalallegedly were introduced into water supplies used by OK forces and refugees and into food and medicine given loivilians PAVNhave reported Soviet involvement inPAVN tloops lo forward areas and in firing chemical weapons, probably rockets, which eaploded andeadly smoke
^rcpoils that the Vietnamese have"chemicals against OK noons and civilians.lethal andwere disseminatedpray oragainst OK loreeso were used losuitulmv food, and terrain along toadstom Phum 'Irene lo Pailin and alongborder deporting indicatescoming in contact with (he apparentlychemical used on letrain bleeds through theoangrstion. vornits blood, and eveastuallylhe effects. These symptoms are associatedtot ins
<
jWjeralioin regiments of the 4th Infantiy Division would receive protective equipment and (taming in its use CW (raining eiereises have been conliiiTied(
3
convoy
was (ransporting lethal and incapacitating chemicals to forward areas in flattamhang and Slem Reap
46.
ampU Collection androgram lo collect and ana lyre environmental samples possibly contaminated with CW agents was initiated inamples, reportedly from areas of chemical attack, include clothing reportedly taken from DK victimsas attack, an artillery shell casing, food (corn) samples, water samples, leal samples, andtissue. Background vegetation and water samples were also collected lor baseline dala 1
These samplesanalyted for standard known chemical warfare agents and (he results were negative Special analyse of water and vegetation samples showed the presence of mycotoilns of lhe tricho4hcccne group "
Medical Examination'. DK victims of ga> attacks have been interviewed by qualified medical personnel. Including doctors, registered nurses, and trained medics frura (he United Slates, Thailand, and interrganizations Autopsies reportedly were performed on DK soldiershe area al'ackcd with IrKbotheecnc toiins1
Ihe Evidence
nifierifiomhere Is no doubt lhat89 the Vietnamese and PUK forces made al lean limited use of riot-eontiol cliemicals and possibly of incapacitating agent( against both' andCominuuui guerrilla turevs in Kampu chea The chemicals used probably inrluded sereenuar.
mmm n
iwi II
smokes,ol agents such as CS, and anincapacitating agent lhat causes vertigo and nausea and ultimately renders victims unconscious.
K officials attempted to provide the ICRC and international newsmen with rubrUoOve evidence lhat joint PAVN I'l il forces were using CW against DK forces. DK lioops delivered lo the ICRC Mood specimens from alleged poison-gas victims. Anlaboratory under the direction of the ICRC reported the results of the analysis of the samples as being either (ndeierminate or rsngatlvr. The ICRC also reportedmm shellW agent, but ihey have not released any analytical results. According lo an ICRC representative in Bang kok, all physical evidence received by the ICRC on lhe use of CW In Kampuchea was sent to Geneva for analysis by independent laboratories We have no reports of analysis of samples, other than that of blood specimens
everal canisters have been discovered near theborder which apparently contain nonlcthal militaiy chemicals Smoke billowing from one ol the canisters reportedly "numbed" one of the soldiers, who recoveredrief hospitalization DK troopsas grenade in an area thai had been attacked by the PAVN The reported description of and marlines on (his grenade I* thoseS CS grenadeeapon probably among US supplies captured by lhe Vietnamese Vietnam ev delectors have described chemical attacks using riot control agents and incapacitanls, and in some cases ii appears (hat captured US slocks of CS riot-eontrol agents were used. However, as previously staled, the United States dad nor have an* type of lethal or incapacrlating agents in Vietnam
53 rVeui iWoncr0 ond /Ml. In Februaiy tdftCI the DK accused the Vietnamese of sprayinc poison gas in northwestern Batlambang Province Re porting indicated thai the Vietnamese were using 1X1 mm .ii.. mm rockets,8 grenade launchers filled with rJarrrtacal agents as well as munitions dehveiodtt aircraft
T) on UOmui shell* lillccTwitIi agents thai aflcclcd the blond and iieives Inr uarv lhe DK planned to
chihii isoison vicrims to the ICRC in Bangkok and provide samples of blood and clothing, which in fact were sen! to Ceoeva lor analysis.
ccording to (he DK. (he chemicals used were green and yellow, and powderlikc in appearance In some Instances (he gas was described as yellow or while. The symptoms described were lightening of Ihe chest, disorientation, vomiting, bleeding from tlie nose and gums, discoloration of llie body, and "stiffening of Ihe teeth" In0 the DK described artillery attacks lhatlack smoke causing itchy skin, weakness, skin lessons, and In some casesskin and blisten
n mld-Iutv.Q
^Vietnamese Iroops hadthai rocket propulsion systems were Inside two large aluminum tanks being taken lo lhe Phnom Vai Mountains to be assembled with gas warheads for use on DK forces
neporting revealed ihal lhe Vietnamese were once again firing chemical artillery shells, and it was believed that poison chemicals were being brought inlo the Thai border area By1 the OK had reported numerous attacks with lethal chemical agents and the. poisoning of food and water The DK reported planes that droppedwhile or yellow powder, artillery lire thaihile or black smoke,iscous material wilh lhe eomistenry of toothpaste (hat was put into cigarette packs kerfi along tiaib and lhaiethal "gas' This "gas' caused instant death, whereas the "gas from lltv planesequence of symptoms, including massive bleeding, rapid deterinraiinn of rhe Internal organs, and seepage of blood liotn llie skin
Sfl Inearn trained incullerl tuiiiiik-with special containers went into an area wilhui hour, after an utiaek and collected samples ol vegetation and watn Ihe team peilormed its own analysts onsamples, some of -Inch however, were turned over lo US ofltciah ami eveaiualyied bv lhe Army's Chemical:jlei. one of thef amifi-.ndntainl. of ii iin loi ins in an analysis |id(niilied at the
University ot Minnesota.'* Tlie symptom! described by the DK are consistent with those caused by the toiins found on the leaf sampleS Govern ment doctur was shown autopsy reports performed by paramedics on victims in lhe attack area where lhe vegetation and water samples were collected.
The Thai have become increasingly worried about chemical attacks against theit own forces and civilian population In1 at leasi one Thai diedone agent placed by Vietnamese troops and others became ill after suffering bleeding from lhe nose and mouth, tl is not dear how (be Thai came in contact with Ihe possonfsl Thai officials have issued strict orders concerning buying food and drink in Kampuchea and (he Thai border area. Inwo Vietnamese were capturedhai relocation camp for (lie Kampucheans as they were attempting to poison the water supply. The poison was analyzed and found to contain lethal quantities of cyanide and an unidentified hydrocarbon.
In1 (he DK was prepared to send two gas victims lo Tokyo lo be interviewed.0 ihe la pa new refused loontaminated sample because of Japanese laws governing the import of such material Wc do not know what became of llie DK victims .i
3
n unoplodedocket was obtained by the Thai in June afler an attack in which two other rockets released poison gas. In |uly. ana lysis [
J revealed (he movement of trucks loaded with blue aacki Idled with white powder Source* staled tlial the tlKimcab caused bhndnevi hemrxrhag-ing. and vomiting The chemicah were being moved inlo Ihe Cuisal fisitimbanK. and Sinm Itean areas
he DK began reporting chemicalameiom Seiitenilie' I" November
hese includedof deaths liom aerial and artillery attacks as well as more reporting on water poisoning In September andS doctorurse, affiliated wilh an international volunteer organisation. Urated DK victimshemical attackK hospital Blood samples were rushed to the United Stales lor analysis on twohe nurse related the DK version of lhe attack, which differs from descriptions of other attacks. While re-treating from combat with the Vietnamese, DKhit Iripwires lhat set off some type of chemical smoke pots, killing someold ion and making many others ill lor moreonth. Another report, onovember,imilar incident early (bat monthK unit, withdrawinglash with Vietnamese forces, activated devices "hanging in the trees" which disseminated Ionic chemicals
nuring PAVN operations against Khmei Rouge forces in lhe Phnom MelaiAVN private observed lhe following related lo chemical warlare activity.oint in the fighting, allh) troops were issued gas masks. However, (he 2ndborder defenseas not issued masks (reason unknown) This unit was in the Phnom Melai area and was virtually surrounded by Khmer Rouge forcesoint in the fighting, the regiment's troops were orderedasks The source allegedly saw (wo Soviets (Caucasians)H-lO" (the weapon was so identified by the source's comrades) Thr murce wat approiimaielyeters Irom lhe fuing point The weapon at impact (which the source apparently was able lo observe from his posilinn) gave off clouds ol white, gray, and green gas/smoke His signal unit subsequentlyessage which reported thai thereead, including Khmer Rouge and Vietnamese of lhe bordei defense 2nd Battalion Tlie source claimed to have seen (he dead Thead traces of white and green powder on their laces and clothes. The faces were ronlorlerl. with eves wade open No blood was wente'Mong resistance leaderibed anliere (wo Soviet soldier'and-held weapon thatethal age in
S
HIE SOVIET CONNECTION
Key judgment Tbe one hypotheso lhat best fill all the evidence is lhal ihc trichothecene toxins were developed in lhe Soviet Union, pro-vlded to the Lao and Vietnamese either directly or through transfer of technical know-how. and weaponized wilh Soviet assistance in Lace,and Kampuchea.o intelligence al hind lo support atlemative cxplaisilions, such as completely independent manufictuie and use by Ihe Vietnamese. It is highly probable thai the USSR also provided other chemical warfareWhile the evidence on the Soviet role docs not constitute proof In the scientific sense, the Intellitence Community finds the case to be thoroughly convincing.
Tho Soviel Rolo In Southeast Asia
he Soviets have had advisers and technicians working in Vietnam. Laos, and Kampuchea for many years, but it was not una!9 that evidence surfaced on their direct involvement in chemical warfare activities'"
J ordered lhe
Southern Region command in 1'ikie to prepare its chemical storage facilities lor Irapeetion by Soviet military personnel {
'stomach
^Jhc cheml-cats to be inspected were those lhat causeickness and death"
cpaiale source stated that the chemical section in Xiangkhoang prepared Soviet-rnanufactored chi-micat items for impectloraonet military trameven-man Soviet team of chi-imcnl artillery experts, accompanied by Laotian chemical offieeis. inspected chemical supplies and artillery lOunds al lhe Xeno storage facility9 One report slated thai lhe Soviets would be haWaotlnai lhe sime chemical nplciuvo used to sopheists nee in the Phou Ilia
3
n addition to Ihc Intelligence information cited above, which we believe to be reliable, there have beenumber of eyewitness accounts of Sovietand technicians participating in theof the chemical weapons for the attacks on the H'Mong villages.tian defectors liavc re ported seeing Soviet advisers present when aircraft were loaded with chemical-agent rockets We have not been able toeport that the Sovietsactory in Vientiane where they mix agents and prepare them for shipment lo the regional storage facilities. H'Mong eyewitnesses claim to have seen "Caucasian pilots" in aircraft, ond one H'Mong report stalesoviet aircraft was found in the iungleead Soviet pilot In'Mong resistance leader described bow Soviet soldiers fighting with theused hand-held weapons that fired chemicalistanceeters. The lethal chemical dispersed from the munitionilling radius ofeters This type ol report remains suspect, but is not dismissed because of thr known Soviet involvement with the Laotian chemical warfare pruiiam
nlurmatiun wassupports the contention that lhe Sovietsweapons to (heuvieiof wooden crates filled with canisters ofchemicals"unloaded at the Hn Oport inccordingormeithe Public Security Oflice of theof Itilerior; this office is responsibleport security. Through personalsecurity personnel, he was able to
describe the Jul, mctdent. in which Vietnemese sol Ctrts -eteeauflri pilfering tlir wooden ciaicsing lhe chemical canlttertsecurityho were always present when sensitive militax shipments from the USSR were offloaded.lyie area and told soldiers lhal ihcarxttoi vdwh were individual! sealed in nylon eontainrd deadlyuilnlaivT*TpHeach weighing inn kilograms, were loaded tn) milil.usndti^ lluilili-jvit miller iiii-ei.il guard
he Sovietsmost likely been shipping chemical munitionsietnam foi many yuan.ource who participated in an operation in (he Black Sea In salvage (he sunken wreckagehip lhal had been carrying suppliesietnam described how lhe diveis were affected when they allempled topecial Soviet salvage unit took over the operation after the divers became illto was lold that the substanceeaJl, "dust'-hke material
Two Vietnamese corporab fromth andth PAVN divisions staled in teccnl debriefing* that Soviet supplied chemical weapons were stored in Clves near lang Son at the time of the9 Chinese incursion into Vietnam Division units were issued gas masks, but were told lhal lhe Soviet -supplied chemical weapons would not be used unless the Chinese initiated chemical warfare Roth sides later charged that tbe other used chemical weapons, bul there is insufficient evidence lo lubslantiale any ol Ihe claims.
Since the first reports ol chemical attacks int Asiae have tended to interpret the Soviets strictly advisory There itevidence now. however, to suggest lhat the Soviets may be far mote involved in tbe Laotian andchemical warfare program than we assumed in earbei assessments Whde moreill In-needed loirm judgment, analyst! ol the available Intelligence leads lo lhe hypothesis, that the Soviet military not only aids thei benefiis from the use ol chemical weapons in Southeast Asia
Motivation for Using Chemical Weapons
he Soviets havearge investmentthai Vietnam and its puppets succeedtheir control over Indochina Much nfinterest in this region isrivalry with Chinanldeter military incursions Tlie aica ufwhere the H'Mong liavc stubbornly rrsisledVietnamese forces is strategicallythe Vietnamese because itostile China.few yearsve .tln-u
riulil.iry construction arid St re ng ihe ned their forces there For Vietnam, the H'Mong resistanceajor irritant to be removed as Ciuieklv and cheaply as possible To lhal end. much of Ihe H'Mong population tliat lived in lhe Phou Bia mountain region has been driven inlo Thailand, killed, or resettled0 of anemain IV use of chemical agents hasajor role in driving the H'Mong from their mountain strongholds, relieving the PAVN/LPLA ground forces of Ihe need for costly combat in diflicull terrain.
he Soviets and their allies were no doubt confident that chemical warfare against the H'Mong in remote regions of Laos could be conducted without detection or al leasl without effective international opposition or condemnation. Tliey have denied such charges as have been made to date, and liave made counterclaims that the United States used chemical warfare in Vietnam. In Kampuchea (hey may also have calculated that, in view of the lack of interna; tional support for Pol Pot's regime, chemical weapons could be used on his troops and troops of lesser known resistance forces without any significant international outcry.
There remains the question of tin: choice of chemical agents and particularly of toxins that cause such bizarre and horrifying symptoms Chemicaloffer some real advantages over cnnventional bombing and artillery strikes, napalm.phospho rus. and infantry operations Caves and rugged terrain in Laos, and thick lUnglcs in Kampuchea have frus dated attempts to locate and destroy the resistance foices Chemical clouds can penetrate tlie heavy for ests and lutigle canopy and seep into the mountain caves PciSistenl agents linger in ihc area and cause casualties days and sometimes weeks alter tlie attack Unprotected forces and civilians have hidelethal agents including loiim. nerve agents and blister agents
I'richutheccne tonus haveddedil being an effective tmrm wc4|kiiin addition tond vomiting, instilled fear in the resistance villages. Not only an: the villagers and iIh'ii animals being killedruesome manner, but lhe vegetation and water also arc contaminated. Su'vi vnii .in- ln-ili lo mlnrn In lhi-ir iiduiMiii.ih'e ln>iil"S
20
itutcid null- iii' lone and dangerous trekamps in Thailand
here is no clear-cut explanation ol* why tri-choiha-or loiins have been used in addition to irritants, incapacitants. and other traditional chemical warfaic agents We can only speculate that they are probably cheaper to make and are readily available from Soviet stocks; they axe probably safer and more Stable to store, iransport. and handleoutheast Asian environment, and may require leal protective equipment when being prepared for munitions It is cleat that ihey have caused high casualty rates and have been effectiveerror weapon. Moreover, they ate difficult to trace as the causative agent after an attack- as demonstrated by the long-delayed US detection- Very few laboratories in the world have the analytical eapability to identify precisely the type and amount of trichctlseceoe toxinmple ofsoil, ot water.
eveial of the IfMoog reports suggest lhat Southeast Asia is being usedaboratory to lest chemical weapons. In one case, Vietnamese andtroopsiDagc after an attack and took abouturvivorsospital for examination Victims were tioated with different antidotes The detailed description provided'Mong, who was one of the suivivurs taken to the hospital, is one of tlie few cases available oo poststrike medical analysis
e suspect that the Sonets, Vietnamese, and Laotians have gained sigrtificant Information on chemical agent effects on humans, although informa-lion on ixntstrike analysis is very limited Years ol aerial and artillery chemical dispersion hasprovided the Soviets with valuable testing data Southeast Asia offered ihc Soviets an opportunity lo test old agents that had been stockpiled for many yean as well as more recently developed agents or combin. lions ofommon feature in the descriptions of chemical attacks is the dehverv ol mveiil types ul igentsingle target, sometimes umultaiieouily. more ofleu sequentially. In some cases, mi wants of incapacilanti were used lira, followed bysecond altackethal agcnl
ilanoiions
sfuithf! cheek on our inlr/rcncrtiuciil Suvici iole tn rhe chemical warfucm IihIo
china, we have hypothesized and considered theof several alternative explanations of theobserved. These hypotheses arc described in the folbwlng paragraphs. It is our opinion, however, that none of these alternatives fit the data as well as the hypothesisirect Soviet conneetion.
re the Vietnamese and Laotians MingUS chemical stocks? The Vietnamese are known to be using captured US aircraft, artillery, munitions, and chemicals such as smoke flares, and the riot-control agent CS. However, the United States did not have lethal agents in Vietnam, and stocks of defoliant were removed long before the Vietnamese Communists took over. Tbe United States had no chemical agents in Vietnam or In the US stockpile that would cause symptoms of the sortth "yellow rain" or other lethal chemical attacksIn Indochina. Agent Orange or any other defoliant would not cause the types of visible physical symptoms and death reported from Laos and
St. Are the allegations made bo the WMong and Democratic Kampuchean forces partvttematic propaganda or misinformationdesigned to discredit their enemies? The evidence especially afters not based solely on refugee reports. However, the H'Monghave been interviewed by doctors, journalists, international refugee groups, congressmen, governors, and officials from several governments. Everyobserver reported that be believed the H'Mong wereragic event that happened to them. Iheir families, and friends. It is highly unlikely thai men. women, and children for over five years have engagedophisticated propaganda campaign thai would icquire considerable medical knowledge of what wc now know was toxin poisoning. Furthermore, the If'along- nave notell-organized propa'ganfloit concerning theii plight and their stoiv has. been championed mainly by interested private citizen*esv novel nine ii It I'ol Pot. on the other hand, doesell-established propaganda apparatus that caused analysts lo distrust the early reports of! weapon use against his Dernociaticforces. Dv lhe summervidence fiom' sources had lully substantiated the earlier
ave the Vietnamese and'm ,nf agents or other titan the USSR? If
cannot be luled out thai the Vietnamese, and perhaps even the Laotians, have produced some chemical warfare agents on their own or purchased chemical weapons or the raateriib to make agents and delivery systems Some of the traditional agents like mustard or chlorine could ec:lsirJv have been prepared in an indigenous chemical laboratory, and the Vietnamese have sufficient capability to manufacture crudesystems- Thus (ar we have positively identified only one class ol the agentsthe basis of analyses of samples from Laos and Kampuchea These analyses" reveal thatould not occur naturally in Southeast Asia In the observed combinations and concentrations. It is possible that the Vietnamese could purchase the cultures lo make the agent, but that seems most implausible, flatlser, it is much more likely that the Soviet Union has produced lhe toiins for the Vietnamese and supphed tbe technology lo weapomxe the toxin The Soviets have mote experience than any Other country with ihese particular trichotheceneand have an ei'.ensive chemical warfare program in which thev could produce and test them They also have eatensive iMolostical facilities in which they could produce the toam in llie large quantities required
id die rcoo'ted deaths occuresultpoor physical conditioniooulationmerely to riot control agents? Severalstudies and US Government investigationsIhe H'Mong and the Democraticare generally in good health and would notkilled by net-control agents Ginieeturesrefugees suffered from diseases likewould therefore be vulnerable to nonlethalagents are unfoundedonible forin caves or lunneh to dieeavy dose(ol asenlomiting agent Kew I'lts. however
caves or tunnels Most attacks occurred in openvillagei Credible aliernale eaplanations lorand oilier syrnplums olnerved on survivorsin inot been Imllu-oiniiu; These
t I*
symptoms are nol of lhe type associated with am known diseases, nor do (hey resemble those caused bs mustard gas.
IV. CHEMICAl WARFARE IN AFGHANISTAN
Key Judgment: Soviet forces in Afghanistan have used lethal and casualty-producing agents on Muiahedin resistance forces and Afghansince the9 invasion. There is some evidence lhat' Afghan Government forces may have used chemical weapons provided by the USSR against the Musahedin even before the invasion No agents have been identified through sample analysis, but we conclude from analysis of all the evidence that attacks have been conducted with irritants, incapacitants, nerve agents,oiime. and perhaps trichothecene toxins, mustard, lewisite, and unidentified toxic smokes
Nature of the Evidence
l7hemical aitacks against Muiahedin guerrillas and villages have been reported by human sources,Muiahedin resistance fighters, Afghan Army offi cers. journalists, and medical experts from the United Stales. Afghanistan. Germany, and France In the chemical assaultsinimumr the Mmalicdin rccooodlv were killed "
8S. The reports of chemical warlare attacks indieat cd lhat hsed-iving aircraft and helicopters were usual lv employed lo disseminate CW agents by rockets,nd sprays Chemical-filled landmines were also reportedly used by (he Soviets The chemical clouds weir, usually gray (orellow,o colors
Sfi Medical symptoms reporied by victims andindi'.ili- lhat nnnh'lhal ineapaei (atmi; chemicals and lethalncludinit uCivcli'isuerl Or phosgene uiiuse, possibly trichuthivric nr itfliCi* tonus, and mustardcd Sewral descriptions of the physiological action ol
Figure 7
Mujahedin Guerrilla Killed During an Attack on Charbagh Salar Village,0
ti
a chemical agent or of lhe condition of lhe corpses of victmu were panreulifunusual In one. neiinu were rapidly rendered uncxisrvxis for Iwo to Mi houn and had no aftereffect* It anoiher, the condiiion ol lhe bodies included abnoimal bloating and blackened skinark reddish tinge, and the flesh appealed decayed (Seehird incidentdefiesdead Musahedin guerrillas were found with hands on titles and lyingum [xiiiiwm indicating tint the ailaekei had ined an cxliemcly raptd-actinc Ictiial chemicalol detectable byenses and apparently muses im external physiological responses before dealh
e have reliable information fromlhal thr Sovietsum, of CW >fc. nin Afghanistan Agcmi melon1
vesicanli. and several oilieragenK
ormer Afghan Army ordnance officerlhal the Soviel army has Stockpiled large amounts of artillery shells and handgrenades contain log phosgene, di phosgene, sarin, and too van. Stockpiles are in storage site) located in Kabul; in lull Htssar. al the airport site referred lo as Khalaramanag in an underground storage depot; in the Khair Khanamilitary storage depot near Oandahar City; near Herat; and at lhe provincial airports of Shindand and lalalabad.
Ul AlgF. i.
lindicated the use of chemical warfare agents in AfgKarusian as early aseven months before the Soviet Invasion. It is not known whether Soviet or Afghan pilotsthe attacks. The chemical munitions were referred to as "microbe bombs" or "chemical bombs" and were to be used lo "destroy theethal agent
jhe location of chemical bombs,in CW,ining of Afghan troops in the use of gas masks and the use of lethal chemicals Foron Iwo occasions onoviet aircraft reportedly drcipped chemical bombsillage ncai Herat,nsurgents and theii sympathisers
Vonfirmed Ihe use oi chemical munitions by the Soviets against the Musahedin These resorts neither confirm nor refuie the use of lethal chemical agents One reiwrti
a
indicated that Afghan .nS Sovietto disseminate "poisonous gas causing manylhet intelligence shows that
lout imokes, puvsiliiy I'liMnk arsenical puunds. were biought into Afghanistan and lain withdrawn by the Soviets
lw.iijl. weie used lo drive insurgents from eaves, after which they were attacked eonven iMKuRy by helicopters
Cti Gem V K
Ironih ami other nlficiabad
been attacked with * CW agenl. designated
- Soviet units inharif had depleted Supplies of sodiumotent CW deconta mi nation chemical, and had (equated thai more be sent
3
presence of Soviel
CW reconnaissance and decontamination units atShindand. and Chaghasarav airfields.
ample Collection and Analvtis. Elforts lo colleci contaminated eo iron menial samples. Sovtciand ma'enab Irom Afghanof CW -ere miliated in0 The lint sample ol rocke-tube and warhead Itagmcflts was colledod in Konarha Province Since then.dditional samples, inctodine Soviet gas masks and clothing (rom gas victims liave lieen collected (or analysis The last ofain sample, was received in2
OS. Analysis to date has not revealed any Handard. known CW agent nr Irichothccenc but analysis is nol complete."
Examinations. Muiahedinclaimed to have been victims ol gas attacks,by medical doctois from lhe Unitedand France Photographs, descriptions ofeffects, and descriptions of the corpiesvictims clearly indicate Hut lethal andagents were used in Afghanistan
Ihe Evidence
Soviets appear lo haveidechemical agents in Afghanistan There are aof reports lhat indicate the Afghan military,the Soviets, used chemical weapons inIhe Soviet invasion. Several Afghanstaled (hat Ihe Soviets supplied both lethalagents to the Afghan forces, in additionwarfare training in (he USSR. Aof evidence from all areas of Afghanistanon Soviet chemical attacks throughoutof the reports describing large numbers offrom the lira three months01 more evidence onbecame available and there are indicationsagents will continue lo be used Tbeparagraph', eove'ini; chemical attacks9 to the fall1 summarize aol inlormatiori. (See figuren page
rracks Before the Invasion. Q
ot leveri) ruilx-air hiaarMini- ivHemi iihi<li uiidi for "anilklal IrWwicu bade
l UK uonlic iiriiaimanaliiwb otScir
ttfj'iwnr awl I' afMr-wm
bai ebrvfcne Mil* W
al ineaiitt* nw-ialMr Am ib> wufc-iim-id uie ol niliiiiin-r.l
iirofi auhiioii
i -in ali litilitici. and inch (nadUi-llnn ii tnouii lu r> HI (in rtln'- men'i'i4n-ll
1
ormer Afelmn Army officer who joined tit.-ifKiiiBcnn claimed thai Soviet aircraft drop|ied croiiv
" Denci.Ji.nnitl" unices nut jmlvlml xiitlu jk in jnnei II
Seti K.
r
containing toiV gas on iruuigcnti in barman
dating lunr and9 He aha'
iicuUii'ic in lhe Afghan refugee eonnnu
nilv claimed lhal. In Augiul andhemical age'il* ivfie nied In diilodgelii-iiilMing inoad mSaline. Pais area noMheaii ul Kabul
I Oil An Afghan civil cucmcei devtibcd allarUy pcnaibly MICrircidfl follnwrd liym.vii.i" Ii> MIC iSsnlnmluro: "a* being auenibleil
He hejid lhat1 dint ami priinnallrla In*eadWilliImtim and
were ea ponded, alone willi
finical Imi nli' Ional air munition1
Figure 10
Afghanistan: Clicmical Warfare Qpcralional Areas
Ijr. iw-iM
Union
Badattaflto
V
l jl l. li Ml
* J India
Pakistan
Area ol concentrated chemical atlactirovince where chamrctlattactt hoe occurred 9 Soitel chenbcalbattMoe
+ Airfield
Glided
a strike by Afghansombers from Shindand on largets in Fa rah. Herat, andinces on9 Afghanere based at ShindandJ
noviet set aircrafl reportedlv bad dropped chemical bombs. Tlse location of this particular attack was not given, bul llie same rcpoit mentioned other chemical attacks in Uadakh-shan Province
hemicalUtwiae Invasion. Alter the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.re received from many Ivncs of
sources that both Soviet and Afghan forces were, using various types of chemical agents
ne report speaks of chemical bomb attacks during Ihe week0 against insui gent forces near Fcyvabad and Jalalabad, in the Ha/arajet area of Bamlati Province, and in Takhar Province, all in eastern Afghanistan. The bomlis re portedly exploded in midair,hat feh damp on the skin Inhalation of theaid to have caused difficulty in brcaihing, nasalomiting, blindness, paralysis, and death Theseare associated wilh nerve agent poisoninij
IGVi In mid January there were mhei reports alli-ilihal Soviet aircrali and helicopter had attacked lemoli areas in nuillicaslern AfphaniMan partteularU
'Top' &tuel
Province, dropping bombs thai exploded and dispersed gas that caused blindness, paralysis, and death. We know that the Soviels launched their first offensive operation in northeastern Afghanistan using air and Iselieopter strikesase inside the Soviet Union and that these air attacks occurred during heavy snowfall against insurgent positions high in the mountain area
nespectedS official spoke with Afghan refugees from different ethnic tribal areas who described chemical agenl attacks thai allegedly occurred in several Afghan provinces. One tribal group reported that attackers dropped canistersas but that no casualtieseported chemical agent attack in another area allegedly caused some people to become ill but did not cause any deaths. Reports from some refugees from Badakhshan Province have alleged that an unspecified number ot* deaths occurredesult of exposure to chemical agents used in attacks in thai area
nother set of rccorU that recently became available, concerning the period from mid-Iamraiy loescribed helicopter attacks in north eastern Afghanistan inrayish blue smoke resulted in symptoms similar to those described by the H'Mong refugees from lam (heavy (caring orof eyes, extensive blistering and discoloration ol the skin. Inter resulting in laigc sheetlike peeling, swelling in the areas illected by the blister; and finally numbness, paralysis, and death)
n early Match, following the Soviet olfensive in Konarha Province on (lie Pakistani border. Afghan cefugees arriving in Pakistan provided new reports of chemicalacks Bul. unlike earlier reports describing attacks in which dnth: -sliaajadly occurred,ii' describe attacki wMbonian up agrnt In additionhese reports, there are several reliable ones which stale thai lhe Suvsets used inca-pacttaling agen's during (he Konarha olfcntive in allow Soviel lorces toi stance fences and capture prisoners
I It) Medkal caamiiialinnv in Pakistanarge allacl III themr.ii Valley in February iUh ami Uhlm nuiiv
ing fluid described as dirty water Refugees reported thateople were affected after contactirty yellow cloud.
n Afghan doctor who worked in Oondui reported lhe same type of Ineapacitanls and blister agenls as those being used in Konarha. Paktia. and Badakhshan Provinces.
112
3
IH.
>iii hi
he Soviet lOSth^Motorizcd Rifle Division^ lo*ic smoke grenade^
^Tioops were
a?
to >vcat gas masks when using Ihe grenades and wash iheir eyes if exposed. Bv August, moreork smoke grenades were received)^
Othei divisions also had toxic smoke grenades, wh complicaled the withdrawal to the USSR.
apanese academic in0rainuic camp tn Peshawar sawnm film that ihxwnl Soviet helicopters dropoini; several nhjcrM which duscd nu CiploiK.i. aridluish-purple smokeith gray and white, probably in an area northwest of Jalalabad Mr- was told the attacks caused numerous licalln. bulr/hilslami Parly, win. lin thai area. lefitSedake the film .'i.iiialili in ins iulirii.iluni.ilievlievoly war and did
. i'i .: t. v. ., ii,: ,iI.ir
79
An Afghan officer trained in chemical warfare in tlie USSK described (he use of iitcapacitants and blister agents in Afghanistan and remembered their characteristics as described in Soviet manuals. He said (he incapacitanl munition is effectivemeter radius and causes unconsciousness for varying periods.
Col. Cen. V. K. Rkabv. chief of the USSR's chemical Iroops. broughtoviet officials to tour Afghanistan inhey were specifically interested in investigating the use of toiic agents In the Herat area. "IF" was the only Identification of the agent uscdj^
25
March the Afghan Government had publicized the capture of "lethal US grenades" provided to the resistance In fact, ilS riot-control grenade readily available commercially for policeebable source, however, the Soviets used lethal agents near Herat in March and placed the blame for the incident on US-provided chemical weapons used by the insurgents.
utch fountain) published his eyewitness account nf two chemiral attacks in the Jalalabad area on IS and0 He filmed theelicopter dropping canisters lh.ilray whiteictim wilh blackened ikin was photo-graphednhe village five hours after the attack The journalist evidently was exposed because he developed boaters oo ho har-l-wollen and itchy face. He was riposrd in the second attack and it look aboutays for hint to recover from skin lesions, nauaea. duirhea. and ucnach cramps This is one of (he beat fir*hand accounts available from Afgrunittan The agent ha! not been identified,ouldiilu'r containing phos gene oiime or hvdiageii sullide along with otbei components
S loiiinslisi rirtcribedellow gieen gas that appealed lo him loighly eonccri truled CS-tvpe gaslistei ancnt associated wild
it. He said the canisters containing (he incapacitating gas8 inches kingnches inhich corresponds wi(li many other reports from Afghans. We had heard reportsethal gas that causes unconciousness and tlten death.
Simils
lo Augustoviet attack with chemical bombs on the village Sya Wusan,ilometers southeast of Herat,ead. Afghan -military authorities told doctors in Herat they could not treat (lie victims and doctors' offices were closed. It was in this time frame that the chemical battalion at Shindand set up an operational decontamination station
Chemical Attacksoviet helicopter units participated in chemical attacks fromon areas east and west of Kabul and in the Konar Valley. These attacks were intended to drive personnel fiom sanctuaries such as caves in order to engage them with conventions)-
thon)*
operations by helicopters occurred nor onndpril.
n Afghanelicopter pilot who delected to tlie Pakistanis said Soviet lorces had used chemical weapons in Badakhshao, Qonduz. and Koitarha Pro* trices Chemicals in canisters lhal contained toiic gas tear gat, and antiiespiratory gas. which has an ipc* pacitating effect by causing choking and difficulty in breathing, were manually pushed from the compartments of helicopters. He said there waspecific gas thai Is absorbed by the body and leaves the skin so soft that one can pierce iiinger In one case, thereind shift, and Soviet and Afghan foices were seriously affected. Olher sources also haw-described an incident wlieic Soviet and Afghan forces were victims of their own gas attack.
IS doctor of Afghan migm examined nr Urns1 attack Hisetailedt net OO medical evidence "
30
oviel sweep opciation in Iheinesistance leaden werean Afghan officer thai lhe Soviets had fourbut would use onlyca pact tintcould defend against with wet rags over thethe operation. Soviet helicopters conductedinifferent areas, using cylinders aboutlong andentimeters In diameter4eters above the ground, releasinggas. Some victims lostpari)vied, and recovered; others died, andareas of their skin turned dark green to
/.trendecent report fromMujahedln lighterarachiour suspicion lhat previouslyor non traditional CW agents have beenman, described as an expert on Sovietuse ol chemical weapons (butold US Embassy persoruteihat the Soviets arc using irritants,gas. and xn apparent nerve gas-gai" was described as an off-whitedispersed from helicopters during artillerybombing attacks He said the iiibsJance isdetect Victims fed faint and dim. subsequent Ivomit and began lo bleed from lhe eyes,mouth Death rales approachercentare lelixed and lhe skin peels off whenis made to move the bodies This sequenceis consistent with trichothecenc toxinnot nerve agenli This source's cogemdescription of symptom* ol survivors, uploafter an aliack. are similar tofrom Snulheasl Asia and suppoits theol as yet unevalusted claims that toxinshealth elfcc's
he Muiihcdirvtis-xuwthei weapon hi the Soviet nvml and had lo be urged In discuss CWypical of the Muiahcdin aliundehc US ixioucuiuiioii- with chcmi cal warfare and contiiliotci to the intelligence ronclu m* thai Mouhcdmts ol chemicalike llx- H'Mong lefugm- tcimeUim CW *sr in laus.
ma.t ii! t ji|'ii
I'n siil"' lhe iiiiti".ii nl chemical
.Itl.li Is. in SiKitlli'lst Asm iikl details nl
rcporlcd attacks were checked against [
|military
operations at the specific time andigh percentage of the cases studied, military operations of the type described by the victims of chemical attacks did take place. For example, an Afghan emigre in Europe recentlyescription by an Afghan tribal leaderoviet chemical attackan force that had gathered tourprise attack on Qandahar in October
3
The most persuasive case studies are those where samples have been collected and analyzed. Thus far that has been possible only for attacks in Southeast Asia; but the Afghan emigre stated that green gas canisters, whichreen-yellow smoke upon hitting the ground, were taken to Pakistan by some ofurvivors of the October altack. Attempts are being made to acquire the canisters.
We have reliable information that the Soviets have stockpiled lethal and casualty-producing agents in Afghanistan and information, also reliable, on where and when some ol them have been used The agents included nerve agents, phosgene, phosgene oxime. sulfur mustard, and lewisite. The agents used, plus the time and location of the attacks, generally correspond to the refugee reports andmili-laiy oiierations. Afghan military defectors have also described the agents being used by the Soviets and pinpointed where they are stored.
oviel Chemical Defense Eauiomenlumbci nf former Afghan officcis have desetdied their chemical warfare Iraining in lhe USSR, and havehe different types of agents available to the Afghan military and ihe Soviets in Afghanistan. Their rcpous. which date back torc simil.irecently acquired clandestine report, except thai they described lhe symptom* caused by ihe chemical agents without namingorme' ordnance officer described where the agents weir
n-1
Table I
Major Soviet Chemical DefenseDivision Level
.fid Wunhei
CteanWal Four Ormlcal Other Owuon
BADM-RKh'
el
Vheeted recorualoaor. vehicle with chemical. tNoiockal, aaddetection equipment
Truck-roouiired device thai lira fluid under jveuure lo deeoMamiiviie terrain ind equipment.fleam chamber! for dcowiUniutkn of eloOW
in Kabul. Herat, Shindand. Qandahar. and Jalalabad.
Chemical defensein all Sovietdeployed wilh lhe three Soviel motorized rille divisions operating in Afghanistan athindand. end Kabul.hemicalis subordinate to each tan I. and motorized rifle regiment
The chemical defense battalion Is normally equipped with lheecontamination vehicle (truck mounted, icthe DDA steam generator, and the ARS spray type decontamination equipment Such equipment has the primary mission ol redncini; the effects of chemical, biological, and nuclear Conecondary mission for thes In lay smokescreeni. and for lhe DDa device to generate hot water for showers '
table of organisation of those unitsthe major equipment- Hems listed in table I.
al cliemical defense units probably would be required Such nondivistonalto cither army or military districtlocated in most military districts in the USSR, bul none have been seen in Afghanistan.
he nondivisional chemical defense unitto (he Afghan border isth Chemical Defense Battalion located in Bukhara, in theMilitary District,ilometers from the border This unit appears lo be manned at no more than half strengIh and probably would need lo be augmented by reserve personnel before deploying outside the
3
liemical delensc equipment,reserve stockpile, also il stored in Dushanbe, and Kurgan-Tyube in the Central Asian Military Districl a! installations formerly occupied hy elements ofst Motorized Rifle Division This equipment was not moved out of the two installations, however, when the division moved intn Afghanistan
135 Soviel divisional chemical defense fnrenc jrr-sufficicnt to dcconiauiuiale division equipment bur are capable of only relatively modest-scale terrain decoulaminalion operations. If ihr' Soviets ivcrr1 plan ninjj fairly widespread use of persistenl chemical
.liteillsliei nilmii In outellm.
Top C
forces weie ituirucced to don masks when using "toxic/noxious" grenades. Also, on0 many Soviet imopt became ill from carbon monoxide poisoning when ihey were caughtiaffir iam in llie Salang tunnel because they did not liavc special protective canisters leriuired for carbon monoxide
aitilleiy. multiple rocket launchers, and most tactical airrrafl (See
144 Field artillery can be used lo disseminate CW agents in Urge conceotiltioos for thori ranges Oiemi cal artilleryan (as well as aerial bombs) include both flag mentation and noofragmentalion vaiietics
Soviet Offensive CW Capabilities. The So viet Union hasanety of toxic chemical agents and muuilioru to meet wartime contingencies Weapon tystems capable ol delivering chemical muni lions available lo Sovid forces in Afghanistan include
Dissemination efficiencies s'tht atnount ol agent depot Hod after dissemination) at high asc'ccnl appn eutlv have hem achieved wilhse erection
Soviet CW Ageand Weapons Systems
Nervt
Thicvencd Shiud
Artillery Munitions
(pic in mitllirif lent"
FillgiH tn fcllorainu)-
100
O
I...
FHOCH
'iWlr.^i
Thickimrf Lewisile
MuMid/Lewiaie Midurc
Thickened Mvituid/Lewulk Miilute.
Hviliwn Cisnjdc
' Entry indkair* ivillibility of rMvrrv mUm foripecitr-u
0
M-tt
3
he lethal agents listed inre known to be in the Soviet inventory. It has been confirmedcvicl agent known att the nerve agent toman (GO) thickened withccccnt polvmcih vlnietu3crvlatc. Unthiekcned soman (CD) may be considered by the Sovietsiable agent fill lor munitions, but the thickened version appears to be favored Tabun. VX. losins, and phosgene osirne. on the bans of recent information, may have become standard agents.
he Soviets have been interested in the US binary weapons piogram lorecade and appaicntly luve conducted research and developmenl iniid may luve ever,ew round' The Sovietsatenteact ion involving'. mime and an alcohol lo yield CWgent and phosgene OMtne (an utlicanl) there is.no evidence thai lite Soviets have biitaiv weapons in iheir inventory
boul amajor insiallaiiom in lhe t'SSItnowntloie eliemical defense equipment and ,in- siiMM-clcd nf also limine chemical uiiniiiin<it mul. Of bulk supplies of usteiiii (hie oflacilllt
near the town of Arys' in the Central Asian Militarylocatedilometers from the Afghan border. Although chemical shells reportedly were siored near Arys" bclorc World War (I. we cannoi confirm thai toitc munitions are now beinc stored at this installation Any munitions siored then today cnsild be moved by rail tothen overland across thedirectly into Afghani stan by
^^Analysis of infoimalinn from several sources ron.-inccs us thai in Sovml CW exercises ihe crews loading CW niuinlioit* unto aircrall du liol wcji
;" l Ii.T'-;in -: ' ir
. II '
fr-
4^
Ilocausc Afghan insurgent lotec* have liltle orhere arc several sattialiom in which llic use ol chemical weapons could be an attractiveto conventional munitions. In mountainous areas, where lebeh are holed up in caves or other inaccessible areas, conventional artillery, higheaplo-tive bombs, and napalm ate not particularly effective.
aEent has boen used on this kind ol target.
Another possible use for lethal agents would be to deny terrain to rebel forces. Using persistent agents, the Soviets could contaminate Urge areas lor up to three to live days, especially by air-delivered muni-lions Contamination of terrain also could be used to force insurgents into areas mote accessible to Soviet troops or into conventional fire tones Under ideal temperature and wind conditions, the persistent nerve agent thickened soman would be the rnoat effectiveomb fillederve agent sucl' asi couldquare melrisont ami nation density5 grams per cubic meter and would kill all unprotected individuals
Effect* of Weather and Terrain. TV eftec-livpnesi of CW agents is heavily infliicnccd by the terrain, wind, and temperatures. Much of Afghanistan is mountainous, and at elevationseters temperatures rise to more thanegrees Celsius nearly every day from |une to Seotembei There are few trees, and the ceirfunes-looe practice of vrkins fuelthis already barren Und hai ik-nod ed Ihe hillside of scrub and bushes. The efleetivrnevs ofa-ccnts would be degraded inarsh
.i.usty winds chararteiislir uf barieu mountains would decrease the deruity of lhe contamination, and more agent would be loomied inethal concentration Also, the cold tem petaiu'es in winter and during fall nightsdmr ihe vapor liaiardinimum As tempera lures RM durimt the day. however, the agent wnsild vapour* and Ihr. ha card would increase The ben dissent initinti periods in Afghanistan probably would htl urnine diiiinf llv spring- and fall flint
n Alghan ol licet who defeciediemual alUrks mm% letlial aeenls linmoanujrv mmi Human. Feyr.ahad. Jalalabad, and 1
khar. The US Air Force studied the weather over these aieas for that period and concluded that conditions were favorable fur tlie aerial delivery of nerve agents on at least (wo days at each location The Soviets are actively engaged in testing methods ol disseminating agents to allow delivery on target with minimum influence from certain meteorological conditions. Tbey have tested chemical aerial bomb delivery from light bomben and helicopters as well as multiple rocket Uimchers and artillery at the'bniibany test range.
V. THE CASE FOR CW USE OF TRICHOTHECENES "
Scimplo Analyses lor lhe Trichothrxenes
any of (lie reports of chemical attacks In Southeast Asia were puradlng In that tliey described the useethal agenl (or agents) that produced symptoms not easily correlaled with those known to be produced by traditionally iccognlxed chemical war-fare agents."
lhe symptoms most frrouently described in Laos and Kampuchea correspond most closely wilh those producedroup of mycotoiins, the trkhothecenes. Particularly unusual was the repeated description by medically uiuophisticated victims rjf symptoms indicating hemorrhage and degeneration o> the mucosal lining of the gait romt est mil tract, lymp toms characteristic oleview of (he scienlilirevealed lhat ihr tricliothecenes had physical and chemical pcopcrtie*for chemical agents, (list they could casdi be mass-pioduced; and. also, tint they had been iht' subiects of intense Soviet scientific investigation Miice
For Ihese and other reasons. (He decisionmade to test for tlie Irlchotltcrrncs usinit the must sensitive and speed h methods of inarySra avaibbh-
"hich
tiiiiiKv^iiei'-ii'r. ulclvyhecose loomicis: An.
*'Aol lltr Dens irtHf.oil m okjiiIiv l> ImnJ In.
rclums
Samples were submitted onblind basis. Chester Miinchfl, lhe lending US expert on deleelion of Uichetheeenes
iteiulu. Analyses of four alleged chemical warfare samples (twoos and (wo fromwere completed Inll four showed tbe presence of extremely high levelschothecenes" The samples were collected from the sites of three separate chemical attacks in which victims reported symptoms consistent withpoisoninsL The ettrernelyevels of (oilns found in these0 parts per millionpm of nivalertol. moreom of diacetoxyscirpcnol. andpm of deoiynlvalenol) have not been reported to occuraturaleven under climatic and substrate conditions favorable for their production. Three of the analyzed samples were taken fromsurface of rocks orwould lie extremely unlikely to support natural growth and loam production.**
Conclusions. When all the factms arcit is clear that the arspearancr of these particular toiins in these extietnely high leveb in environments so hostile to their formation cannot reasonably and scientifically be attributedatural contamination. This conclusion is supported by the results ot the analyses ol controls consisting of vegetation, soli, and water samples from an area adjacent lo the Kampu-chean attack site. Nivalonol,. and diacctoxysclrpcnol were notthat these toiins do nol occur naturally In that geographical area. Even samples ol corn and rice from (hewhich would provide an ideal substrate for the toxin-producingfound to be negative for (he trie hot hrccnes
il alleged chemical warfare samples, including bloodm victimsellow ram" attacks in Kampuchea were analysedehminaiy results on these blood samples are consistent with toain
See iniwt P. lahle Ot
Wtaitnl xuiyiu ill Ihrihal the Sc-eli ol toiina fomd in thi- Ijotiaii ntJ himiavhrin wiriiJei roild have been tie leruliitaril conlanumilmiewnlnl In mneieelmn III
exposure, but are statistically inconclusive because of (he problems encountcied In obtaining fresh samples and because of llie lack of sufficient controls.elaboliteoxin, was detected in bloodfrom two victimsyellow rain'* attack."
ollection effortsadditional samples continue to arrive Thesetested for (he trichothecene* as well as forfamiliar chemical warfare agents. Inof the samples previously collected andthe traditional chemical warfare agents willfor the presence of liiehotheeeoea.
Natural Occurrence and Siamfkant Properties
trichodseeaw* are mycotoxiru; thatare toxins produced by fungi Theretructural derivatives known lo occurTrichothecene toiins. mote than any othermycotoxins, have been associated with acutein humans; and most of theseoccurred in the Soviethetrong scientific Interest Inand research protects amcernlng themidentified with Soviet Institutes believed toin classified research related to chemicalwarfare
iterature concerned with the naturalol ihese toxins has been relatively scarce because of lhe lack of convenient detection methods and the complexity of lhe trie hot becerse lamily of compounds. Methods capable of distinguishing between closederivatives and of accurately- Quantifying the levels of toiin present have only recently become available. We do have reports of natural occurrencesoi.n. diacetoavsciriieiicJ. deoxynivakenol. andlhat were obtained liom asearch ofitations concerned withtoxins."
lie extremely high Icvrls of tonus lound in the CW samples fromand Kampuchea, as noted
" Theae inulii ant detailed'l" Da. annri O
"Sxne ol lhe wort ImpoitaM iJ iIiim and lhe luiwi ihal produce
them areabVr lit. anilDI tl-
n IV
in. haveccur in nature. Highci levels of toiin production can, of course, be Induced when the moldrown in pure culture under ideal temperature and substrate conditions in the laboratory. The Soviets, for instance, have succeeded inramser kilogram of substrate under controlled conditions-atural environment, however, the Futaruim species can oof compete well with other mold species such asui and rVntetflitim. and levels of toxinare lower (in most cases, by several orders of magnitude) than those found in theeveral other lines ofclimaticfor toxin production, results of surveys ot toxigenic fungi in Southeast Asia, and results ofthe conclusion that it istocientifically sound explanation for the natural appearance of these particular toxins at these levels and combinations In an environment so hostile to their production
hen one considers the witabditv of tri-chot hecenes as chemical agents, factors such assolubility, and ease of production become ex-tremelv important The trichc'hcccncs are very stable and can be stored for years at room temperature with no loss of activity They are abo heat stable, showing no loss of activity after heatingegrees Celsius for an hour. Tlie structure of the compounds allows solubilization of themtdc tange of solvents without affecting the baste toxicitylthough some of the ttichothecenes haw been syntltcsizedbiosynthesis employing FtiMrU species is the most effective way to produce large quantities Almost half of the Soviet open litciature concerning these toxins deals with defining optimum conditions forof the compounds"
ycotoxim can be produced Id excellent yields employing the same techniques that are used lo produce some antibiotics Roth aie products of mold metabolism, and an antibtoties installs two could pro vide an excellent cover lor agent production facilities Heavily guarded industrial muriotnologv plants undei miliiary control have been idenli'ieil inSoviet Union
ee mmi ft
" 1 i
n tlie basis of their stability, solubility, and production characteristics, lhe ttichot hecenes would fit the ceneral requirements for chemical agents Of course, the roost important properties of chemical agents are iheir loxicologicalulking among those for tricbotlieceue toxins are tlie rapid onset of vomiting and severe itching and tingling of the skin. Hemorrhage ol the mucous membranes and bloody diarrhea follow. The correlation between lhelb have been caused dv the trichuthe-renes and those reported by gas victims in Laos. Kampuchea, and AlglwnasJan is immediately appar-eoL
Most of the available data concerning the effects of the trtchothecenes are the result of animal studies in which pure compounds weie administered by oral, subcutaneous, intra peritonea I. or intravenous routes. There are no reports ccncerniag inhalation of mixtures of these compounds It is difficult, therefore, to speculate concerning the time course and severilv of the effects that would be expected in humans exposed to aerosolized mi'turcs of these potent toxins "
The most useful data concerning exposure in humans were obtainedlinical evaluation of anguidnv (diacetoxvscarpenal) as an ciperimenlal anticancer drug The tnchothecene wis administered by intravenous infusMn, and immediately caused nau sea. vomiting, diarrhea, somnolence (and/or menta'ever,eneralized erythemaurning sensation, hypotension, dyspnea, stum*litis, hives, and ataxia. Another useful body ol clinical dau concerning the eflects of tricholhccenes in human-.drawn from descriptions of lhe course ol the disease in the natural outbreaks lhal occurred in lite Seme* Union.**
VI. ORIGINS ANO EVOIUIION Of IHE
SOVILT CHEMICAL WARf ARE PROGRAM
uiient chemical weaponsthe Soviets or their allies are more crediblein the inoteil ull-iniea!
" TW MWm
lag anrn D.
Mill.iiHiil int inuu"
III
Op ^POO "C't"
generally and of Soviet associationiven development in particular. The modern history of toxic chemical agents dales from World War I. Both the French and the Germans first used lacrioaatorsimited scalen an attempt totalemate, the Germans on5arge-scale chemical warfare attack: chlorine gas was released from commercial cylinders along tbe front, wilh the wind blowing In the direction of tbeenemy. This attack was highly effective, and the lactic was subsequently repeated.
The first chemical shell developed by the French and used In6 against the Germans, was filled with phosgenet washort time later by shells tilled with hydrogen cyaniden7 the Germans began using shells filled with mustard gasbout lhe same time the Germans also introduced diphcnylchloroarsuiearticulate Irritant lhat could penetrate the protective masks then In use by the Allied troops.
Tluoughoul this war both the Allies and Ihe Germans explored the military effectiveness ofmunitions of varying sorts. The Russianssuffered particularly heavy casualties.7 Ihey had produced the Sfilem respirator, an effectivemask. Even so, Russian soldier: continued lo suffer heavy casualties, in pail because of lack ofIn one particular attack, for example, the Russian soldiers apparently donned ibclr masks but had not been told lo remove lhe plug from the filter canister The result was thai they were citheror died from exposure lo lhe gas when ihey removed lhe mask.
Al the close of the war, Ihe Soviet military establishment examined its experience wilh chemical weapons and reached Ihe followingl is necessary to be able to retaliate in kind. During lhe war tlse Russian finer, (ailed in this totally,mall portion of tola! CW assent use wast is necessary lo understand how lo uset is necessary lo have protective equipment available to the troops, and they must know Itow In use it correctly
o rectify these deficiencies the Sovielsinvolved in all aspects ol chemical warfatc The
first Soviel military chemical academies wereand the Soviets4W coopera-tion pact with the Cermam This pact resulted in establishment of tbe CW proving grounds al Shlkliany. The Germans continued their assistancehen they departed at Soviet request, abandoning all equipment In lhat year the Soviets were field-Iestlng mustard thickened with various additives for use in aerial spray tanks.
5 lhe Geneva Protocol was signed by the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Ihe USSR. In short, this pact prohibited the first use In war of asphyxiating or deleterious gases; the rights to retaliate and to use such gases against nonsigisa lories were reserved.
Duringhe Sovietsarge number of CW production plants and began stockpiling agents. They carried out many field lest programs, often Involving large numbers of animals. They conducted research inlo new agents. Including experiments with phosgene oxime and with mixtures of agents. They built special rallcars to transport bulk agenls to sites for filling munition systems. They devdoped the first ARS deconlaminalion vehicles, which could also be used for carrying bulk agents All Soviet troops were issued Shlem respirators and protec live capes and buskins. By the start of World War II the USSR chemical agent stockpileons: CW agents were lhe only war supplies the Soviels did not need from lhe West.
Also during this decade the Ccrmansnerve agents, and9 began production of the nerve agenl tabun (GAJ5taly successfully employed mustard gas in Ethiopia,that lhe Ceneva Protocol, did not prohibit use of CW in reprisal against other illegal acts of war
Al the outbreak ofhe United States, like the Soviet Union, had large stockpiles ol mustard and phosgene; and the Ccrmans hadstillut mustard, nitrogen mustard, and tabun Toxic cliemical? were not used in that war. however, possibly because of the inhibiting effect of probable retaliation in kind.
5 the Soviets captured the German nerve agent phut at Dvlictnturtli, togcthci with many
I
of its scientists .slid technicians The entire plain was transferred to Volgograd Tlie SovieU lirsl produced tabun and (lien switched lo production of lhe nerve agents sahn and soman as die agents ofew agent.oted bv the, wasidentified as thickenedodification developed by the British and shared with lhe Soviets dunng World War II. Ii has been suggested lhat chemical warfare wasiewed by lhe Sovietsheap answer to American possession of nuclearBy theood Intelligence was available on the existence of Soviel weapon systems lor CW agenls and of plans for their use. as well as detailsommitment lo training troops in use of and protection (torn chemical weapons f'rod action plants weie constructed at Shikhany and DierthlnsL during.
TYiS QH/Ut tiOfU
mmmt
defense training, ind intelligence (rocn all lourcn shows protective and decontamination equipment in large amounlt and variety. Activity al Soviet CW-related utii has not been affected bv US termination of CW agent production TV Soviets have condemned US interest in binary chemical munitions whilesimilar research. There continues to be evidence thai they are working to produce penetrating agents ihal will defeat Western protection systems.
e Soviel Union ratified2 convent inn banning (he production and stockpdinc of baeletioIoc ical and bacJogical scents and toains and (heir meant of delivery. They also entered into nccotistiom with (heStales loimilar Irealy lo ban chemical weapons. However. Soviet interest in chemical and biological warfare in al its facets continuesonclusion quite consistent with the allegations arising from Southeast Asia and Afghanistan.
ANNEX A
TABULATIONS OF REPORTED CHEMICAl WARFARE ATTACKS IN LAOS, KAMPUCHEA, AND AFGHANISTAN
annex comprise? three tables sum ma tiling chronologically, by location, number, and associated deaths, the chemical attacks reported to have occurred in Laos. Kampuchea, and Afghanistan5he tables were compiledarge volume of intelligence reports on such attacks Every effort was made lo correlate individual allegations with collateral information and to elarrainate double counting. The numbers of fatalities shown almost certainly fall short ol actual totals because ouris Inevitably incomplete and many reports (ailed to provide casually numbers.
' Thisnified
Laos: Summary of Reported Chemical Attacks and Associated1
Time Pet in!
Ho
Bo
+
Bia
Bia
Bia
+
Hi.
Bu
Bo
Bia
+
i>
Bii
l*W
Bu
+
I9SI
Bit
+
I9WSJII
Bia
+
IU.
I'M!
- -
...
IflHI
i
1
tabulationitarhk. aecounimcealalt naet>
ami mumieiiht
iuS.rii.-stl.itmm
ll. irtenhi
tie. fi-fwt* (wgiiifirdT :ij .
Kampuchea: Summatr of Reported Chemical Attacks and AssociatedS-SI
IM
Jul Urii iiidintrs thatinimum
ti*-jre In tome caws (shiwntunlioii maik) <lralli< weirfoiled but no numlieigiven Other lecom (signifiediihj eave no Information on lalalltica.
Afghanistan: Summary of Reported Chemical Attacks and Associated Deaths, i'j'/'j.m
rime Period
Period
Speu
Ron
Koat
_
an. no"
Odd tuns
tone
I960
+
Keoc
Bean
t
Knot
Vthear
+
pot
Thorn/Chun
Reap
HI
'.Jll.
tabulation omiU tome attacks desecibfd in the teii ihey euuhl nor I* dated ui bvaied with high confidence
jx'ui sign, imliiatn thil ihr femtftlef dolhsaivea minimum
liguie- In some cue*uenion mark) death* were reported but noi fiven. Oihei toons (titiifiedaih) cave no information on fatalities
' The reported figureeaths In Badakhihanncle tttaek in lhe sunimn9 is unusually high Wtconcerned Ihal Ihe fiture miv re'lccl an unvenfuble reportingIn all other respect!.the report met the criterianctuiion ink
COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES OF CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS AND TOXINS
specific chemical agents being used in Laos. Kampuchea, and Afghanistan cannot be dclctmined without collection and analysis of at least one of the following: environmental samples contaminated with agent, the munitions used to deliver agents, orspecimens from attack victims
Obtaining contaminated samples thai will yield positive traces of specific chemical agents is dependenlumber of factors. Tliese include the persistency of the chemical, the ambient tempenture, rainfall wind conditions, the media on which the chemical was deposited, and lhe time. care, and packaging of the sample Irom collection lo analysisaboratory Many standard chemical warfare agents are nc-npet-sister* and disappear from the environmentew minutes to several hours after being dispersed These include, for ciample. the nerve agents sarin and tabun. ihc blood agents hydrogen cyanide andchloride, the choking agents phosgene and diphov gene, and the urticarM phosgene on me Other standard CWas lite nerve agents vx andsoman and ihc blistering agents sulfur mustard, nitrogen mustard, andpersist for sever al days to weeks depending on weather conditions The ttichothec-ine toiins have good penislcncv bul may be diluted to below delectable coticenlrations by adverse wealher conditions. To mailmiae the chances of detection, sample collect ions should be made as rapidlyhemical assault as possible, and with many agents Iho means in mules lo bouts Under ih.-circumstances id Southeasi Asia and Afgrtatoslau ihu has Simply not been possible While numerous samples were collnteil. Ir- ol ihem held am lealnlie prospect
for yielding positive results. It is foitunate that trlchc4hecenes are sufficiently persistent to hIIowseveral months after lhe altack
Samplesen collected from Southeast Asia sincend Irom Afghanistan sinceo date aboulndividualgreatlylypes and usefulness lor analyticalbeen eollecied and analyzed for the presence of traditional CW agents, none of which have been detected. On the basis of recommendations by medical and toiicological eiperts and of findings by the US Army Chemical Systems laboratoryany of the samples have been analyzed lot the tnchothe-cene group of mycotoiint Four samples, two from Kampuchea andfiom Laos, were found lo contain high levcbof trichotlvjcene loitm Piehminary results of several additional samples indicate the nreseiice of -trichothecenc metabolite in Wood samples drawn from Democratic Kampuchea (OK) Irrnp* OuanlificatiQn of their leveb is pending Details concerning the samples, including the circumstances of theiranalysis, and the remits are provided in this annei.'
All samples were senl to USaCSI. lot analysis, unless otherwise stated USACSL analysed all samples for tho presence ul traditionally reengmied chemical warfare agenlv Analyses forrcenes were run ducted bv Ur.Chester Miforha. University of Minne-sola, imdei the stmusorsbip nf tin- USedical lidoiiiialioii andgency (USAMIIA) An imlepeiidenlhe United Statusew umplriiiresence nf chemical wjrlaie agenls
Dear.ice.
plastic iheet.
in.ha
ol Sample
* Cooeeted in9hemical attack on H'Mong village.refV ge* nave lo Thai prrionneL whournmah* pince toor analytU
Analytical fie-nihi
Thai preliminary aaatyiii Indicatedaliant (bhtterUui agent) Anatyilt by an aadcpcndcnt US tahorelo-ry foamd no evkdeoee of vesicant or any ether CW nrent
powder ralitor on ban* boo thatc-hlca from eoof of htu
Human liauac aarnplea from tO ICMiMtat leportedly eipuardW attack and hcepilaliicd In Hangtek Twenty -rtna.lood,putwai aa-iple. aad I*ayareived Samplei from U'Moe* refugee, aot anaeled with chemical utenU were vied at
CaWical9 aacraltrV* Halka9 AB eauaaab la vilac* died. Atoew died after >oeaJUnccoughing bp Uood. and aWferaaaj nunlve, noarfaVocd, blurred vni.n, and difbcuM hulhrrtf.
Dried yellow apota OS bamboo thatching
aflluneten In dianatar Saraaah grvraaOSmi leaun in Oetobar 1ST) Analysed by US Aran,
CI*i- L;
Sampler wore taken In0 from H'Monglad been earaatedW mack. Analyzed (or dwlinntcite Con-trot samples from H'Mong refugees aot exposedW aateaat -ere aim aSamples being retained ai USACSL for ponible additional analyiu
Total laraplr of yellow material on hart2 mitUrrami. No evidence of known chemical warfare ag-enti waii akuhol derrratjves, pcimarfly ml-(ate.orrfblc aurfactaat or wetting agent for rereading otherdelected.
Cholinerterue activity dotermiaatkvii in tie: blood of eipoaed Indi vhluah were notdiffnenl from oormal/un-
exposed Rii'in Ctoiincal-raie activity
very few In both (est and control luhrecti Ma evidence ef known CW
ageetllnf the lamplei
powder bom chemical attack In vicinity of
Collected by H'Mong romanceday of attack. 25
uctobr* lOSO.^hartyeople be-rarne III. none died Civce on tl1 to medical officer of an internal ion il ornaniii(ion.transferred ii hi US euttody. Sample (era lo United Stain] Container -ai nol on-tied until received at USACSL
No evidence of any laon CW agent (Sample containedilligram) ofot analyzed lor trichothe-srae toaiiu Tentativelycs quitcpene. whach mat' be Indicative of trtttvpthecencs Abo founduin. one and arnrnalir hydrocarbon* tod
carbonyh
cn-der residue aerapodanana Wai in vicinity ol
Ban Don
Cljecied by HWooa; refugeef"
! attack on earth Ddeol mountain near Ban Don Simple receivod bv medical doctor fiom Interna tionil organlaailon onI and by US pcrunnel onI. On.
(litter wai not Opened until received at USACSL
No evidence of an, grown CW agenl Sample containedomlllignBU of powder. Not analyzed for triebotbe-ceae toiiie. Analyib did detect set-Mller-
(cue and carbonyI group* which could be indicativertchcthflcene.
Continued)
ample Collection and Analysis (or Pretence ol Oiemical Warfare Agents
illi-mou) tram vflaar of Miaonc On In lite Phou Ola
HUom rr/tacrc umple by
tenpins from rorti and transI Much IM! attack In lhe vtEaxe ol Muonc Cha. ftefurcc irrived in Thailand onI indample lo Tliai police aunWitlci,turned it over to US Earbaov officer. Sample for' -aided to US onrjlvied (or biown CW arenU it USACSL tbe* ti tufa-red' lo independent laboratory foe inVrahrjante analytU
Noat amn CWAre-malic hrdiocaitoniiUmrti were
pieacnl. kinUoitina pualble Irlchothe
cone. PoatBn nl umpV inaliard fw mtfiMoilAiie lilcholliecvneoilnere found at levelind Vi paill
per Billion. inpettivrk Nil end and
* m*Sir. cxid analvui ol umpleain Lavalnd DAS al 27
No nkaUruf ot dMHynifalmial
tmaQ araount. km than DiUluHam of Mlidullllllen
it' uijalirjn
Flntt'Msiutof *occurred on 2
1 at Ranntv-
fonr ncOou died Sample wa? fjien towho bindoCon-
ccuaian It ml riven lubvijiiriillv to
USACSI ooune. IBSI Samplelo USAMIlA lor iiuJhu for Ir! clieahecene toiiiu
Second ample fromunoel re-cel-od
Sample I: No evidence of acre n.W acrnls Solvent was methanol. nlviUnol or dooiynixlenol war pro eol Ten nanogram) of diawtonidt penoloiJc tnehothcevne. were present In tlie umple. The irnaD umple liw precluded adoQuile ana brah-el trichothecenc toalm. and il cannot be deter mined if tliey were pieual or not.ndicationsirrcvd which could be indicativertehothrcene No evidence ol known CW tannti
blood umples
Two umple.
Naiuial >rgetition. nanvrs
PI ul ir botllc imtainlna
five ampin, thiee ce*
of powdei
Sample* wen clulcd Senl lo USAMIlA
on ITo analvii) foi
triehothewn* loom dinned Symptom) describedvictim* indicate thai Ihc chemical agent waithcr ilni
control mat-nil
Sample of residue ccJiniivl
1 Cw atlaci al Munrj Phon,lomelertnl I'hou Ftia
Victimi niffered fmm bloody >oiniilna
and diarrhea.ealom car-
rled the ample *it ol tact fl_fSreembec
1 and tn nvtrliwi lainpli.-
lo Fmbiuy Itecet-ed br USACSLZ. Onctuu'th of uniplcen to UX for analvui One louiih umpir
IP USAMIlA
Simpleeader inimcdiai'lr?
CW aunt
i diiiftica. wine it^ilvt Slmiflc ginrii In Fiiilouit2 amiK nlfiriili nr lhal dil- Senl tn I'uvhm im II linuair fur aii'lis-%
No eiphMtalion at thli Hire
Simiile I Nu I'vidcuit Ui .w
Analvin nieoiniileli;
Sampleu evidencenlieihvlfuran. cicle-oetaielraene which unuld be in* Ileal
Ilv-lU incomplelr
No
Analytical Ran
No evidence of nandard Cw agenudelected Nol analysed for mycotoiim
Cvtocoiieiry testa were nogillve.
Om tl Frrxuf. IBM a US
albert ofaearfaedWavr BtW. bwThat alfiaattarjhDCIjeVrf
eaeaneil ataaea ihr PaaVa are.
t
before bean! ci-e" lo US oiltor. An*!vn
br IrJrorndwM bboralory.
Kampuchea: Sample Collection anil Analysis (or Presence of Cliemical WarfareDocitpiiiM
air of Irouteii.
two ihirtl) Inm dead Demo-
Water simple
BS miliaileo)
Kampuchea (DK) soldier
No evidence of standard CW agenta wuNot analyaed fee micotoiiru Cvtoioiicity leili "ere negative
Samplela0ream In lhe Thaphiya area of the Thai-Kampvchean border bvhai Army (RTAJt -ai passed lo Italian olfcer by Thai -ho daioied thai 1TA troop* and vtHagen Inarm IDlUnl limbs andred rathv andeoe-denl I
cwrv (SCOomcobroken ler-nek and Uuvti
DK victim of
&nptv amOerv shell
Shirt laieo fn CWatiad
Sample collected by OK irfugee in00 Sent in
""drprndwj laboratorynly ill
Attack occurred onibmarv
about IStlomeienfcaini # kraal
aehe Some raMia. aatmaal Mill igiaoV MB 'i'an A'a*airaa*hx oV.annt 'he rarrarMlaagoV
. laiuclvdl
No evidence of picaeise* ofent) or
their degradation product! Moor eoo-
stiluent -is TNT.
No evidence of any Hindird CW ior agent breakdown product was detect-od nn ihe sample.libra MS (heia meihvlevcknruilni ane and octamrfh.lt'-irutluiane) were identified. These am of
inlrire Ihvaiiv 'il the intenave sturfir"
rj bv 'bviel scientlsis
Iomponent withiniBi was detected but nol idenii lied No unusual effect were noted m
rdinal with the cluUiinr for |ii
hours. fSiocuhurei uroied aegalive.
Witee umtiU from ana ot CW attack.
CyanideNolo control wa-ter tamples abo contained hlah cyanide
leveb.) No evident* of (Undid CW
mi detected. Analydi forprcicnoc of oVorynivalenolofpm Tram of ajvsuWtoilo,abo found
Continued) Kampuchea: Sample Collection and Analysis for Presence ol Chemical Warfare Agents
Sample No.
Description
of Sample
Rorolu
oxn packaged la plvtte
fiom Kampuchea" refugee
was detectedevel oi 43
br USACSL or,owmbcr
Artrnic appealse oreanlealli
otnown CW tfM
raven to US rjidnnr officer by
Tbai efcemkal offkxiacquired il on
tbe Tlwu^Ianuwebeanrea near Phootn Mai Hoesim about ISunt* received by USACSL on ISampleto USAMIlA oo tfi Aupnt mi for iiulyui bv independent laboratory.
obtained br Thai chemicalabout IS1 ooborder Hat south of PhnomGiven to US Fanbanyrent It lo USACSL Receivedransferred lo1 forIndependent laboratory
SamplepnytoVe for7 ma/leaf)race ot fluoride. No evidence of andard CW aaenu. Simple contained tbiee trichothocene5 ppm, nlvilenolpm, and deoavr-valenol1 ppm.
umplo
inplri oler. soil, vejetinon. com. am)
1
Sli water umplei reponedly from area of chemical attack -ere (Sven lo Fjnbas-ty personnel by Thai office're-ooived ihem from OK sources Collected ISb> USACSL on ft1
Irom lickl imeieemi.-.
.
Noof standardu Not yel analyted for loaiiu. Cyanide -ai foued aiNote Cyanide abo found inater samples.)
* nil lied lor loilm-all umples
aiS aiG.
T/
Four umrAn wentions DK person neleipovdample,ctober tWl
Sample, -ere tellS
boon .lie. colledieo .rd had be,unuirifr. -hleh Interfere!mmr auay.
Senl lo USAMUA tor an.lytb forencsal anoiaior.
N-Halive rmnlu on ill umplrs Sampkj
-ere in kvc condition lor
umples blood
lit in ITolal blcod (itnoha*
Nine blood umplei fiomreivwwl
-b, bad been sobRetedW .UaeV.
In1 eople
-ere killed In the atl.ck Few ivnplo fiom uneiimed D* ivrv.iii.eli'--.
drawn on II1 b,
medKil peoonnclOuainrVC-rmceili rcflirtoalril and In lvh
lion fa
While blend cell CO-mt (WHO was In- invictim* hut not ttgrnfimnlly low thanoneu-ftcd individual, n. met.
lolucnas irm.iivel.
idciiubcdIhc Wimd
liavlrai ihc lo-en WBC.
i.
Tabic B2 (Continued) Kampuchea: Sample Collection and Analysis lor Presence ol Chemical Warfare Agents
Sample No.
IScKiiplian
Simple
Results
samples-
iprcadlane oter upper
via ti'
Bowie wilh love eepon-
vlnoe.individuals
ee-iatntnavedh
Mood At.,delta Altack
:
place onam-
Dottle wUbiece of
were gl-en lo Embassy eontaeU hi
reportedly eon-
eacapen Banglek oo
-Hh wait
1 Seniovember
an diplomiiic pouch. Reorivod b>
ononoibee. Portion ol
Iranrlerred lo USAMIIA for trl-
rrm amliih
Cttas botlle eeoulnlng dec. tinted pink.
Simpleoercenl uic Othernot identified Analysis foriiMumpleie-
Po-deeobtained onI bt KPNLF (Khmei Temle'i Ni-llomt Libenlian Fioni) force* InReceived bv USACSL on SI9SI. Portion ol samplejlenedSAMIIA onI lot tri-ticelwcene analysts
' Control aamptei eoCeefed outside range ot chemical aHaek did not contain any rnehotheeene foiim or known CW agents
Afghanistan: Sample Collection and Analysis (or Presence o( Chemical Warfare Agenls
DcscttQuon
Rocker and bomb fr.tmenu
with Soviet i
HiUa-.nlS.inpu-
obliined In Kunarha
Province Sent in US*CSL un II! April
In
berxember
evidence ol standardv>had. probaW.used lu tatmask filterdentified.
pot tetter cap. a
knil iackel. badly -om rblri. which appealed tu tie lecentl.
ObtaiiHil rriemAlehanu'ined be -as
aubiectedvis atncl CcSkcted on C
Novembei ItUKI.froiB field onovembeiirvrivod hv <SL S
<vi.lr.ve al iry known CW jger. high molecular -ewl"
and adipic acid eaters whichndicativenchoihocene. Alw At lecicd malill.iun
an tissue _PfboltlcJ)
as S
Thr 'ailrirliin.puledlr were COlKdv.iii >ii<Ii.-!- fsivii-l
oilkiiKl iii rv.i
0 and'ill
Not analrred bees-or ol uiiipv-il lion en route
ol nai.da.il LW
lui.nd on bullet coat inr. oi wihv imiro
li n
_-mmimmmi
r
-or*
TabicContinued)
Afghanistan: Sample Collection and Analysis for Pretence ol Chemical Warfare Agents
SampleofRorulu
farmer* andappeared lo be very diilv. No evidence ol known CW trend Re
Ctothuai obtained from Alrjian refutee tutu on triebothnomc pendintlitamibad. Pakistan Refiarre report- linn ofojbieciedCW atuck.USACSL IIo USAMIlA for loiln analyse*
marfoprocured In Kabul. No evidence of anyCW agenli lo
Afdiinlsua. at various Una and veto dale senl ai received to USACSL for analyst* between1 and Ito badran-ound Inlormitvin U
a nibble with, theae mtsb.
mm eaitridac case. Obtained by MuMbedlo0 The No evidence of any cmerallyhad beeo captured from tbe Sort- aient or Wile compouad war found. Was
ets and wed bv Afchan Mamie inwii- oW analysed for toiins cents.uefichl. insurgent) unna tbe butleu became dl. with severe vomli-Ing and nauiea for icvojal hours They impeded lhal Soviel) had contaminated ihe powder charge. Sent to USACSL on
ia) maik with esnotec
IS%
Item was reportedly takenoviet Arulyiu incomplete
whokilledoviet aa) at tick
Intemrollecfed bv an
Afghan, whoatocutod wilh the Muia
bed in and who loaned the item lo US
pcrtonnel foi iftalyU) USACSL ie.:ei.ei( lhe mask onI
Simple was raiteeled bv a rehab.'- vsi) inepmplifn
rcpceicd thai ii ma> ha>r
been poUcno) USaCSI- meivrd laniplc
on2f ample io he analitrd lo> lAiini
I
ANNEX C
US ARMY SURGEON GENERAL'S INVESTIGATIVE TEAM REPORT
Charles W.OL. MC Chief. Derraatoloajv Service Brooke Army Medical Center Fort Sam Houston, Teaas
hief. Clinical Rcsouiccs Croup US Armyry Aberdeen Provinc Ciound.
William D..fiadier General.SA) Professor of Pathology University of Maryland Baltimore, Maryland
ane. LTC Southeast Asa Desk Officer, OACSI Department of the Aimy Washington.
Button I. Kelley.SA Itctntalolocy Technician Brooke Army Medical Center Fort Sam Houston. Teams
f Chemical Agents Aqcnns' the H'Mong in loos
From SS Sept ember loeam fiom the office cf5 Surgscs- Cenetal was ir. Thailand tnale allcgalmm of the use of chcmi calribesmen in Lain
The learn visited lheH'Monc refuiee camps in northern Thailand tlie detention center it rvlionc Klial.e H'Monc camp at (la* Vanai. and two smaller ramna ai Kam Yao andat-miti0 Kieai inamrlly nf irfuEccs a* welllln-
i. boil'il
fl'Monc Icadetslilp are at Ban Vanal. most of the interviews wete obtained there.
Entrance and eiil briefingj concetnini the team's mission were held at (he US Army BiomedicalAberdeen Provinc Cround, the SlateWashinsion. and the US Embassy, Bangkok, and with the Thai Army Surgeon Ceheralj refugee camp officials; ami the US Army Surgeon Ceneral and Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence
The learn was prepared to obtain Wood and skin samples (for chcJiiiesterase activity and study ofchances, icspectivclv) Irom those eipceed to chemical agents For such samples lo yield meaningful results they must be takeno eight weeks of eiposurc Since Ihe last reported eaposute was ino samples were collected.
Interview* were conducted throughne interpreter was an employee of the US Consulate at Udorri. and lhe remainder were hated from amonj the ref lateei The intetpreteiseneho volunteered to talk to the team and selected cml> those who had been eyewitnesses lo or had ihemwdve* bee" ctpnsed to an agent attack Team members intervieweden. two women,year-old girl Earh interview took one to two bouts To achieverepared questionnaire was usedrode
The chemical aliacta reportedlynd9) Thelcu'l. iiftetay |k- becausecurascl lhe Mckonu Hivei iillri lhatnl heavy rains and floodinf. (mmoil of lhe carls reports were aiof mrkels releasing lhe agent, bulKlhe attacks were earned nul
by ai.-calla teuowisli winch "frll
like ijiii tin wlii nf llii:hich wereah ainiiuii'Moiu: s'rom>bolil in the mountainura .in'ableI
Table Q|
Exportsuhjblr ChtmicjlAtl-jcfct
L>*4
m*i
'aim
cl 78
77
TVitn*
lm! Hlo*
77
nf
roclu**
Mob
f ocketi
77
(i*
7*
1 vice 1
Stm
uid bU<*
tockfb
78
Ao
incite
7A
M* un
roc&eX.
78
f<fdt<t.
PW
-. Ukvi
4cviv
7b
78
Hour
)
crrrn
78
On
mi-M*
-nd rerf
78
rectal
Koui
nxkcU
il
r#d
Khum
tochcti
78
fecial
78
Dock
K*iv
71
.
.
Mil
AltJ
Tfl
ttm*.
fttH
Mi*
Mk
Mm
Oiij
-.I
77
lb,.
fim ih
M
r
Hi.
7"*
K*
pi
7*
K* Mrf
7*
11 -
7
Continued)
Maipr3 lira 73
ayid-78
Oct 78
Oct 78
Oct 78
NovovovmavTfl May 79
Banffa Pom
Ban Fkarrui
Ban None Po Ban Kam Ten* Baa Do. area
m NEof
Pbu BU
NuntDdun
fikmNot*
Phou'laiNolla
Phou Xing Not nr Phu BU NEol PtuKhao hu Nouia Pom Nam Po PhaMai
ot Attack
Planeot dmcilbrf Plane, nut
Plane (MIC1 cloud
ribkM rortn c>
i,
Plane, unknownn au
Flan*oeketa.Vrltffcur*
* rockets, auburn
Plane (MICrj, wiay
Plane, mitnnti bomb, in bunt
Plane
FJaa* (MlCrl locat
Plane (Mr* tpray
Him (MfCIlrhu.u
Malallal Uicd (Smoke or Cai)
YctV-
Cera* aid whiectoud Inflow -biown likeain Mia.
iaud McUd
. ilot
TefiV- aibouee TrnWaaa Tefiw. <W>
Ytftew aubsUnce
Yellow iwbatacicc
learn waslastic vial containing pieces of bark stainede tow jubilance which several H'Monc refugees claimed was residue Irom an aircraft spray -Hack inreliminary chemical analysis of the sample indicates that no standard chemical agent isn aceni listed inUS Army. Mayomplete report of this analysis will be submitted upon completion of furthci Studie.i
A similar series of interview! was conducted by State Department officials in9 From lhe signs/symptoms described and observed tlie following
I Al leasi two, and possibly three, dllfercnl chemical agents may have been used, such as
la) A nerve agent (five ot in individual reported symptoms that could he attributederve iri-nt)
(b) Anilanl or riot eontiol agenthird nf Ihc interviews)
|e| Over hall of lhe interviews indicatedariety ol sens and tymptuau that it is ililln-iilt to alltilmlr themingle,
a Bent
t Is possible that, in some cases, two or more agents were combined
signs and symptoms sugxemngagent include sweating, tearing,difficulty in breathing, shortnessnausea and vomiting, dizriness. weakness
and death oceuirinrje<
eipenure
signs and symptoms suggcslingcontrol ot Irritant agent includeot burning of the eves with tearingi rut at ion and burning of the notecoughing, burning, and lightness inheadache, and nausea and vomit ins: <n
Repot led signs and symptoms not irfaled to any known single agentttilute olhisatu res of prnfinr bleed nag firwo MiinriD memhtanes of the tux lungs,ntestinal trael wilh rapid death nf lhe aflectiil individuals in some instances Many ol these effects were sinillailiose deSCiibcd in jllaekslhe war in Yemen.'
evcalv,i
-met* I'reveiiOwi ul t'tl'V iuii:ne
VIIr-Uini
Estimates (rom the H'Mong inti;.indicate thiteisoiu may have diedesult of (he ute of chemical agents, and lhat many times tint number were made ill Itpor'-ed ihal on numerous oecaatonsere devastated bv these anems, leaving no survivors
In the episodes described, most ol live animals exposed to lhentv were killed. Generally, all chickens, docs, and pigs died and.esser eitent. (Ke cattle and buffalo
On several occasions it was reported ihal where Ihese aeenls settled on (toe and planl leaves, many imall holes appeared In lhe loaves within two or three
days llarelv did seen! exposure result in liteor death of llie plants
CoeKrJSioni
The conclusions of the team based upon interviews oblaincd Irons H'Mong refugees are as lollows:
I. Chemical agents have been used afatm.1 lhe HMong
2 Tlie reported effect; ol these agents suggest the useerveiot control agent, and an unidentified compound or combination of
ANALYSIS AND REVIEW OF TRICHOTHECENE TOXINS
SAMPLE ANALYSES FOR TRICHOTHECENES
The Tricbotheeetie Hypothesis
emarkably consistent report* detailing chemical attacks in Southeast Asia have been received by the Intelligence Community. Some of these reports were of particular interest In that they described the use of lethal agents reducing symptoms lhal could not be correlated with those produced by traditionally rccogniied chemical warfare agents oi combinations of Ihem.ompilation relating the signs and symptoms reported in Laos, Kampuchea, and Afghanistan with symptoms associated with certain chemical agents The frequency withartieu-lai symptom was reported is expressedercentage of the total number of attacks
It is readily apparent thai the Symptoms rnosl frequently described in Laos and Kampucheamost closely with those producedroup of mvcoioiins. theeview ol theliterature revealed not only lhat these compounds had physical and chemical properties indicatingas chemical agents, but also that ihey were tltc siihiect* of inlcnsive investigation by Soviet scientists at institutes: previously linked with chemical and biologi cal warfare research In the fall0 the trichothe-CCnei were adtled In the list of agents suspected to
Ii3voSoutheasl Asia and Afghanistan
nder consideration included phm
r.
trol agents, and combinations of ihese agents
NninciOiis samples from chemical attacks in Lao* and Kampuchea weet the Chemicalbnfiiioi'v fCSM for the piesciKC of tradi lioiul chemical warfare agents jud sverc reported to
v ii vIimiIii:.!
be negative. In1 CSL reported the presence of an unusual compoundn the vapor analyses from several clothing and tissue samples taken from the victimhemical attack. The compound was very closely related in structure to the simple trichot hcccncs, and this finding sparked the request for analysis of all future samples for the presence of trichothecene mycotoxins.
The Kampueheon Leaf ond StemFirst Analysis for Trichothecenes
Onumber of samples from the US Embassy in Bangkok were received. Two of the samples were reported to have been collected from the sitehemical attack that occurred in the vicinity ofn area just south of Phnom Makegetation sampleater sample werewithinours ol the attack. Examination of bodies of victims of this attack by medical personnel revealed highly unusual degeneration of the mucosal lining of the gastrointestinal tract Tlie effects da scribed paralleled those known to be produced by the trichothccencs.
The samples were submitted to Chemical System* Laboratory lor analysis for the presence of chemical warfare agents. No evidence of known chemical wai fare agents was found. An initial lest lorichest he-cenes by thin layer chromatography (TLC) wasbecause of severe problems wilh interfering subslances and the lack of appropriate standard* The inchothccenes arc difficult to detect even under ideal circumstances, and the presence of interfering subhc sample may make idenlif lea lion and quantitation by TLCeview ol lhe limitation* and potentials ol analytic mcthnds lor in chest hecenes led to the conclusion that the commithiomalogiaphy/inaw spectroscopy method in the.onitoring mode would eiiiblr precise IdciilifioaKnn and nitanliiaiion ol llicse com-
Symptom! ol Cju-cnKial AlUctciampuchea.Afghanistan
Cantml
Muh.ple death.
Vomeilna
and lain krllalnn
Animal
Blurred virion
F.tuMtw
Hurm.lt-
w
>"'t-**
l armel'tr Freuuent uilnillon
Kampuchea
Multiple rlralhi
_
DiuiivrM and vertigo
Skin
Rapid Imi-n
H-adae*-
Taaariag -
U-ea-ken ddlk-al, .
atal n"
X
a
X
1
>
D-r
III" lIlfliaaMl' ..
Continued)f Chemical Attacks Reported in Laos. Kampuchea, and Afghanistan
Symptom
ot ReooiUptom
nines
Oikne
Coatrol Awnti
vuloii
throat and
aJfeeted.
w bfoter
.
lorn
las* oi
irriUlion and itching
death)
and verttfO.
o>
breathing
J
Headache...
I!.!
X
X
t
.
of atmeiilc
.-
on vcgelation ..
I
tn lain cota
.
3
Wood, irothin*
al
' Deoendlnt on -Skh incb<*hraneiIrothina
in compter, mittures An additional
publicationumtnarvof the currently avail able metbods suitable lor trichotlvcccoe analysis and an assessment of ilicir utility and limitations.
A portion of the leaf and stem sample was furnished to the US Army for further analysis. This sample (tee.ositive control sample toonn was addedontrol sample of similar vegetation] were lex warded to Di. Chesterepartment ol Plant Pathology, University of MinrtesoU. Dr. Mirocha was given no Information concerning (he history or content of lhe samples, and was requested to analyze
the three unknowns lor the presence of trichcrlscecne loams using the best methods at hit disposal. Briefly, lhe analystseries of eatraetions followed by ferric gel separation, selected ion monitoringomputerired gas chromatogtaph/matr tpectromctei.ull mass spectral scan for comparison with known standards
The methods used ate among the most sensitive and specific for detection of these compounds, also, fabe positives are rare. Toains can be identified by their mass spectra and quantifiedigh degree of accuracy. Croupvegetation sample allegedly exposedWlound to
richothecenc Sample Analyses
s-Bl
it* ermtnil
Simple (pom altack area
Pmilive control (miked)
llipul neaaiive cuiib
AnalrM ee-ipk-te
.em Ilrui1 orm
om
jmsABKrea'
(Vhvdei
Siiecl (unknown MbaMgga)
--
Wta-rake
DaaaalHa
lei-i- amiaavei and Hem
leivn and utin
vri and Urin
A-ulrmem-aaPe
GrnVDnmeaV tamiiaivale-H *rv*
Tim vadroennl
SO ppm DiacetoiyKlrpenol rVm' Burn.mple
IidortMyscuDenolin m
Aminoarer
Maaaaiv* na.agall
4
parts nci million (ppm) of nivaleool.pm of dcoiynivalcnol.5oxin; eachotent loain of lhe trichothecene group. No triehothc-cencs -etc detected in the negative control sample. andpmoxin were detected inample looxin had been added li was Dr. Mitocha's assessmentixture of ihese particular toxins In the high levels delected oould nol have occunedesult of natural contaminalMin
The raosUbihtv lhat Ihe identified toxins wereby natural fungal contamination is addicased in section III. In summary, tlse possibility was discounted on the basis of the climatic conditions required for productionotio, the high levels of toiins detected, (he unusual mixture of toxins found, and the results of surveys of Southeast Asia for the presence of these tonns This conclusion was supported by the analysis of normal flora samples (rom Kampuchea described below.
Analyses of Control Samplos From Kompuchca for ihe Presence of Ir knotheceoes
Onine control sample* wereom US Aimy personnel in Uangkol.for the purpose of conducting laboratoryfoi background levels of trichothecene toxins. The samples were collected from an area near1 (bat had not been subiected lo any reported chemical attack* Tbe umples were collected by US personnel undo instructionseproduce the samplinghandling, packaging, and transfer conditions of the original sample as closely as possible The same Species of plant was sampled, and three othersamples were aboater sample as well as (wo soil samples were recovered Samples ofand rtee from (hewere abo taken These claim provide an ideal auhslrale for growih of tnrin iirndiicinu fungi and would thereforeensitiverid it-.ii" ttl any natural occurrenoe.
The nm*ere Irn warded under rod* In fir. I. .i' 1ii analysis Araf each sampleo sutamilled lo CSL lor background tlcteniiiiiaiiani ofnd I'l levrli No tn-cheat heeenea were detected in any of these sample* (Croupndieatirig that nivalcnol,ij VI. Jitd rliaeHita will mindl ivn-valcnl in
'lil area from which lhe allegedsample was collected The appearancein high levels andample associatedhemicalsymptoms typical of trie ho* hothat these toiins may have been usedweapons This conclusion is furtherbv Ihe confirmatory evidence provided byof additional alleged CW samples fromKampuchea, which arc described below.
Analysis of Additional CW Samples From Laos and Kampuchea for the Presence of Tr iclsothrxet.es
Chemical Systems Laboratory provided threesuspected chemical warfare samples for analysis for trichothecenes. The first sample) consisted ofilliliters of water taken (rom tlse same chemical attack site In Kampuchea as the leal and stem sample previously examinedhe second sample (group II/E) came from the siteyellowttack occurring on1 in the village of Muong Chj in the Phou Baa regionos The agent was sprayedwin-engine propeller aircraft. The falling substance was described as "like insert spray" and sounded like driiiling rain It was quite sticky at tint, but soon driedowder Symptom) described bv victims included nausea,andample of the agent scraped from lhe surfaceockictim and carried int. Thailand wasi to US Embauy personnel
The third sample {group II,'K) was taken Imm th. siteyellow rain" attack lhat occurred1 at lian thong (lastos. Twentv-fuur people reportedly died in (his attack and there were Al survivors Symptoms included seveie skin irritation and rash, nansoa. vomiting, and bloodym samplescraped from the surfaceockamboo knifeurvivor of (he attack All hough ihr individual took precautions (that as. clotht-vetr dim raih and hltvrr*prd
hice samples were suhinillrH In IJt MtrnHi. for analysis Croupthesample Iroin Kani(mchea) cimiaincd GO pirni of dcoiynivalcnolrace amount ol diaecloxvsci'ocriolrm<-rinanlilvurniip ll/l was vmrnrd a* Mnmv |hki'iv>-
Vi:>MyH,in>,yii-
iihj trichot hecenes. Further analysis al that umple confirmed (he presence of high levelsoxin (ISO ppm) andpmj. Interlerence Irom potable compoundsbed from the plastic paclacinii! made detection of nivalenol and dcoivni-valenol difficultecondhe eattaction process was modified so that mvaleool and dcoivnivi leool could be measured accurately The analysis showed the presencendpm DAS. No nlvalenol ot cJeoiynivilersol was detected. Interestingly, eiamination of the petroleum etherfrom sample groupevealed the presenceellow pigment almost Identical to that previously identified by Dr. Mlrocha in cultures of Fuinnlum rrueum. Indicating that the yellow powder probably consbted of the crude eitractuaartum culture
There was very little of groupontained in Ihe vial received for testing The qua ntxty was too small to be accurately weighed, and inspection of the vial revealedery small steel estimated to weigh much lessilligram. That speck containedanograms ofa level equivalentpm at the very least and probably much higher. The sample size was too small to allow adequate analysis for tlie other three trichot hecenes of Interest
These results. In general, support the hypolheslt thai trichotliecenc* have been used as chemical warlare agentsot and Kampuchea The presence of theselevels of trichot becene toiins in water andyellow powder scraped fiom rocks arguealu ral occurrersce. since neither water notailable environment for growth of Ihe fungi required to pioduee tlie toains
Differences between Ihe analyses of the Kampu cheats leal and stem sample and the water umple collected ftorn (lie same attack site raise addiliimal questions The failure looxin in themple is probably due lo the relative insolubilityoamalcr The presence of DAS in the walete tbe result of biotransformation or br cal. at they arc so structurally similar, differing only in Ihe substitution onhile thb hypothesis cannot be entirely ruled oul.nlikely on the basis of known biotransformationn the littoralhe Initial vegetation sample was not screened for DAS. though the mass spectra Irom the initial analysis will be recta mi nod loi truce amounts ul DAS
The absence ol nlvalenol in the wiler sample is more difficult to explain because nlvalenol is water soluble. The effect of enviiorsmenlal conditions and microorganisms on the stability of tliese cornpcainds may vary widely for each of the Specific compounds and may explain the analytical results Furtherinvestigation ol tliese factors is needed.
II. ANALYSIS OF BLOOD SAMPLES FROM CHEMICAL ATTACK VICTIMS
Blood samples drawn from victims of recent chcrni-cal attacks have been received for analysis for irtdica-tions of trlchotnecene exposure Utile Is known coo cerning the rate of metabolism of trklwthecenes ui humans; it Is difficult, thereloie. lo estimate lhe probability ol detection of Uicbotheeenes or theii metabolites in bloods rapidly cleared from the blood in animals, andercent of the totalxcreted withinours after exposure,it is unlikely lhat trichot hecenes could be detect cd unless samples were obtained withinoours after an attack Other blood parameters arc affected by the trichot hecenes, however, and may prove to be useful markers The trichot hecenesevere leukopeniahile cell count) which can Persia for several weeks following eiprxutic In add< lion, the trichot hecenes affect some liver and kidney function marker entymes which can be monitored in the blood.
Onctober llttil. lour whole blood samples and four blood smears were received from tlie US Embas sy. Bangkok The blood was drawn Irom four DK soldiersctober inside Kampodiea Detailed medical histories as well as dcaaiplions of the attack were recorded on each individual fromocd sample was taken All four men were victimsas attack ociui'tnr in tlie lull nfrt-ur TaaA-mi Symptoms, eijKiiciiced included vomiting, blurred vision, bloody dlarrhra. difficulty birathing. dry throal. loss of consi-irnrvness. frontal headache,and facial edema Unfortunately, lhe sample could not bruntil c8 hours afie* collee tmn It >il Iherefori- no* possible lo obtain data concerning white cell counts and Wood rlicniittivooi whole blondrre submitted tnirofha foi analysis fin Im hnthet'cne nuliiliiililcs
e
because olpossibtltly (admillcdly letnolc) that somelie metabolites may bind lo blood proteinsrid may Kill be delectable even thtee weeks after an attack These analyses are reported as coup Vtable DZ
On! additional blood samples -ere received These had been drawn from nine victims9 September attack and from four control individuals ol similar age and background whot bzen exposedhemical attack The samples had been pioperlyiterated and were accompanied by very complete and detailed medical histories taken by trained medical personnel wlso examined theIncluded in the package were blood smears and hepartriited and nooheparinixed samples from each individual The samples were submitted to US Army Medical Research Institute of Inleetaous(USAMRIID) for Wood assays These reaults arc reported in
The results show no statistically significant differ ences between ei posed and control groupsrend toward depressed white cell counts in eight individuals exposed to chemical agrnl was ob served Such an observation would be compatible with the clinical picture of toxin eiposure, however. II Is also compatibleumber of other medical problemsarger control sample would be re> auired heforr- such results could be adequatelyAhrtote and kidney directions were not indicated by lhe dala
I'oilmm nt ihese Mood samplesarulyred by Or. Mitocha (ot presence of trKholheeenos and/or trie hot bote ne metabolites The results of those analy ses are consistent with Iricholheccnc exposure in at least two of the gassing victims and tend lo suppoit the hypothesisrichothecene-boted agent was used in this attark
Using tlwion-aKMMtorirag gas chromairag raphy/masi iiirrtrtascopy analym technique. Dt Mirocb* wa< able tn identify tentativelymm (IhalHTn lhe blond of Iwi alleged victim* llie mnnmunrl was idcntilaed cm tlie bans of its selected inn masses and gas ehroanalogiaphie reten linn limes
Triedimit/jcalion otn the blooduny amiend (numtil dcp'Otied uJnli
ceff counli in these lame victims, cnnnoi be taken ai conclusive scientific proof of toxin eiposure became the trace amount of the compound pinscnl precluded unequivocal idcnlifieation and quantitation, and also because many utliei medical problems in addition to toxin eiposure canecrease in white cell counts. It is Interesting to note that llie individual who showed the greatest amount of the compoundidentified asn his blood, was reported lo have received the greatest exposure to the agent and also had the lowest white blood cell count He was exposed to contaminated water for more thininutes and was lhe only victim who fell down in the water and actually swallowed some of it However, the description by victims of symptoms correlating exactly with those associated with irsrtiothecene poisoning provide strong circumstantial evidence that Irichothe-cenes were used as cliemical agents In yet another chemical attack in Southeast Asia
Trichotheeenes have been identified previously in environmental samples taken from several other chemical attacks in Laos and Kampuchea. Analysis of control vegetation, water, toll. corn, and rice samples from these areas, as well as reviews of published scientific literature. Indicate that the particular toxins that have previously been Identified are not known to occur naturally In the combinations found and al the levels detected in Southeast Asia The latest analysis resulis contribute another piece nf evidence to the growing bodv o( data supporting the charge that trichotheeenes have been used as charnacal/faacJogtca! agents In Southeast Asia
III. OVERVIEW OF NATURAL OCCURRENCE AND SIGNIFICANT PROPERTIES OF TRICHOTHECENES
Historical Tricholhocene Myco toxicoses
Tlse trithothncrnes arc membersarge group of naturally occulting toxins known as my color im The word "invcotoiin" is derived from the Greek "invkiV mcaniui: fungus andultra "lo'icum' meaning poison II tcleisetabolite producedold that it lotic In mannimals Myenhsx lenses have been described as llie "neglected diseasei" and.ittle Fnglish-languaKP litrraliirr concernincrained b* uivcnlniina was available
Peripheral Blood Ifcmograms ol Kampuci.can Victims of Cliemical Attack
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inglv. the first comprehensive studies of mycoioxin diseases were conducted in the Soviet Union in thehus, Soviet scientists have been involved in research wilh some of these compounds for almostears longer than their Western counterparts (seef this anneiX The Soviet Union has had serious problems with mycotoxm contamination of food and has suffered several severe outbreaks of disease in humans.
of mycotouVisThal has figured most prominently in Soviet scientific literature sincere the trichothcctvics. Theyroup of "chemically related, biologically active fungalproduced primarily by various species of Fusari-um.ists some of the toxins in this group and producing fungi. The fungi are well-known plant pathogens lhat frequently invade numerousproducts.
Tricholhecene toxins, perhaps more than any other mycotoxins. have been associated with acute disease in humans. Most of the human intoxications occurred in the Soviet Unionhe earliest recognized outbreak occurred1 in the Ussuri district.of eastern Siberia Humans who consumed contaminated grain eahibitcd headache, chills, nausea, vomiting, vertigo, and visual disturbances. Dogs, horses, pigs, and domestic fowls were reported to be affected
The most extensive niycotoitcosis outbreakto hav caused multiple fatalities in man si?"
occurred in the Soviet Union.0 percent of the population of Orenburg was affected bytoxic aleukia orisease later shown to be due to ingestion of trichothecenc toxins. Overercent of the entire population ol the Orenburg district died of the disease. Numerous other outbreaks of ATA occurred in tlse Soviet Union, primarily between the2he contamination was traced to overwintered millet, wheat, and barley infected with Fuinrlum. Syoiptoms of- the disease included vomiting, skin inflammation, multiple(especially of the lung and gastrointestinaliarrhea, leukopenia, and suppression of bone marrow activity.
ikita Khrushchev was dispatched to the Ukraine region of Russia by Premier Joseph Stalin to organize and improve agricultural operations and to identify the disease that was causing the deaths ol many horses and cattle. The problem was traced to hay and straw contaminated with Slachybotrus atra. The disease, later referred to as stachylwij^oiicosis, occurred alter ingestion or contact with thegrain. Symptoms included ulcerative dermatitis, perioral dermatitis, blood dvscrasias, hemorrhagicabortion, and death. The greatest economic Impact was due to loss of horses, but cattle, sheep, poultry, and humans wete also affected.
Other disease outbreaks in which similar symptoms otic exhibited occurred in89 among
Trichothecene-Producing Fungi
NiKikiwl-TiW
ICiiiilo. In
Dure oi rtcii[iei*il Mccwliiual
f (iVUlCIUfTI
Imiwti
I' flVlwlrltijilbtVi
j"
f. in.li i"
t.iiu'in 11
I I'miffiffsiu
rJivilrnol
McoaPine! viml knol
Iiii va Icuol
F onuWvuTw i. .
Haiidini Verruca rini
WutaaPQtio
Iftnothcdum oriimo'W
U ionium
l> 10
istorical Trichothecene Mycotosicosis
oUU
Stachrboirvoioiirnala
Aran hull luilcom
MoU.cw* iWcaat
fifd mold lAi-nil .
Dttrtetiand Affected Scedn
USSR Man laim animab
USSH Man.t
USSR. Euioir
law-
Hone
USSH. Tmiodc Hot*
trailed State* Pig. cow
Japan USSH Man. hem. pic.
Headache, nastea.fi. etdllt... .1
i>:es
Vomiting, diarrhea. miahitJt hemorrbate. din Inflammation, leukopenia, aniina
Shock, loaiatitu, hemorrhage, deranal neocab, nervoul disorderi
Cwivubion. cyclic movement Skin tnJlammaiaon, hemorrhage Ernests, hemonhaae
Vomitinc. diarrhea, ooo-ceitian.lieinonhaite el luojeal if*
and cattle In the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe Tlxmsunrii ol animals weie lost in these outbreaks Other inton'cations were reportedin Japan, Europe, the Soviet Union, and the United Stales, affecting various domestic animals and- in the case of red moldaffecting man All of these diseases have now been shown to be due to incest ion of Irichothecenes rather than loan infectious agent, in earlier disease outbreaks, the levels of louti present in (he contaminated grain was not. the levels ol rnvjlcno. and/oi dcoiynivalenol mcatuntl in tiiilr grains implicated in more recent untbieaktmoldy corn tnaic-sis" and "itil nintdee typicallyprn.
Ntiiurol Occurrence of frichofhecone Mycoto*ins
I'tililicnlwm concern nit; lhe occurrence of trichothc
I ! I ' I I- ' ' ll . >.
i< vi'niciil dilcitn>ii methods and tlie romiJriiK
of the trichothecene family ol compounds Only iv cently have scientists developed methods capable ot distinguish ing between dose structural derivatives and accuiatelyat ing the levels of toiin presentor compaiison of analytical methods) Ev ireme care must be taken when reviewing the scienti lie litCratuiC On natural occurrence ol these com pounds, because erroneous conclusions can be drawn on the basis of results obtained wilh inadcuuate analytical techniques. Misidentificalion of compounds and gross overcstimation of concentrations have oe cu:red using techniquesiayer ohwrMsinu iap!'v ai the basis of analyst*
Table O'i lists the reports ol naturaldlacctOiVSCirpenoL and nivalenol llial were obtaineditcralme seaich ofiia lions concerned with ttiehotheCcnevels thaist inna We on lhe basis ol techniques used aie indicateds immediately apparent thai lheul toiii" found in the various samples
Jwjy-fewu".
I
Table D*
PbylieoclKmieal Methods lor Detection ol Tt khol hecenescdllufti
41
Siffl-i
unerulon
Cii-IHiuid dir.atcaahv
Giihy/inai* TMS derivative*
Deelrometriscan
nlc* modi
Cal chrcwtacrapflv/aua. i-.dva
OCSOJ
nieiMpam/icxit
)
icraiilr* inieelnyi
X rnkfocara/
mirmliter nU-efoci
ootjocb
Sra-da-dl
aid
Mli.fl.d
Iteleieive Siii-lntl
fielerene* StandardSoretrocram
F-lrrene* Sl.ndwdar
Ui*.
Ma!i
Quill alive lo. -Mil.
Con flrnui or >
Oianlilativ* Monotfrcendc
Haid vocable
i Sairilgiiantilatlve
law uiteifeienci
icaoon
eMto.
NwJear
oia cttmenfal irate)
Miunuial
ipecilVll.
arc highly umisual. even il one acccpts ihc quesiionablc reirorli inshe levels o( ibeso0 ppmpm of nivalenol, motepm of diacetoryscir penol. and GG ppm of deoxynivalenol) are markedly higher than those leportcd to occui in nature
It should alio be noted that tlie incidence recorded to7 concern levels of toxin produced whrn iiin. on Hi ideal substrate, while the latoa aiad Kampuchea tanipleitaken liom sur-facet lhal would be eitrrmeJv unlikely to supporiandlhal n. tbe Surface of rock* and water llafher Lr-wl* of mam
produchoii can. ol course, be induced when the mold species is crown in purr culture undei ideal condiltons in tlie laboratory, for instance, the Soviet* haveinrams of TdJ per kilogram of substrainatural environment, however, the FaaMfM ujows cannot rompetr well wilh oilier molds such as Species of Aioetg%Uus and Penictoium.neveb ml i,. .are oldmlow'i
The conctutton thai (he level* olin thr
Snutbrau Anai IH have occurred onlyan unnatural meeliamsan isabothe are* conducted by vaimin icieareb
?C*
Spondncout
Iced
fun.
V
.
i*W
tx>rti
*
i *
IPIY,
0-
ia?
0*
vWl
AJrk*
k _
Continued)
Spontaneous Occurrence of Trichothecene Mvro toxins
not'
{mm pei million)
Fiiece
Birtev Corn
characterized liiclvnlincnec
Irritantanalvied
Com
fialiee tlooley1) Choaal el) Choral) HibUer) Hau II))
TncotJav
Rrfeieno-i
emtnail) It) Ita) H.aJ
Mltoehaefb)
Mrroeha ml A.j
b)
Mki.iIj ef u/
*ZcaralcnoneannJatoodetetSedoiln coaceattaUonnotatreU that aie Quattonable oa lhe haih of teihab^uei mnl
Mpottdveukinle oral live
191
eine elub aod) !l li -IT--T. T. (talHon Parina. St. Louis, MO (oeiunil
: .i:
and
indJ
el el
Surveys of the toilitenle fungi and mycotoiins of Southeast Asia conducled by lhe Mahidol University in Bangkok and the Massachusetts Institute of Techno! ogy, have not revealed the piesriice. nivalenol. deoaynivalenol. or diaoetoiyscUpenul. although other mycotoains such as aflatoim. were identified These results were confirmed by out analysts uainc our uwr. methodology of normal flora samples of vegetation, soil, water, corn, and rice from Kampuchea that revealed llie presence of no lucbothecenei
SVeptics havei formulated thnordaral explanations for the analyticalypothesis of natural oecuiience of these toains II was postulated lhat the trichothecenes Inund were absorbed through tlie rootslant, translocated to liar leave* and exuded and washed onto the surfaceock and into water when- ihey wereP.H1 publication lit
(arvis ci al.srariliau shrub lhat appealer! to absorb, translocate, and chemically1acrocy elk trichothecene pioducedoil fungi. While this citatum is used toypothetical mode fo< natural deposition in Southeast Asia il should be noted thai lhe plant reported by (arvis gl al did not etude the toxin, that the toxin was extremely phvtoto*ic in all oilier plants assevsed. and that the plant was not capable of rfe naai trichothecene synthesis Nn other trirhnihcccncs have been found to be absorbed and I'aiishvalol in anv other plant in this manner Control sample uf soil Jinl vectatioi. Iinm SusilheaSi Asia ih ntfl" ciipnnrl endemic*hese toxins Tlw anpearnnee of these particular trichotheceneh<"J" lut'.li lewis in environments generally inlmtpi" We lufcicin.lliou cannottlrihuindatural com animal inn
14
Chemical and Physical Properties o( the Trichot! icccne-s
VVrtenthe suitability of liicrtat hecenes as agents, (actors such as stability, solubility, and case of production must be considered. The generalfoi the tiichothccene group is shown inhere aie overurrently known, naturally3 epoitAricholhecerics Tlie ft groups may be hydroayfa.roiyl groups, or estersroup for the tosiru detected in Samplere shown below the general structure All of the compounds have in common an olefinic double bond at carbonndnd an epoiy group at carbon atomshese ryjmpounds are Stable, especially in the solid form. They may be stored for years at room ternpetaturc with no loss of activity. Tbey are heal stable with no loss of activity noted after heatingouregrees centigrade The
solubility depends on lhe ft groups, highly hydroiy-latcd derivatives aie more water soluble. Tho corn-pounds are also Quite stable in solution Detoiification can be accompluhed by treatment with strong nUneril acid, which will open theopoxide bond and abolish all bidloRical activity. Most of the toiins are well absorbed through mucous membranes and some iruough skin; this property isunction ofroup.
Some of these compounds have been synthesized chemically; however, biosynthesis employing Pusait-um species is tlie most effective way to produce large Quantitiesreliminary search of recent Soviet open source litcralure. SO articles dealing wilh thewere reviewed. Of titcae,ealt with defining optimum conditions for biosynthesis of the compounds. N. A. Kotlyunlna has reported productionat Wellrams per kilogram ol
General Structure of Tricholhecencs
C-CHj- CHf^
lf, OA--It,-OH
i h R
tfiASi
0
O
II
on
on
substrate (normally wheal main, or rice) Numerous industrial microbiology plantsbeen identified in the Soviet Union. Some ol Ihese are involved in production of single-cell protein lor ludder additives, others produce antibiotics, and the (unction of slill others is unknown. As published in the open liteiature. Fusaria arc produced in lhe Soviet Union at theChemical Works, which is under the Main Administration of the Microbiological Industry and is located near the "Science City" of. Novosibirsk in Siberia.acility also hasuspectwarfare (BW) agent production and storage facili-ly. The only difference IWween an antibiotic and mycotoxin is their target specificitv. Both areby fungi, but the mycoto'iris are relatively more toxic to man than to microorganisms- Myootoxins can be produced in good yield employing the same techniques that are used to produce some antibiotics. Thus, it may be concluded that the Soviets could produce trichotheccnes in large amounts. Theyan antibiotic thatrichothecene derivative, which would provide an ideal cover for agentfacilities.
Medical Effects of the Trtchothecenes in Humans
The most prominent symptoms associated withpoisoning are listed in. Striking among thme is the rapid unset of vomiting wilh severe itching and tingling of the skin Hemorrhage of lhemembranes and bloody diarrhea follow. Thai table also presents symptoms reported tu have been caused by the litchotheccucs In gas attack victims in Laos. Kampuchea, and Afghanistan The correlation is striking
values (dose required to produce death inercentest population) of the trichothoccncs in laboratory animals rangeng/kg to greaterg/kg depending on the particular toxin, species, and route of exposureoxin in catig/kg. However, the(dose requited Inesired phvsnnkigical effect in .SO perce.nlest population) is much lower, llieoomiting reactiong/kg. and for skin irritation it is in the tenths of microgram range
Mosl nf the data concernintiicologie.il effects -if the IrichotliCoCiirS urn derived (rom animal 'fala in
which pureadministered by oral, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal or intravenous routes Unionunatefv. there ate no reports cooc-rning the effects ol inhalation ofes ol the compounds Therefore, it is difficult to speculate concerning the effects that would be eiperefed In humans who were exposed to an aerosol ol miituies of these very potent toxins The most useful data concerningin humans was obtainedlinical evaluation of anguidme (diacetoxyscrfnol) as an anticii^cec drug. Diicctoivscitpenol wai administered by intrave-nous infusion. Dosesg/rn'/day causedonset of nausea, vomiting diarrhea, somnolence (and/or mentalever,eneralized erythemaurning sensation, hypotension,stomatitis, hives, and ataiia Because of the side effects the treatment was discontinued. The properties which make the use of diacetuiyscirpenol potentially useful as an anticancer drug arc the same as those rraponsilale (in part) for its citrcrnc toxicity It and the other tricfsotJtecenes cause extensive damage todividing eel Is such as tumor ceHs Unfortunately, the cells of tbe lining of the gaatrointestinal tract and bone marrow are afcto tapidly dividing and the effects of the tnchchecenes on these celli result in severe rapid degeneration of these tissues The compounds also have direct effects on the doti m< (actors in the Wood (thatrimary effect on Factor VII activityecondary effect on prothrombin) which result in excessive hemorrhage following tnumi
The other useful body ol clinical data concerning the effects of trichothecenes in humans is drawn from descriptions of thel (lie disease in the natural outbreaks lhat occurred in the Soviet Union The clinical picture may be divided Inlo lour stages The effects piodueed aie very similar tn radialton puisuu-nig and thereatent phase ui which the overt symptoms disappear, as oeeuii In radiation poisoning
The first stage occurs within minutes to hoursof loaic giains Tlie symptomatologywas produced bv oral carjosorc to low dosesby inhaiamm ihr tymptnmi mav In-or the tuncaccelerated Theeristics of the fust stagr itKlude primarylocal symptoms, in the buccal cavity andtract Shoilly aft" ingestion of innepatimt nnFiirni is a in tl"'
Iup Octet
tongue, throat, palate, esophagus, and stomachesult of the toiln's effect on lhe mucousThe tongue may feel swollen and stiff and the mucosa of the oral cavity may be hypeiemicof the gastric and intestinal mucosa occurs, along with vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. In most cases excessive salivation, headache, dizziness, weakness, fatigue, and tachycardia accompany the initial stage. There may be fever and sweating, but the body temperature normally does not rise. Thecount may begin to decrease in this Stage and there may be an increased erythrocyte sedlmenution rate. This first stage may last from three to nine days.
The second stage is often called the blent stage or incubation period because the patient does not fed ill and is capable of ivormal activity. It Is abo called (he leukopenic stage because its main features arein the bone marrow and the hematopoietic system, characterizedrogressiveranulopenia,elative lymphocytosis Inarierriia and decreases in erythrocytes, in the platelet count, and hemoglobin occur. Disturbances in the CNS and autonomic nervous systems may occur. Weakness, vertigo, fatigue, headache, palpitations, and mild asthmatic conditions may occur. Visable hemor-
rhagic spots (pctechiac) begin to appear on the skin and this marks the transition to the third phase. The second stage may last three to four weeks. The transition lo the third stage is sudden and symptoms progress rapidly.
In the third stage petechial hemorrhages occur on the skin of the trunk, arms, thighs, and face and head. They can varyillimeterew centimeters In sire. Capillaries ate very fragile and any slight trauma results in Iscmorrhage. Hemorrhages ol the mucous membranes of the mouth, tongue, soft palate, and tonsils occur. Nasal, gastric, and intestinal heritor-rhages can be very severe. Areas of neerosis begin to appear on the Hps, fingers, nose, jaws, eyes, and In the mouth Lymph nodes arc frequently enlarged and the adjoining connective tissue can become so edematous that the patient has difficulty opening his mouth. Blood abnormalities previously described areDeath may occur fiom hemorrhage,fduc to swelling) or secondary infection.
The fourth stage is convalescence. Three to four weeks ol treatment are required for disappearance of necrotic lesions and hemorrhagic effects. Two months or more may elapse before the blood-formingof the bone marrow returns to normal
IV. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NON-SOVIEI LITERATURE
Angsubhakorn. S.ndToxigenic Fungi in Food and Foodstuffs nfed Asso
odanic, C. and Muzic, S, "Natural Contamination of Corn (Zca mays) with Mycotoxins innnals Nutrition Alimcntals. Vol
nd Strong.yculuxiin ot the Iricholhecene family produced bv f'murium fricinclumiCrioderriuim. I'hyloehcmislrv. Volp
Trichotheeeiies. Occurrence amiJouri-il nl'rnli-Clion.ppH
Dcklcr, "Mvcmoricentolins.Kvlupedi'7
Kppli-y.iololl L.ung.l <Jnn foi Fusarinm Toxinl Journal nlssociation nf Ol final Analytical t'li'tinisls,
Funnel,Mycoloalns in Animal Fecdslulfs in2" Canadian journal ol Comparative Medicine.AC>.
Chosal, S.and Choudhary., "The OccurrenceI-'i-Mvin.hotl enes in Seeds of Safflower Infccled wild Fiuarium oivsporiunt tp. cerinemf.'* liiperientia,.
Chosai. S.rivastava. R_. and Cnoudharv. KCB, "Toxic SobUanoea Produced by Fuserium V: Occurrence of Zearalenone, Diacetoxy. scirpeooloxin in Moldy Corn Infected wilh Fwartum mortiltformeournal of Plurmaceutieal Science,.
vmeiUe. C. D, Buck. W. B. andBovine Hemorrhagic Syndrome Relatedroceedings of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians,
Hsu. I. C, Smalley. E. B. Strong.ndratificationoxin in Moldy Corn Associatedethal Toxicosis In Dairy.
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rocedure for Obtainingefer core
nc-
ndtoast too and Idem il tea Iron ofroduced by fiuonumoviel Agricultural Sdoo9
of Tiiaononty and Structure of Plmoputhogenic Species ol the. Eiikiobiolo.p.
ii-ik.'viwlToxiooliiolos-ic
I'lirtk-rliet nl Fuuiiiib-tjt.JiU-unium Hipvrviruitih.
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Maxlmov.aximova.nd Minaycva,Chat act eristics of the Directed lliosyntbcsis of Trichotheclnibrinolytic Enzymes in Tricholiteciumiltroijaoloeiya,o.
. and Outsort. L. E. "Myvotoxlns fProdocos. Chemistty. Biosynthesis, Dctertnitution. Effect on thelad Nauk SSSR Biol. Vol January/.
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Bllai,Principles of the Systematica and the SJJucture of Phytopathoecnic Species of the Cenus Ftaaariurrt Lk. ExikrobioLo..
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Dunln. M. S. andEffect of Zinc Upon Growth of Fiuartum
F. Inli (RolleyJ Synder Et Hansen and the Formation ofivestlya Timirya-
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. "Immunization of Rabbits by the Toxic and Atoxic Condensation of Liquid Cultures of the Fungus Fusartum" Voprosy Meditsiny, No.
Kvashmna, Ye S. "Water Soluble Toxic Substances From Fusartum Genush All Union Conference on" Letopo Zhturulnykh Slatey.
Tiiova.Amino Acidsingle Source of Nitrogen lor Toxin FormingikrobiolotjK-hnyy Zhurnal.o.
Bekket, Z. E. and Poletayeva.The Role ol Zinc in the Pathogcnsls of Fusarium Will and tlie BWiynthetic Activity ol Strain, ol Its Etiologiczvestiya Alademli Nauk Turlcmenskoy SSR. No
Cubin.Morphological and Culture Piopeilie* of Some Toxic Funfi of the GenusB Nauchn Rabk Inst.op5
.ercapn>en> of ToaK Strains olunset urn spveiMnchtttim Htfatiherb. fiuai Under Different Conditions ofB Naueh TB Ryazan. Selskokhoz.
Tlsc Effect of Coctaln Factors on Toxin Formation In Fish of the Speciesetopis Zhornalnykh Slatey.
0 7*
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Union Scieutilic Reseaich Institute of Exoerimenlal Veterinary Science. Moscow
I Oilav (also spelled BilaO
V a. Tutcl'yan
Academy of Medical Sciences Institute of Enidemioloev and Miciobiolonv
Ye Olifsonalomatinauxhevnikovj
sadchaya L. F. Mikhaylovacnmi
V L.. It. Fihnova
. Oilova I. SLWaI Vu..ol(pvirtl
azyimvintv.i
EDICAL EVIDENCE
Asia
ultiple sources-refugees, reliefand civilian workers, and many specially Qualifiedhave detailed unusual signs and symptoms of victims of "yellowpecifical-ly. victims in Southeast Alia subjectedliecl attack of the yellow powder, mist, smoke, or dust would be seen to begin retching and vomitingatter of minutes. This and the effects described below were not pronounced in individualseteri from the attack rone,elatively dense chemical/carrier combination that was effective in low wind conditions
Unlike that causedraditional riot-control nausea agent, the initial induced vomiting following eiposure to "yellow rain" was protracted over hours to days and was often accompanied by dizziness,rapid heartbeat and apparently lowreasure, chest pain, loss ol far-field vision,eeling of intense heat and burning on Ihe skin, but not described as belini most acute in the groin and asilbc Thus, the acute signs and Sytnptorni match some of the ellects of traditional vomiting and urtscanT. agents, but clearly not all
A significant number ol victims also reported"tedbleedinnonvulsions or more often trembling, and vomiting of blood with oi without production of copious amounts of salivathe first hours after the attack. Again, tbn could lastto dar;.depending on the eiposutc level Thicl mucus, pinroint pupils< Inty collapse, prolonged spasticity, and invnhintaty urination or defecation were seldom reportedlassic' attack of yellow rain, and this absence helped to rule out orgs no phosphate nerve agenl* in thr mindl of CW eaperts Many medical and em-imnnien tal samples abo ruled out these andad it tonal astenl* such as. >rvl nil>rr<
aariaaaffHfl
Many observers of the "yellow rain" effectsformation within several hours ofomogeneous, hard, fluid-filled blisters over only exposed areas of skin, frequently including the victim's hands, arms, entire throat, andskin was uncovered In most cases, the vomit, alter two to eight hours, contained blood, and in manyood deal of it. About hall of those receiving the most concentrated doses of yellow material, who had been directly under (he spray, were observed several hours after the attack to cease vomitingThis interval was often followed In five toinutes bvperiod of great pain when the victim would hold his abdomen andgush" of blood from his mouth and nose. These individuals were usually dead within minutes after that Closeby physicians of those who witnessed these final moments leave no doubt that these oliserved effects were the results uf severe gastrointestinal bleeding, significant pulmonary bleeding, temporal vof accumulated blood in lhe stomach, and finally protect lie vomiting of as much as several hundred milliliters of blood. These findings mere consistent with animal and human autopsies
Very receiil. as yet unpublished data on effects of these compounds In animals show striking and sudden impairment of several elements of llie normal blood dotting mechanisms Observers and victims havesigns and symptoms occurringew minutesew hours after crposuic These signs and -symptoms. Including bleeding, the other systemic ef feels mentioned above, and in some cases doalh even from skin abso'lition. are consilient with these emerg tng laboratory dala
Many victims of lhe yellow material receivedthan the full bruntpray, or entered lhe attackeveral hours to two days bier, nr cnniumed fimd nr watei conlaminaled bv the material Time indiviil uals ollen within the nestours developed sign' jikI symptoms similar to those nl lhe iiiorr diieclly
affected (but often without pronounced skin elfccts if they 'lid not contact tlie powdci residue directly) In addition to attacks of intense vomitingi*hey also had diarrhea, wilh hleodv stools passed up to eightay. Bleeding under the fingernails and around the skin of the eyes and severe bruising of the skin are also commonly reported. Opiates helped the fluid loss in adults; but, In children or young persons not able to tolerate the treatments of raw opium and water, death occurred in about half the cases afterays to two weeks. On the basis of reported signs and'symptoms, the cause of delayed death was almost certainly dehydration.
In many cases chemical attacks are reported lo produce symptoms other than the ones described here. There has always been,irect association of the symptoms above with reports of "yellow rain"is, when yellow material Is used these symptoms appear; other agents may give rise to other symptoms. Although it is possible to have one or even several of these symptoms associated with traditional CW agents, no expert has been able to "fit" the sequence, severity, and consistency with any of them. In many cases victims and observers were examined, histories taken, and inlet views conducted by several health professionals weeks apart. Remarkablehas been observed.
From the beginning of the "yellow rain" episodesutopsies have occasionally been reported anec tlotally. Some have been done by less than expen technique, some by nonphysicians. and some were on animals rather than human victims However, the consistency of the early reported "putrefaction" oi "rottenness" of the digestive Iracl withinoours after death led many forensic experts to suspcel that one effect of the poison, whatever it was. was to cause necrosis (cell death) of rapidly dividing mucosa (mucousspecially in the stomach and upper small intestine Other autopsy findings included hyperemia (engorgement with blood) ol digestive nm cosal linings, and remarkably intense congestion and swelling in tlie lungs, liver, spleen, and sometime* the kiditeys These and other findings ollcn led% in toxicology and pathology to suggest mycotoxui or even Iricholheccne mtoncatiou based on clinical and pat tut logical data alone
Althoughnse oi death, triclmtlie-eerie effects have been icimited in lhe forensic, ouco
logical, anditerature for several yean Unpublished findings often were discussed in sympo slums, fn several doxens ol cases, toxic effects in humans and animals have been carefully lecorded. anil tliey match those of the yellow rain" story with Kood precision. (Seehere are no additional signs effects of known tiichothecene intoxication not frequently reported by victims, nor are there any reported "yellow rain" symptoms that cannot be explained by the effect of the four specifictoxins found in the samples, and the doses inferred from the operational situation and
edical viewpoint, there are no significant differences in the reporting Irom Laos andThe liming and delivery systems have sometimes varied, but the effects of the chemical agent, both clinically and pathologically, are identical. In oneeries of blood samples from Kampuchcan victims alsorend toward Itnikopenia (reduction in number of white blood cells) and the presencerichmhecene metaboliteonsistent with Iri-chothecene intoxication (seeorirst order, dose-response effects are also seen, and routes of administration are consistent with effects.
Public llcaltii Issues. An earlyasignificant number of lhe deaths, especially in Laos, could be ciplaincd by the heavy use of iiot-cotifrol agenla such as CS, CN. DM, and jgents which cause itching and/or blistering The hypothesis was rciectcd Quickly on two grounds First, trace contaminant analysis did not show lhe presence of any of these compounds in samples (several samples did. however,richotheoene. contrary to commonly held views, tlieof diseases endemic to the Centraland the public health ol the H'Mong do noi support the view of malnourished, disease-ridden, and weak persons who would succumb easily to riot-control agents.umbet ol studies have shosvn theclativelv low incidence of inilruonarr diSOaSt' (lower tlian what could otherwise account bir certainetter nutritional slates than enuM otherwise account lu' death inays to two weeks from waiu loss (dehydration) and caloric depletion; andeath tale of near xerO hum cause) Other than< loin.us<-i. aiirl trauma
CI
-Top
Tabic BH
Companion of Reported "Yellow Rain" Effects Wilh Known Triehothcccnc Effects
down. woild tniBbw"
elull bluirii
qvfi. floootne Me tuh outier"
of Tricot. Names. vomJtlni--tevree. ImiaoJutc
3.buraiiM lenulion al lain
* Alalia (lattV* of manias ceeedinatronX oeeafconal Hoiai
tcheat, rapid heanhcai. -re
eveir|uln In cnicroflerfanen.ble lolcedlne fuun and profac nb-a
10.
i ko
IS Duirhnblood
Inabalrlr
U BWdini I. 'i. win and flsecmaili
IS. OiuoMi-hiia hlindceflcouai
1G -RotleoBonuth. InTei/inr* aoli ic4ren *nd li>n"
17.
WMiwdHMcxrk nwNevucb at
tMa ereihr le-fti arawh reported
directlr Metaled or inhaled, or an poiltled form, arc main loDc ir
(imma vaitei
4miWrMaBl^ttol In Iran
6 Hnwfraonkn. bloodwilhin beancheu pain)
8 -
I* SaoaaaMn (inflaannvatloa ol oral wmbaaao) and
Piabani (oa?*-
IL Peaaara
-ilS Wood
Anoreaa
(tfreraaae la number ofMiwrf crib aneoived in cloUlm of Wood) and purpura (dir.cawed by hemonhac Inlo tunics)
11 Lruaopeoia and iiwanli
HiraaM al bnuap ol
IT.nrag
I .
iHlwl and lublethat dewa T'trMhrerne* an eomUnanon. when
oncenlralieei and lhe mriei of rlere and lyiiinwnn and
Some deaths with bleeding have been described in Ihe aecouno Iron. Afghanistanne series ofhysicianumber of person! who had been Cipoied to sublethal dosesellow smoke/ bbek smoke combination attack and one man near deatheries of attacks Memopty'is (nasal bleeding) -but not hematemesis (bleedinc from the gastrointestinalreported in admit lull of these and Other
Several features of at leaet one of the chemical agents-anin Afghanistan delv Caiilanallon al this lime No food candidate has yet been ideniifmd which will selectively mhilni Ihe cen tral nervous ivitcin lo cause uncowmuwiess for several hours asecond firad-ng hatihe peeseoeea dermal anaesthesia, affectingosed areai nf rim
I'oitaltack Medical Survey. There is evidence that alter some of th* attacks in Laos and Afghanistan. Soviel ot Communist (Pathel Lao) forces entered th.-atlacfc tones lo conduct surveys. Severalroup of aurvivorsoiin attackoiian village were taken several kilometer! from the village and injectedmall volumelear solution said by their captors tonew" medicine to "assess thehe injections were given intra muscubrlv in the upper arm and rrporirdiv did nothing to alleviate lhe- weakness, nausea,o> diarrhea suffered by the swrvivon. One source report ed lhe effect of the drug was to cause an immcdial. sensation of warmth throughout his body Only iheol opium later eased the discomfort, alter lhe survivor* had bed tu their oaplori about how much hetlei tin-new medicine made them feel Ii II prnluhle lhat th.-
iIeat, eitherew anltrlmc orrug developedrrdiane Macaioctlsranai Itemausea and vnnnimr.
rtWi Otm MBit*
SiMlkltV. inlew cases in Afghanistan. Soviet troops wi-ie reported to disembark from helicopters or armored personnel carriers at the edge of an nitack site. Three or four, dressed in lull antieonlamination gear, walked among the dead; eaamined (he corpses, and. opening themrude autopsy incision, examined the organs in the abdominal and thoracic cavities. In oneolution was poured Into the incision When the corpses were later recovered by Muiahedin guerrillas, the body cavity contents were destroyed beyond recognition These bliarre stories would be discounted were It not for tlie past reliability and quality of reporting from tlsehich is believed excellent
Thesemall number ol additional report* support tint hypothesis that the perpetrators ol some of llie attacks aie interested in studying altercffecls. lethality, or some otherspect of useew chemical weapon Driaib are not aoffi ciently dear to explain the purpose of the above events, and "'destruction ofv itself not an entirely credible explanation. Recent indications from Afghanistan indicate that one purpose of these reviewsnd the field surveys Is to determine levels of toxic materials still present In tlse attack tone before Soviet troops occupy il-
'^jL^'ilII TWIWIJII
ANNEX F
REPORT OF THE WEAPON AND SPACE SYSTEMS INTELLIGENCE COMMITTEE,N USE OF CHEMICAL WARFARE IN AFGHANISTAN, LAOS, AND KAMPUCHEA
Weapon and Spice Systems Intelligencehas reviewed all available intelligence as of0 to determine il chemical agents have been used in Afghanistan, Laos, and Kampuchea.
Afghanistan
There is an even chance that lethalsuch as nerve agents have been used by the Soviets in Afghanistan but *ve lack confirmatory evidence.
We are almost certain that irritant agents have been used bv the Soviets against the Afghan insurgents.
The presence of Soviet chemical defense forces in Afghanistan provides the capability to engage in cliemical warlarc. We cannot predict whether the Soviets will exercise this capability.
The earliest reported use of chemicalduring the summerhenthat "toxic gas lwrnbs" were used in In the fall of
reported on the presence oi^chcmical" bombs "aT several airfields and Iheir use against insurgents The bulk of reporting since then has come from Afghan refugees, who have described aircraft attacks with gas bombs and canisters, causing ditriness, sickness, breathing difficulty, and in sonic cases death
the Kabul area. The unit at Oooduz has set up two small nonstandard personnel and clothingstations.
The evidence for the Soviet possession of irritant agents is convincing. There is no conclusive evidence of Soviet use of lethal agents. Wc believe that any chemicals used or stored in Afghanistan would be supplied bv the Soviets We would require samples of munitionsagmenls. contaminated
and/ot the debriefings of victims by qualified medical experts to establish not only that lethal agents were used but also the exact type of agent employed.
Loos
1 We arc almost certain thai the Vietnamese (PAVN) and Laotian Peoples Democratic Army lorces have used lethal chemical agents against the dissident H'Mong (Mco) tribesmeneriod of more than three years. The most recent report is from9
rom the reported symplorm. at lean three types of chemical agents have beenerve agent, an unidentified lethal chemical oiof chemicals, and an imtant agent of unknown type
3 There Is good evidence thai (lie Soviets have supplied chemical munitions and advice to PAVN forces and lhe Laotians
the deploy
menihemical dcfensrTbattalicn (which is stand aid Issue lo Soviet forces) atnd Shindand. and chemical defense equipment ha; been observed in
tores of chemical munitions probablyneai Xi.irigthuung nnd ViengSai (Military Regionavjimakhei (Military Regionndt, iv;.
f
and dandcstine reporthu described repeated chemical attacks on com bit* mi and the Civilian populalioa with rockets, bombs, sprays, and artillery weapons. Eyewitnesses have been interviewed by US medical eiperts Ilowever. chemical analysis ol* roofing material supposedly emiuminajed with achemical agent proved negative.
"Yrovide good evidence that the Soviets have supplied unidentified chemical agents and munitions to Laos and have provided assistance in "usage" and stortge.
Kampuchoo
here is ifiwflidenl evidence to support allegations that PAVN forces or those of the People's Republic of(PRK) have used lethal chemicals against Denaocralk(DK) guerrillas
2 Vietnamese and PRK forces probably are using Irritant agents against both the DK and Khitvet Serel forces, especially along theorder.
The prohibitK propagandaeal OfW attacks in Kampuchea reported between8 andriginated in DK propacaitda broadcasts and press releasesthe DK forces, unlike the H'Mong or the Afghan dissidents, remain under central control, the planting of other stories is possible. Five reports from DK Informants were surfaced through the International Red Cross and Thai military. The remaining reports were provided by Thai intelligence, Khmer Sercl forces, and PAVN defectonr
J
The Vietnamese have the means of delivering chemical munitions, bul have no capability to produce the agents themselves. Lethal chemical agents would have to be supplied by the USSR; irritant agents would be either Soviet supplied or drawn from captured US supplies
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