or omu-iooct tke twirr rrxn> labcb systw
8UWY
Forced labor ia at the core af tha MovltthatUllion hovJatin 4Ca ran** ac
halfIncarceratmd lnod forced
labor caap* aeutrowanowt CA* /aoac of th* reminder afandIn th*etmt, aot Cor cod to vera, uatuli" at con* Cruet Ion pro'acta far fro*oi* a. t tranrfa JndJcaC* an Incrmte in unconftnedbort ri mtitle tha nuabar ofn* ahovt tha aaaw aa during thm fu;
Unconttmd to read laborer* ar* aaiatanrad fla thaoa* ptobmtlomrt) or ara(pmrolmi) to perform aoatly lowabor oa larypprojectt, of can in raaaptp tog lem tdttre labor la acarca and incentive* for at tract lap and1 keep logltborert ara ttmmive. rftou of chavaw wiarcmfinaaf forced Imhorere,o cpoac/ucthat* Urar true*tawaa*Jj.aulnllflat faVVJl; rtiltoed. eeldeocm ittledlma report* from thaor Juanta Piahta aa th*a* paroltma and prcdMtionar* on larpa dome to pJpmltmm, in aartletuar for coo*truer Ion of coctpraaaoroa*. ru1
f tha aaa of foread labor* ro lat that paaca* curraac labora thattaly that forcedelil be uaad oa alaoat any larpt cx>natructloo project ia rba UJJX, iaclwdJap pimllmt auch aaTiberla-Cc-fvroo*urnort Jlo*. in add!iIon, bacauaa of Chair eidttpteed dlttrihutloa, forced labor caavpa oaa b* found mmc moat author cormtruction protect* or pipeline rout**, for aiaafJa, PP to IPC caapt ara cloe* to Chat prspoeed rout* of that otaaort aJpallaaay |J, eevredcould h* tapped tor *Ot* hecauaa of Chair froa.
Choven tn*of ecu*roll lap aad puardlape difficult. The Interneeoclefy foriflht* mllmqma that this it to, but aai cannotonfirm their report*. (U)
Hhllt larqt-mcalta*bcitr* oa thm mtport plpmlim it unl Italy bacauaa auny of tba Johm ragulra aoa* forced lahorprabablp ha waad unl aaa chat JovlaCa da pa rl froat chair
. of Chat aapoaura chat laaua baa racaiv-od in Chat atadla. Ifor leal .prac^dant la fcUJoaaW, Chat unaJtlllod forced lahorert vUl ht ted In conatructIon of comprettor alatlona mad muMlllaryof unlcJt ere in tn oerly tttat of conatruc<Ion. IU)
unclassified
NOViahar
nd^
THE 8CV1ET POTCED 1AKP ffrffTW Cbntaot*
pm
MfiM
Th* Sovlatabor
tow Ma/ty tootd
nroad Labor With
of
Incamtlvti art)
taarUng
rwxarj Lacxar Without cxavfLr
tola of rtxota Later ln tlx
Qjna
J-ipaii;*
Siberiano*t
Uaacjlnrj and CUwr
U
aiJH art)clno
f^iaata In ttfact Inater facllltl**
Typae of Klacna
Qlrjlblllty for Hrolm
Mm
Sovlat liiloni Labor Caaapa aridacted PlpaJina*
Soviet Union. toor-mlc Utilisation of frlacnara
riotara 1
Saa.tit, of Typical(ftxTjad) Leber Caaap
unclassified
TO onabla obMrvsra of th* Soviet union to battar aaaese th* reports of um of to rood labor lnA. especially ropoiru of Its um on tho cjae export pipeline to Waetem Europe, thli study ha* bMn prepared on th* overall systM of to road labor in tha Soviat tnlon. Varloua aspect* of tho eyatea aa outllnad in Soviat official docaaanta,ha Tha fumUh tcwlat Federated Socialist FafajblicCxualnal Cede,in tha liont th* aooounta by foneer prisoners and othar oaugrM thatn published in Westernasdls about ths raalltlM of th* syetM. Th* report hMpreparedroad array ofcholarly studlM, and cxhax aouros Mtarials relating to tha subject of th* tovlet penal syataa in general and forced labor in particular.
unclassified
UNCLASSIFIED
SOVIET VOUCH) LABCfi SyffTO,
The Soviet penal system li remarkable for Ita huoa alia and lta eyotamatlc enplc<ymant of labor. The labor caraps ao vividly Ascribed by Solihenitayn ara only one elenentystam that alao Includes prisons as hellrowing cadre of forced labor without oonflneaant. The Soviets have an Ideological ccnreioeant to the rehablllutlve role of labor ln the social adjustment of the Individual, and accordingly refer to the forced labor caape aa "correctional* labor colonies.*
Correctlonal labor colonies ware first established9 on the Solovotakiy Island* ln ths white Saa, but until Stalin aea-jaad powere ten grew rather slowly. Stalin's forced labor ays teneaktw*pell lion peraona After Stalin's death liberal re fore* reduced the coca? population, and. Rjjryevtsev, Deputy rTOCurator General of th* Soviet Union, imnsd that U* nuatwr had been reduced to, andsreent were "politicals.' Towaru the end of the Ruruer^hev era, cruainal penaltie* war* toughened, ths crla* rat* increased, end th* oaap ays ten began to tspard again. Criminal charge* war* used Increasingly to control poll Ileal dlMldsnU. Although starry of th* old esse* in Siberia and the Par Pant war* abanrfcnsd, other* were built closer to population center*.
In addition, an eatensive systen of forced labor without ccrtfirwnamt had lta Inception in the earlyand ha* grow rapidly In scop* sine* thanj the nueber of non-ccru'lned forced laborers now sore than equals the rueber of thoee oonflned, and it ia continuing to rise. Given the uoraening labor
tans foroed labor oaep* la used In thla reporteneral appellation for correctional labor colonies, educational labor colonies, and correctlonal labor colony setUeawjntai the specific tens* will be ueecTwnen particular types of facllltiea are being discuaaed.
ahortage in part* of tho Soviet Union, thit relatively officiant, flexible method of deriving sons eooncralc benefit froa on lncrtaalng crLeeikely to continue, to arc*'.
In tho Soviot Union nine out of everyarson* convicted of crLeee (eee Appendixore etrlou* thenrocS receive sentence* thet include forced labor. About half ofentences alio Includet. Mthough approxiaaUly half ofentenced to oonflneaent are paroled froa oonflnsavant, they continue In the broad labor ays tea until they finish their tones.
How Hany Forced Laborer*?
Mt currently eat beat* thatll lion Soviet el tl sereercent of th*now serving sentence* of forced labor.
il lion of thee* are confined. IS percent In forced Laborwhich there arend the ro*alrdei' ln prlsone.
ll lion, convicted of cxlaee for which they could have received sentence* of oonflrsaint, neve been sentenced Instead to probation with "coapulsory Involvtjaent In labor." Most ofr* working at construction )obs tar froa their hoao*.
ave been paroled fro* conf Irwaaent butobligated to perfooe forced labor for the reaalrder of. Many of then alao art working at conetructIon site*.
In addition en urdeterained nuabsc are sentenced tocorrectlonal taaka' without conft they art working at their own Jobs Cor reduced pay or ln sore w- for low pay while continuing to live at hoa*.
Aaong these forced laborer* arepolitical prisoners) whose
unclassified
nurrfcera may reach aa highha figure clalnad by Selch*rov and fttneaty InUrruitional. orraar Soviet official raporta that Kin la try of Intarnal Affaira (KVD) recorda Ha8 political pri*on*ra at tha beginning MekaandrtxaUrkrmt political diealdent, eatl/oated that thereolitical prlKnara Uaaktofita in tha Sovlat union fall intoat alx cataoorieei refuawnik* (thoee refused ptnalaaion to leave thand civil right* act iv lata,e, dlaccntantadandn national lata. Iha higher eat Leatee abcva farobably include bob* who, in addition to being dleelrferrta, an acojaad off "rasollaaniaaj' and
ftxced labor With ConiinoajKit
Tn* Correctional Labor Cod* of the Pert* eetabllane* four baaUc type* ofeci lit lea i labor colon! *e, ecbjcational labor oolonlaa (foeolony eetUoaaenu, and pciaona. tech type of facility la differentiated by tho aaount of trt-odoa and privilege* gxantad to the priaonerai tha degree ofaanution, and reetraint to which they an eub^ctajdi tha difficulty of theirnd the oorailtiona under which they auet live and work, thetoo Appendixn affect at priaon* are the acert baxehi tba onea ln effect at correctional laabor oolonlea and educational labor colonic* aoaarwhat lea* harabi and tbe regie* at cjcdony aetUeaanta la then th* ryat**.
The gravity of tho of tender'a crUe and whether or not heacidivUt <jetauaalnae in which of tha following fee ill tie* lnc*rc*ratlon will occur. * Correctlonai laboronatltute th* bulk of thaov let oonflneaant ayataa where convict* are cloaely mjardad,
supervised,lfl*nt*d. labor colonial areby aa nany aaorfence* and walls with tower* on aach comer sunned by armed guardsypicalo ry wooden barrack*hmentrisomr* divided into two Tha legal ninlnia living area par0 square eaters inquare seta re in carps) ia not ssJch larger than an Aearlcarv-etyle twin bed.
Bduostional Ubor colonies are correctional Institution* for Juvenile crLelnals aged f educational labor colonlee are usually Uaneferred to corrertlonai labor oolonla* when they reach Thoee who have lea* than two year*entence reaainlng and who aee* well on the way to rehabilitation however, aay be allowed to tea*In at tha aduc*tlonal labor colony.
Cbrroctlonal labor oolonyar* aildor ton* of ornilneeent that were Introduced Often referred to by prisoners a* th* "fiftholony setUeaatnte are located ln area* wh*r* new induatrla* are being built and at other constructIon sitae). Nany regular psjjfsj lapsclaily in rasaahatan, Siberia, the Par Cast, and the Paraeaoclated oolony eetUoaent*. Colony settleaent* are the least onerous facilitlee in th* penal syatm and tha oruy ones in which the sexoe are not segregated, for instance, prlaoncrs sueturfew and perioral the labor caption*ted forut theywear ordinary clothing, and few restriction* are placed on their private behavior or their privilege*.
Soviet prisons ar* urban facilitlee, scat of which have been esraanded and recomtructed sincend preeent ths haxahaart oonfineawjnt In th* eyeta*. Allr cities have at leaat one large
prison. Major prisons nianbarnd housemetes st any one tlm. Prisons ars differentiated by prls*ry function) four types nay be distinguished! panltentlarlas, transit prisons, invaatlgatory prisons and psychiatric prisons (seeayment of Prlaonoro
Soviet lavthat locates in prleons and labor ooloniae are to be paid at least the eunuau* wage for their work. Sinoa innate* are not permitted to keep eoney in their poasssslonule constantlyages are credited to ths prisoners* accounts. Theoretically, after deduct lone for their upkeep have been aade, the balance la credited to their accounts and paid to thes when they depart; however, aany priaoners reportedly have no eoney when they are released.
Prisoners are allowed sat euchubles acnthly In credit st the pr'.eon or oolony cconlaaary on what are terand 'food Item and basic nacessoap, tooth powder,oetagc stanps, tobacco,lack bread,andy, Jan and canned flah are typical oona'asary Itens, but reportedly nany of thee* ere frecpjantly unavailable. There are no restrictions placed on the enount ofrisonsr any spend onducetional supplies, and etaUonery. Ths nunber of letters prisoners nay send and receive and tho ruaber of packages and paroala they any receive are closely regulated; such privilege* are conxonly used as aof enforcing prison discipline.
Incentive* and Penaltie*
The Correctional Labor Code apeclfle* Incentive* that "any be enployed to encourage convlcta1 good behavior and honest attitude toward work and training.' These incentive* include the granting of additional privileges
UNCLASSIFIED
perhaps paraiaaion to spand an txtra coup-It of rubles In the ooareleeary. hoct significant intaaures tnttll transfer of prison innate* to lsixr colon Its, or transf lnmatee of labor colonlts of othar than spaclal raglm to oolony settlements. Such transfers stay not take plaoa until at laaat half tha sentence haa bean eerved.
Tha Correctional tabor Code also aptclflee panel tlae thatbe applied to oonvlcta for violating the lequlraaanta of the rag lee.' Not surprisingly, noet of tht panaltlea are *lrror iaagee of the Lnotntlveei erriLng or repriaand, withdrawal ofnd tranafer to harsher ooruTlneaent condition*. ovneatss of both labor case* and prlaonebe put in "punitive isolation." first offender* are sentenced for ae long aaay*Asilarsatnt Isolation cell, better known a* tha sniso, or oooUr.
Verting Condition*
Th* RSFSR cocrect. Looal Labor Code provide* guideline* on the general work condition* ofhile specific condition* are eetabllaned by th* prison ands cojtpulaory, and those who do not worteduced food ration and no pay. Imete* are required to wort eight four* per day, sixeek. Ftlaoners who sust travel to wort sites, auch as those in logging or conetructlondonate" thla extra tlae to the etate. Moat osac* wort tworo* MOO0 and0
According to avmy footer prisoners fro* sany different caaape, violations of good safety and health practice* are ccataon throughout tht aye tee, even though tht Correctional Labor Cod* etlpulate* that "convicte' wort la organised ao aa to obeerv* labor protection rule* and Industrial safety
* eaUbllahed by labor law." ng camp in Riga, tor example, aerloua accidenta were reported to cocur freouantly. Prlacoara in thia carap work without helmeU, glovea, or safety gogglea.
Labor Without COnf jnanamt'
rtnoneto forced labor without acru*lMB*nt fall in two cataagorleai thoee aawiigned to correctional taaka without confipeaiant, an adninlatratlv* penalty that aaounta to little acreine, and thoee aentenced to correctional labor without ooru*ineaant. Iho latter ectaprlaas two aub^tagorlest parolee* (alao known a* ahUlkla) and pri^f. loner* with ccaapulaory labor.
lhe penalty of correctional taaka without ocnf Ineaant la aatad out to offender*rLeaa ar* dm* id not aerloua enough to Juetlfy aentaroa* of ccru'lnoannt. The coaoulaocy taaka *ayither at th* erffarrier'* recfular workplac* or at aeau other nearby place ao thatontinue to live at ho*a. The of fonder'a pay la ctoeMd a* auch a*ercent, and the tie* apont pertocmlngaaka (raulau aentenoei on* year) raay not count toward* hi* Job aenlorlty. The nuwber of Soviet cltlaen* who receive auch eonteroae annually la difficult to eat Lea to but could rvjaberaltlion, judging fret* faaoaantary lru*or**tlon.
4 the oupreaae Soviet of6 decreed that certain prisoner* then under cenfinaaxnt could be raleeffect,ot! tut loo* and aent touct Iono work out the balance of their
the, parole program aterted,t paroleeat to constructionf th* chealcal Induatry, which waa thenejor expansion. Th* prl*on*ra thereforeto the progra* aato the paroleea (and, later, alao to thVprofaationora) aa kM*lkl--choaleta. The tar* khlaiya renalna in uae to thia day.
unclassified
sentences without confinement. Articlef the Criminal Coo* wu mrded to establish eligibility nqulnrrants foe this program. Thoee not eligible ircluJe prisoners undergoing airpuleoryt for al echot, drug addiction, or venereal dieeaae; foreign prleoners, and prlaonen "who systenatlcally or aallclously" violate the Una of their corutinaptent. All others wenconfined for the aoat aerloua offenaes (intentional honlclde, crlaats against the atata) after serving three-cjuarters of theirand thoee serving for lesser of ftraaa after lesaer aaounta of tune (See
Tns kvd earvealearingkind of anr-loyraenttrack on the on* hand of recreate fro* other ajnlrtrie* for forced laoorers. and on tha other of eligible prisonars who eight be paroled to fulfill these requirement*, "fsrlcdlcally (psrhape two or threeroup* of eligible prlaonen an freed fro* oonfirwetsnt in what an callednd eent ln guardedo the forced labor alt**. Until recently, prlaonen convicted of especially dangetou*at* had little chance of being granted parole, Haarver,di for forced lacca-ers havo baoce* eo Insistent that evenolitical prlaonen have been paroled. roughly cne-half of all parson* under cccl( lne**nt axe no* being paroled befon the end of their tors* and are eervlng an average of two yoars at ccaa^ilsory labor without rjcrrflrxssnt. srolee* an currently perfonlng forced labor under thi* system.
nother decre* of the taspres* Soviet authoriaad courts to issueof "probation with cctapulscry labor" a* an alternative to "confinement with ccsspulaory lnvolveaent in labor.* ht suchhe ccrrflnenKknt portion is susrsnded but th* labor portion renaln*. Th* nev decree greatly widened the scop* of the progras of fcrced labor without
unclassified
conflrnmtnt, tot km tht *ntlr* sentence could bt to served. Tht stated lnUnt of tht decree was to allow court* tort lttltud* In cntermining tht atnttnoa whan they decided that an offender oould bt reformed without oonflntDMtnt. Parhapa not oolrcloantally, however, trotting offenders In this way penult* tha state to ea tract-awn lau* eooncnlc benefit froa their labor atcoat.
Estimating the nusbsr of persons serving sentencet of ccobttion with ooapulsory involvenant in labor is difficult. 3 the Chief Justice of ths Uthuania Ouptont Court ciiirtad that nearlyeicent of tha court ssntsnoss lssusd ln Uthuania fell into thia category and that thia percentage tau rUing.Vrelnlan court Uwyer until UT* set la* ted st leant X> percent of all criminal court oasee received sentsncen to oonpulsory Ubor. Recent irdboaatlon suggests that this has risen to about half of current sentences. Assueingorrect, and that th* average sentenceears, there arell lionillion persona) on probation with ccnpulsory lnvolvensnt In labor.
Ptraone sentenced to oxmrerAlonalithout ooruTinansnt never leave hone and suffer minimal disruption in theirut the parolee* and probationers sontenood to correctional Ubor without confinement nay be sent to large oonatructionar from their hornet. When assigned to wort out*Id* their inmadlat* bonearolee* are usually brsnsrortsd tolgned wortn guarded group* on trains, and if they travel long distances, they spend several periods ln transit prison* enrobationer* are usually permitted to smke their own travel arranj amenta and travel to their assigned wort sits* uneecortad.
At theta* tha forced labor* re live in barrack* similar to then* in correctional labor colonIt*, the facilities art not guarded, but the
re>
convict" maltally curfew, nccaally0 hours. aborer's special skills will bs utilised as such aa poaelble at the work sits, but there are reports that sane laborers are required to perform heavy manual labor regardless of their skills. They are paid the Soviet nlnimua wage for such labor and after paying for room and board (no eore than SO percent) are allowed to keep or spend the rest of their money as they wish. They are permitted to eet wherever they wish. It is not unusual for such convicts, especially probationers, bo bs granted permission to leave the work sit* to vielt relatives, conduct personal bualnsss, or even to take vacations.
The tlae spent at forced labor without corJinenent counts toward fulfillment of the oonilnesnnt sentence st ths rats of one day for one day. But if ths parolee or probationer viola tee ths tarns of his sentence orew crime at bis work sits, ha la sent back to the panel lnstttution from whence he cane (or would have gone, In ths can*robationer) and forfeits all of the time spent outside confinement. Author it lee apparently try to avoid applying this drastic punishment to convicts neerlng the ends of their aantancas.
Pole of Forced Labor in the fto>nomy
rbrced laborers engage In nearly all forma of economic activity. They constituteercent of tha total Soviat labor force, which now la eatlmatedll lion. In ths lttOa, labor force growh will be lees than half of what It was inOs. Forcedhus likely to bacons eimportant means of relieving serious manpower arcctaoee, particularly in lnhoapltable areas, andikely to be auch greater uee of forced laborers who are not oonfined. uhoonflnad forced laborlexible end inexpensive source of Ubor tor haeerdoue or unhealthy duty or for work in
rwotc legation*.
hbet Inmates of prlaone, correctional labor colonies, end colony settlement* work full tinsroad variety of eccoaelc activitlee, including aa/ujfscturlng, construction, logging and wood processing, ainlng, prcduclng building natsrlsls, and agriculture
Conetruction. Under Stalin, forced labor waa uaed heavily In the developaent of reacts arses of the far rtrth, Siberia, and the far Caat. Clt.es auch aa as Peril'ak, Vorkuta, hseaMtcejorsk, and hagadan were built largely by forced labor. Major cerartrurtion projects auch aa thend Volga-ton Canala, aa well aa parte of th* Trane-fcUberlan and Krxla*-vexkuta Mil roads, relied heavily upon farad labor.
In recent years, soresape, oryaroent of the total, have been associated with construction actlvltle*. CoMtructlon csasps ar* scattered throughout th* ubsa, sost of then in or near citlea. *ihe heaviest concentrations are in "ajekhetan and Central Ml*. Iha lnaata* usually work at alts* throughout than which th*are located) henoa they are acre visible to the general populace thann other kind* of oeaps. One aouroa reported watchingach leaded withrisonsrs, drive off dally froa th* labor colony at WihmkaseA toofjochesdeel coaple*,larg* autosotive repeir facility,oncret* products plant war* under construction, tn aany larg* cities spsrtjsant houses, hotels, toepltele, TWirreon! office buildings, and ths llks
have been built by convict labor.
lhe practice of using forced labor Cor ths clearing snd construction track for entire new townsasaples includetowplac* city on tha Caspian Sea containing adesalination plant, andetrochemical city in Central Asiaarg* deposit of natural gas.
m
Both cities itill contain major concentrations of tbroad labor.
Forced labor*ra on probation or parole from confinement are being employedultitude of major conatructlon project* throughout the country. Raped ally large oonoentratlona ofering In th*ave been uaed ln conetroctlon of th* hug* hat* River truck plant (thaargeat) and theeur Mainline (BAH) railroad. nd probationer* ar* alao employed in induatrial prcductlon and other economic activltiea, including pipeline conatructlon.
pipeline Conatructlon. Forced labor haa been uaed a* an integral part of pipeline conatructlon wort crenel in the Ukraine, rautaAnetan, and tbe central RSFSR. Ihe forced laborer* in pipelinehave come largely from parolee* andnd have been uaed In urmAiiled Job* iuch a* clearing formats, draining eweaape, errl preparing road*. Forced labor crews are usually removed before skilled worttsrs arrive, minimi ting contact between the groups, ome areas, however, unoonfined forced laborer* have worked directly with Ere* workers doingJob*, parnlee* are uaually reUamedpecific wort site, foronatructlon aiteompremsor station, where they must remain until completion of their aaalgrvaent. They often live In trailer* or barrack* similar to those of other workers. If localot available, oonartruction author it lea amy appeal to the criJait executive coaaalttee end the local organ* of the mvd t^ aealgn paroled prlaoner*ort sit*. Feroled priacnere and rarobatlonsrs ar* not generally employed in laying pipe, which require* eobil* crew*. Tbey reportedly ar* user) in the oonaTtruetion and repair of gamr etatiom, service reeds, and wortsra' housing. Many of these unconf Ined forced laborer* are young peopU who hav* been convicted of petty crime* and ar* serving relatively light sentence*.
UHCftSSlflED
Siberian (aa fnpnx Plpslln*
tn view of tha paat uaa of urtconf Inad forced laborer* and tha currant ahortage of labor. Itea that sobs foroad labor would ba uaad along tn* axport pipeline route for coepreeaor atatlon and auxiliary ccraitxvrtlon unleee the Soviet* depart fro* their usual practice because of the expoaur* in the tamtam aadla. There ar*eavily secured forced labor camps close to the preroeed routs, all of which existed before th* start of corvjtrjctlon of ths axport pi pel In*, prisoners in th* cerap* ar* sngagedtsty ofut they could be tapped for plpsllns corwrtruction work if rssded. rbwaver,ore likely that farced laborers win ocsjs fro* th* renka ofnd probe doners.
*anufactorIng. Nsll cxntr half of th* Istt'l fcrosd labor exsepe and nuasrou* large prison* containype of sanufacturing facility. These institutions associated with asrajfacturing *r* aost hssvlly ccnoantratad ln the westernl*lly Ln th* uTCrelns. Industrie) camps tend to be larger and *or* ooxplftx than th* other types, and therereet diversity of sanufacturing ectlvUtee, for exaaplsi
ssaps In th** Qxeplsxarf asnufacture* including aetal products, clothing, clocks, autoxotlv* parts, furniture, and souvenirs i
tvlan ceaepe produos aetal goods, wooden furniture snd souvenirs, clothing, footwear, and electrical ecjulpaent i
eight osapa in Uthusni* produce slsctrlcel sockets snd plugs, boaslothing, plastic and rubbernd
iberian cesp near Ulan-Uds,C prlsonars prcduos furniture, glass, and clothing.
UNCLASSIFIED
Typically, tht prisoner work forcevevjfecturlng camp la supplemented by free laborers, sent of then forter prisoners, who nsy acoount for aa auch aa IS percent of the total. Host of this latter group serve ae foranan, technicians, tnjlmere, and quality control experts.
Logging and Other Activltiea. enpa are anoaoed ln logging, sawnllling, and related activltiea. These operation* are cencentrsted in the Urale, ths horthvaet, ths Volga-vyetka, and thetconomlcogging oaaps ar* by nature teapotary and crude ln oorwrtructionj they are abandoned aa surroundingre depleted of tree*, in th* past, abardomd logging ensp* war* usually replaced by newlsewhere. owever, tne use of forced labor in logging and wood processing seen* to be declining, and relatively few new oaaps of this type are being ocrntructed.
^pproxl*at*ly SO caapa are teacrlatad with aUnaral extraction, far fevar than in former years when forced labor waa extensively used in ei/Ung, especially in the Sol yam at*in, where gold mining and acne lead and coal mining ware carrier) on by pr learnt*. Coal minim waa also pursued in Faaakhatan and In the KumUn worth at VrjrfcuU and on Ibveya lenlya. Today coal ie still ained by toroad Uborere at Vorkuta and luuagand*ranium at lhaltyye Vady in ths Ukraine, gold st aarsfshan ln Central Asia, iron ore at Fudnyy, and bauxite atlast two In Atmamas, tstonla, prleonersarge llmeetorn deposit.
Caapa producing ccrwrtruction astarUla have In recant year* inertaesdtond ar* acettared throughout the DMR. Camp* in thia category engage primarily in producing bricks and blocks used In the construction industry.
Agricultural canpe nueber aboutndmail and decreasing role In the Soviet forced labor system, condition* In agricultural omeps ara leas
UNCLASSIFIED
m #
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
m
rlae and Sentencing
Cciaeajor problea ln the Soviet Union, and it appeara to be getting worae. Theae conclusions ara supportedny aourcssdiploaste, businessmen, tourists, eaigr* accounts published in tha wast, and seen Soviet journals and novaha aoat prevalent criaee are hoollganlaai and theft of state and personal property. Juvenile orla* ia reaching aerloua proportions. Alcoholism hss reached epldealc proportions snd is biased for suob ciiaa, eapsolally tb* violent foraa. Tbe aurder rataeople) la below that In the US, but aucb blgbsr than in western Europe. Tha crlss rata is generally blgbsr in urban ersaa than in rural eraae, wltb th* exception of etfstsl of the lstgsst oltUs auch aa Moscow and Leningrad, whersoovlote *r* dtnitdpecaits. It lghsst Of all la th* react* cities of Siberia and th* Par North, where aany convicts hav* bean forced tocospletlngof forced labor.
Crlaea that ar* estieddangerous crlsee against tb* state* ar* considered aaong the aoat aerloua ln ths 'jssrj they includ*rori*a, aabotage, and "aotl-soviet agitation and propaganda-b* laat an offanee wltb which political dlasidant* areharged. ns convicted
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such criaes receive soae of tha harahaat punishment tha panal system offara. Legal punlehaenta rangeublic srprssslon of canauraaell fine to daath by ehoot log. The death penalty ia authorised for aoaarlaee,umber of econoalc offenaea. Several bundrod eiecutlona ara carried out annually.
Crlae and punlabaent in tha QU* differ froa their nature ln the United Stataa and ttsatern lurop* in aeveral laportant respecta. There ara severe1 klnda of behavior considered crlaaa ln the Sovlat Union, but not eleewfaer*. These Include tba preparation and distribution of writings critical of tba government or of th* ooastun 1st system, several klnda of unregistered orad religious actlvltlee, living, la th* capital without authorisation, departure froa tb* country without permission, 'hooliganism" and "parasitism." Although pro*)ln*nt political dissidents aay be esntsnced for "aerloua ci lees" auch aa sisndering tb* sovieteaser known irdi-vldusl* who run afoul of political andtrlctloas ar* oft*not "boollgsnlam" and "parasitism.* lafrequent charge for rowdy or drunken acta, but is alao sppllsdto dissident*. baig* which ia often brought agaloat peraon* Including dlsaldenta
(
and "rsfusnlks"ho have been fired froa their Job* and prevented from obtaining new employment. Finally, the Judiciary la less independent of the executive in th* USSR and haa very little independence In political case*.
in addition, the nature of Soviat society andinefficiency of the economy haveyateei that,to function, depende heavily on Individualthe use of unauthorised channels and aethodenecessary suppliss for ststs sntsrprises, andof trading personal favors. Host of these activitiesillegal, but are so aucb part of tbe aysteaof tba annual economic plans depend* on them. Tbua
it Is aors difficult la the Soviet Union than in the Ohitsd fltetes or tfestern Europe to know whether one is doing one's Job or comelttlng an Illegal act, frequently giving the administration of justice sa arbitrary and pollticsl character.
Soaa of tbe moat comprehensive dsts were providedormer official of theffice In Moscow who baa publlahed ln tbe Heat what appear to be official recorde on crlainal conviction* in tbe US-8R1 iaoviet courtsersons for serious crimes, andasssr crlass and aladaaeanors were handled adainlstrstivsly or by "comrades courts* (se* table below).
TAB If
USSR Criminal*
Serloueriad by Peoplee' Court*
Santanced
1
against paraone
of lUU and public property
against personal proparty
vehicle crlame
Crimea
aoatnat abminiatretive ordei
5
in office
et justice
aarloua crimes
aarloua cruaaa
OrlaM (patty larceny, aoonanlnlng,
hoollganlaa, and others
acaainiatretlvely
by oomradee' oourU
ainor ex lea*
cruras
Sourcei Tbe official deacrlbed in tha previoue paragraph.
APPDfDIX 2
tWginea ln Effect In Labor ColoniesPrisons
Correctional Lebor Colonies
Correctional labor colonies ar* by far tha dcaunant for* of incarceration In th* USSR. Pourr* loat correctional latcrn crder of lncreaelrij eeverityra defined a* th* general, intensified, atrlct, andl*M,
reglasi for adult sals flrat off aiders whon sentenced to conilraaatnt forr** forilltafd
f* Ion la* or for acrev* ya ar* forf rw^llgsncs; and for all adult (rail of fandar* exempt *ar*jciallyldlvlata, wcaonn coaauted, andho bav*UllycrLaa* against th* state,
Lntenelfied rsglaat for adult sale first calenders who hay* baan sentenceda* of cxvu* lnaasnt for sor* than thrss years for praaadlutsd felonleei
atrlct rag use i for aan and wcasn who hsvs coaalttsd eacecially dsngorou* criaes against ths state, son who have tarevlously eerved aentanoea ofsrsclally dangerous feaale recidivists, and woaen whose death sentence* have been ocasajtadi
egie*" tor eeapsclally dangerous asls recidivists and aan whose death sentence* bav* been ccasajtad.
Bjucationai Labor Colonlaa
Theaa oolonlo an cc4TocticrjJ institution* for juven.ll* criminals aged Cnly two nglms* ara ln affect.
lm*i for smleends r* who hava been ssntancsd to conf inemsnt for thraa years or laaa and all femalesr
lntanaiflad reglssi for aalaa who havo previously atrvad sentences of oonflnassnt and first offandars who have bean ssntsnosd to oonflnsasnt for sore than thraa years.
Prisons
Parsons teispocarlly confinad in investigatory and transit prlaona liveight rag las akin to tha mildest of ths rag lass ln effect at correctional labor colon lee. fut criminals serving sentence* of confinementit*nt lexis* live under auch harsher conditions.
general rsglssi inmates live Ln cjcaaunsl calls from which they are released only to work or to saar das cutside, tha latter activity limited to one hourday. rrlvUsgse at* very limited.
strict regimei lnastse also live ln communal cells (ln specialindividualut their privileges ar* sore restricted than under general regime. Frisonsrs under ths strict regime are asp* separate from prisoners under general regime.
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APPOOIX )
Type* of Prison*-
Prisons In ths Soviet union* are differentiated by primary finctloni four typas aay bs dlatlrqulahedi
Penitentiaries ssrvs primarily ss places of incsroarstlon for crisOnals and political prlaonsrs spaclflcelly aeritencajd to terae of continaaant ln prison en exceptional pwtisrs**nt which eey be aeetgned by the courts only to pereons oonvlcted of sspaclally dangerous alM against the state or certain othereas, and to parsone sarvlng ln corTvctlonal labor ooloniaa who sallcioualy violate cast? rules, fxaeplea of euh prisons are ths onee st Vladialr and ChUtopor, both aeeociatad with sale political prlaoner*. The central prison for women la in Mine*. Prlaoners are required to parfora labor full ties In industrial facilities In ths prison ooaplex.
Transit prisons where prisoners are organised intoor aMpaant to their dsatlnatlona are located at regional tranaeportatlon hubs such aa Sverdlovsk, Hbvoelblrek, and Xrftutak. The Correctional Labor Code llaita toays thearson eentenced to fccced labor without conf tnaaent or to eaile aay be held in any transit prleon,rip from the Burcrean (JBSK bo the reaote regions of Siberia or the Per East aay entail sowerai ao)ourns in transit prisons. According to soar: forasr prlaoners ths huge facility at Sverdlovsk (which laenitentiary) can hold thoueande of prlaoners when, aa Is ooeaon, it is filled beyond legal cesmcity.
21
UNCLASSIFIED
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UNCI flWRFI}
ligibility for Psrols
4 th*oviet cf theecreed thst certain prisoners then under ccnflnsasnt could beeffect,penal Inetltutlone end eent to ctriatructicn el tee tout the beience of their sentence* without ocnfInessnr. Articlef the Criminal Code mm ii o establish eligibility reculreamnts tor this program.
MX eligiblei prisoners undsroolna ocssxdsory trsstssnt tor alcohol1 ss, drug sddlctlon, or vsnsrssl disease; foreign prisoners, end prisoners "who systsma tlcally or ssUlclously" violet*s* of their conf Inessnt.
Eligible siter aervlngisjsrtsra of th* oonflrssint sentencei espsclsily dangerousrlscnsr* convicted of sspsclsily dsnc/trou* criaes against ths Statsi prisoners convicted of intsntlcnsl hoaiclo* under sggrsvstlng cLroumstsncssi prisoner* whoa* death ssntsnoss hsve been commuted.
Eligible aftsr ssrvlng two-thirds of their confinsssntrlsan*rs convlctsd of certain ssrlous cruss* (espsclsily It ocauUtted under sggreveting circupsAanoss) Including counterfeiting, currency speculation, esbssKlssant, taking or giving bribss, banditry, rcttsry, endangering ths litealiosasn,enal Institution, hijacking, rsps, drug trafficking, snd particularly aailclous hooligan lea.
Qlglbls aftsr serving halt of their asntsncssi prisoners, other then those listed above,to conf Insssnt for sore thanears.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Investigatoryre used to lnr*rcerets suspects awaiting trial on esrious cfuurgea and other persona already sentenced to con-flnaaint in orxrettional labor colonial who are neadad to taatify aa wltriiii at upocnlng trlala. Ufortovo Prlaon in hbecow la an example otha reglne in an investigatory prlaon la leaa harsh than that at other prlr-na.
rayohiatrio prisons, otherwiss known aa "apecial peychlatric hoepitale're used to hold and treat persona who have bean declared crlalnally ineans. (They are to bs dletlnguianad from "ordinary psychiatricby ths Ministry of Health.) Soea SRai havs bean repeatedly aaacelated with aaltreataant of dUaldejrtts.
"WUSSIFIED
unclaSihed
Original document.
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