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Directorate of InteUlccace
The Soviet Magnetic Confinement Fusion Program: An International Future ?
Thii paper was preparedOffice
of Scientific end Weapon. Research. Cooimenu and onerta- orebev, TDivieiortOSWR
(REVERSE BLANK)
arallablt aiarcA IWOtud Im tkti nporu
, the leaderahip of the Soviet magnetic confinement fusion (MCF) program has realized that the resource demands to construct large MCF machines would require international coflaboratioo. Soviet initiatives since theave led to two international involving the USSR, the United States, Japan, and the European Atomic Energy Agency) efforts to design an engineering test reactor (ETR) based on the toaarnak approach to MCF. These efforts were the Internauonal Tokamak Reactor (INTOR) workshops aod the present International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) program. The USSR has committed iignilicant resources to these projects and to bilateral programs with the United States
Since the, an emphasis by the Soviets oo large tokamaks probably has distorted their MCF program.esult, small tokamak projects, aod programs on alternate MCF approaches, have suffered from low priority, and large tokamak projects have been delayed and cornpro-mised because of technology short comings. We believe that this trend will continue. Thus we expect thatill be tbe focus of the Soviet Union's domestic MCF program for as long as its participation in ITER continuoe
The two tokamaks that the Sovieu constructed during theandcontribute little to the world fusion effort. These rruichincs have encountered numerous difficulties and delays. We believe that ndtner of these machines will reach the goals established for them and that neither will become folly operational*
The Soviets must join an international collaboration if (hey are to havo accessusionnextin fusion energyduring the nextears. Because of economic and manufaauring constraints, they probably ate unable to conttnktR themselves. Consequently, we expect that0 the Soviets will strongly pursue an agreement to continue the ITER program. Although they would prefer an agreement to build ITER, we believe they would accept anatrrccment to conduct pengtaeering design phaseonstruction decision is made i
advantages to the internattonal fusion community of including the USSR in subsequent phases of the ITER program are poUtical and economic, rather than technical. The Sovieu' fusion technology has
generally logged that in lie United Statei, and theecoming larger. Their problems item from poor quality control in industry, plus the general economic and political problems in their society. We expect, however, that they can contribute their fair share of resources, and eouipment) if an international agreement to construct an ITER is reached.
During the last decade, the Soviets have made major conceptualontributions to INTOR and ITER. If the ITER program bt extended into an engineering-design phase- we expect the Soviets to make similar significant contributions'
If the ITER project is not continued, the Soviets will probably pursue an agreement toan-European ETR. The Soviets considered this approachnd recent political developments have made it even "oore
1.
Content*
Summary
Soviet Tokamak Protiam
International Collaboration
Mtcfairaea
Auxiliary Equipment
Heatiai
Furies
DuinosiK and Control
Theory "id Cx*npuUtiopa
Rngineeiinj and Deiian
MatenaU
Soviet Stcllarator PTotrram
Soviet Open-Trap Program
Outlook
International Collaboration
Scxt Tokaaaka
PuunruHealJaat
Other Support
A.
of Tenrut
Tutorial
* ji
The Soviet Magnetic Confinement Fusion Program: An International Future
noo
Historically, the Soviet Union bai pursued three magnetic coo&rseiiseel fiuioa (MCF) spoeoaches (ice the technical background on pages potential heat sources for future clmndly-gencratlrig plants. As is tiue in other mayor fusion programs throughout the svorld, Ihe Soviet MCF program emphasises research on the tokamak approach Sovalkr efforts arc devoted to reseaich on open tinps ands well as the liter native fusion approach known as inertonfinement fusion
Soviet MCF research is pursued in several scaentifK itutiluiea. The lead institute fot tbe Soviet tokamak program ia the Institute of Atomiceat.I i. and research is centered In its Department of Plasma Pbyalcs in Moscow and at its branch hi Troitsk. The stcllaratoc effort is divided among the Institute of Genera) PhysicsAE. and tbe Khar*kov Physical Technical Institute (KhFTIl Moat Soviei research on open Hap* is done in the Department of Plasma Physics at the Institute of Nuclear PhysioaF) in Novosibirsk
Fee the past I) yean, ihesupervisor" of
the Soviet MCF program hai been Ye. P. Vclikhov.
formerly IAE deputyad now IAE director. Veukbov's direct involvement in the Soviet
MCF program has decreased in recent years because of increased and more varied responsibilitiesaa he became vice7f the USSR
1
" Ttt Hh MfUMCI. iDtimdi.
r
Sckofxto General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev,ull) of Ihe Communist Party of tbe Sovsei Union Central Committee, hia control over the general funding.rrf direction of theMCF program has grown/"
j
The Scnet tckamak effort is large arid widespread The IAE employseople in aieas rdaied
to fusion research;f them areTbe Department of Plasma Physicstaff of, most of whom are performing tokamak-related taika
Tbe Soviet open-trap and stellarator programs are much smaller than tbe tokamak program, Tbe siellar-ator program ii fragmented and does notational leader The open trap program ataF is aboutercent of ibe total (YaP effort (manpower/ fur>din(/resources) The core technical staff for fusion is ewer IVi eeorne. about SO arr fhmtdatf1^
1
Jhe Soviet MCF programot. .ingle integrated or wrumated program. Instead, bislorically. it baa been several different programs funded by differentnet. with .nst.tute directors having much discretion
fusionuclear process Induced by thermal motion of the reacting particles. Fusion occurs In avery hot gas of positive tons (nuclei) and electrons. The fusion reaction with the least strenuous requirements Involve] the fusingof the nuclei of the hydrogen Isotopesand tritium (DTI Tritium Is radioactive and must be productd/brei
In the laboratory, two methods are used toT plasma long enough foe large numbers of fusion reactions to occur: magnetic confinement fusion (MCF) and Inertia! confine meatn MCI. magnetic fields are used to locaUit andthe DT plasma.s being pursued to develop new energy sources for electrical power plants. In ICF. the DTfuel Is Imploded, and the mass Inertia keeps the small ball of DT plasma together for short periods of time
Three of the design approaches to MCF beingare tokamaks. ttellaratert, and open traps. Tokamaks are corUrolltd-nucltar-fuslon devicesoughnut-shaped vacuum vessel within which the plasma is contained by magnetic fields. Oneof the magnetic field is providedlasma currentlow of electrons through the center of thetellarator It similarokamak, but all components of Us confining magnetic field are supplied by magnets. Unlike these circular devices. Open traps are linear confintmenl devices that usually use "magneticplugs"at iheends. Theslmplest open trap Is ihe magnetic mirrormagnetic solenoid with higher magnetic field colls at each end to prevent escape of the plasma. The tandem mirroragnetic solenoidagnetic mirror at eachultiple minoreries of rnagnetlc mirrors end to end to prevent end losses. Thetrapersionimple magnetic mirrorechanism to stabilise the plasm*.
MCF devices require auxiliary healing systems to heat the plasmas to thermonuclear temperatures. Two types of auxiliary heating systems are rmdlafrt-tueney (RF) and neutral beam. The three types of UF healing, eachifferent frequency, are electron cyclotron resonance healing (ECRBl Ion cyclotron resonance healingnd lower hybrid heatingCRU Is provided by RF lubes known as gyrolrons; It It iht Soviets' most prominent and successful technique for heatingossible future source for ECRU Is the free electron laser, which produces radiation by rapid movement of accelerated electrons '
The most advanced MCF device is the tokamak. Present tokamaks In Western Europe and the United Slates art likely to use DTfuel and demonstrate scientific breakeven (fusion energy produced equals energy put Into plasma) In the nexl five years. The next large tokamak to be built will be an engineering tttt reactor. This tokamak and future largerwill use blanket modules around the plasma. The tritium for future operation vrlll bt bred when tht blanket material absorbs fusion neutrons.can be added to ihe blanket so fissionable maierial can be bred; this approach Is known as the hybrid rtactoK'
Common measures used to characterize the slit of*
Major plasmafrom tht center of the tokamak to the center of the plasma.
Minor plasmafrom thectnterof the plasma to the edge of the plasma.
Magnetic field strength.
Magnitude of plasma current
Amount of auxiliary healing
lossary of technical terms and descriptions of major tokamaks. All of the above topics artIn more detail Inhrough
over tbc cspeodhiirc of funds. The major institutes are opera ltd by too USSR Stale Cornrnjitee for the Utilization of Alomk Energy (GKAEk UM AN tbe Ukrainian SSR Academy of Science, aod tbe Siberi. an Division of the AN.
Sonet Toluinik Progrsra
For clamy'i take, the Soviet tokamak rxogrsni can be viewed at bavins fivemaebinea. auxiliary equipinenU theory and cotn-pu rations, aod eng-inocriog aad design The preaeni states of tack it given below,oorc cletailed, hiiloeical peiipectlve on Soviet tokamaks andcotlaboeaiioa is tlven inad F. rcspcctrrciy. In reality these ere neither separate parti, dotthey partsotally coordinated program
liMraattoanl OtOaJwratto.
International coDaboraiion hasignifleani rote ia the Soviei MCF eeogratn, we eipect it toajor role daring use nextears. Donna past cullaboratioa, the Soviets have been exposed to ad-vinced ideal, compulalvoci. and equipment available in ihc Wen. Id addition, they have conducted mimee-oui experiments that tbey cc-old not have peaformed onf the Soviets remain in-votved in iatcrnarjonal eflorta toolk*teat reactore believe ihat the RAD for ihi* BTR win be the major empetiU of Soviei MCF research. We expect that the Sovicu will strongly pursue all poasibilitiea to ensure their psrttci-pationultilateral program tousion ETK _
A aignificant US-Soviet fuaion exchange was initiated3 aa part of an agreement on tbe peaceful ases of atomic energy. According to thb agreement, the
goal of fusion cooper* lion was the development of prototype and deirsxetraUon-scaSf tattoo, reactors. After aomc initial ditncnJtict (maitily political and orgimutioeaO. thai exchange wu expanded cooiider-ably during the last five years. Activities in this bilateril agreement now indite joint planning of research, joint experimental eflorta, tad coordinated RAD related to the international tofcarruk program called the Interuliona] Thermonuclear Experirneatal Reactor (ITER)
he USSR proposed that the major world fusion programs join to design, comt/uet, todarge Mfcassaji That proposal resulted in aof Intianatiooal Tokanak Reactor (INTOR) wcrkihops, which were held9lthough lignin-cant progress was made in Ihese woelabops, they were beaiastonrJBg scisiont intlcadedicated design effort. In stddiuon, it became apparentew years that, unlike the Soviet Union, the other partners (United States, Japan, andere notin lie kmbI conitrwciioa of in RTR-iin machine.
Dlacussions at the lummil meetings betweenReagan and General Secretary6 led to the ITER project,began lat presenthree-year effort, with the aamethe INTOR, toooceptual design forETR basedokamak Unlike usethe ITEReaiinc design effortRADoint design team. Theapproved goal of the ITER is to provide, byll Use in/cematket needed for one orto decide to build tbe ITER in theDiscussions an under way coo coning afive-year engineering -design
Soviet contributions lo th* INTOR and ITERdesign efforts have beenndWe eopect lhal future contributions to an ITER
West IMni ndcarstsM M ihf
,-lI
rajiceerinj design phase will be of Ihe uneThere would be some limitations lo Soviet coniriou-lions, however. Soviet component RAD lends to be conservative becauseack of computer power.
il was out back Into ooe ration durirur the rummer of
t
Tbe Soviets began indication their Interest ininvolved in Ibe planned US Compact ignition Tokamak (CIT) fusion device projecthe Soviels were interested in providing electrical energy systems, electron cyclotron resonance beating fCRHi muirxnent. and diagnostic couiomcnt [
We believe that tbe Soviets have increased theof their intranational fusion involvenseals. The Sovieu have been aggressive in their attempts to become pan of the CIT program; V. A. Chuyanov had been the spearhead of Ibis effort Similarly, the Sovieu initiated the campa-gs lhat led lo the ITER program and cootisae to push for commitments io build it VeraadBov. Kadoentscv. and Chuyano* play major roka in ibe ITER program In addition, the Sovicta have allocated large arnounU of money,aod industrial priorityulfilling theiito internationaluch of ihese resources have been used for equipriscot lhai lhchnH not developed for their own piojecu.
MacUrata
nn workhorse of tbe Soviet tokamak program baa been0 tokansak (see figure I) al IAE In Moscow Dunng,Oeaperi-mental program ocwceotrated on ECRH by gyrotrmss Although the0 ceased in
f
' CcnMracUoa of OM CIT aai beenastrarumiMuna of Use dtmrior of UKNo US
*-pi-ion or.uciMtlo"bornn Upcndint.
t.
Tbe world's first superconducting tokansak.t IAE lo Mosoowjjsee figureegan operationhe superconducling magncU never operated al their design value, andasajor component of ihe plasma phyaici program at IAE. The superconducting magneu were not required for the physics studies carried out. and the lack of liquid helium for tbe superconducting mag acts severelyIhe available ciperiraeaiul time.as been shut downS-
Tbe largest tokamak In the USSR IsSfeec figure wit is located at the IAE in Moscow and has superconducting magnets. Major delays in theof5 occurred because of component fabrication problems, initially wilh the large oiobium-lio superconducting magnets. Although the SovieU celebrated the itsrtupof5 inhs machine has not approached design parameters. Because of problems wilh the cryogenic system fot the superconducting magneu,5 was shut down inlthough testing of) began int was scheduled to be shut down from0 through the ipringuxiliary heating systems arc to be insuUcd during thisA major component of5 eipcriracnUl piogram will be aof ihe PCRH omrxam started on iKcT-inf^ .
The TSP (tokamak wiih strong field;nee tifnrn Jl) previously known as. Ia tbe first Soviet tokamak designed io use deuterium-tritium (DT) fuel. The original goal for this tokamak. which is located at IAE ia Troitsk, was to use large toroidal magnetic fields and adiabatic radial plasma compress km to approach break-even conditionsT plaima for
*
(iffit;.
Table 1
Typical Parameters of Urge Sorlrt Toh.ni.ks
Mu. plilm*
Onaiii IcrcataliM/tnt
rWaauonrwa
[sssgajasvavaj
Audito beaiUtf power Jsasjaasaaaaf
> e/on (tnd lOtrl iumprruH>
SdknSalol to Ix
' SrSSwtwW IWTVM U 10
' OtUial Sens! VaiSnp Limei
Dougaenl, Dcuraealt
time periods
After the first plasma was created in the TSP in latehe TSP was abut down for modirica-tions. At present, it is operating with very reduced parameters (magneticnddentil* for
1
The Soviets beganccessor toS. known aa experimental thermonuclear reactora IM) Tbe OTR is designed toT pUsma and iu per conducting toroidal-held magnets. The goal of the OTR program ia toeactor-relevant plasma aod to provide for testing of resctce-resevsat cocnporsenui. Although the original designs of the OTR emphasiied its fusion-fission hybrid nature. Ihe use of hybrid components hat been deemphasiicd in reeeat designs Research for the OTR and ITER prefects iidone by the same group at IAE; Vetikhov is Ibe project director, and Kndomtsevhe
acicnlific director. During the last two years, tbe corsceatratioo of this research on ITER RAD baa increased steadili [Z
2.
All large Soviet lokamaks have been conceived and built at the IA Ii Some typical parameters for these large tokamaks are presented is tablebe Soviets have irsdjoated lhat they are considering lhc designs of small lokariHiks for studying Speofie areas of plasma behavior in preparation for tbe OTR. These tokamaks apparently are in Ibedesign iiagea and their future is unceruip
Tbe operating small Sonet tokamaks are located primarily at the lofle Physical Technical Institute (FTI) in Leningrad. The FT scries baa been used to aiudy radiotrequeiscy merheds of heating plasmas in tokamaks. and the Twmaa series has been used to etody magnetic compression of tokamak plasmas The three currently orienting lokarnaks in th*aeries were built01
fJuni /iVafiag. The most prominent aod successful pari of tbe Soviet etTort to beat tokamak plasmas is
ECRH using gYrotroni Significant experiments were carried out oo0 tokamak; llB.0 badilowatt (tW) gyroejoaa. Tbe T-
i acboduled to have an arrayW gyTotrons New jjyreavotaa arc being atud-iod and develtsped at ibe Institute of Applied Physics (IPF) in Oor'kjy.
Tbe Soviets at present have Utile capability foe attady-mi ion cyclotron reaorsartccower hybrid beating, or neutral beam beatinr of tokamak plasmas la Ute poii. Ihey have committed only limited amounts of effort to these heating techniques, and we do not espect this lo change dramatically in the future. Research oo ion aotiroca for neutral beameing done at IAR aod lYaF
FtMum fav/iag. The Leningrad M. I. Kalinin Poly-technical Institute (LPI)ight-gaS-gun. hydioaen-pellet injector (basedS design) that was used for plasma fucunstespcriments on0tl _Jtbc institute has devel-opod aa advanced model for use onnd isentrifugeet inleetorL
J
Di'tmoilic aad Coxtroi katiprntit. Diagnosticdata acquisition) and control equipment on Sosiet tokamaks has evolved durings more digital electronic and computer equipment hasavailable. Tbe Hungarian Central Physioswhich has been involved in tbe Soviet tokamak program for overears, provided most of this electronic and computer equipment.0 have served as test beds for equipment developed for use on. The diagrsoatic/daU-aoaulsitloo equipment now on0arious mixture of old (camerasand new (compater) tech-nc4ogici
The development of diagr-oatic/dnui-Dcquiiition equipment for Soviet tokamak experiments is going oo at the IAE, FTl (la collaboration wilhhe Central Institute of Electron Physios in Eastand the Hungarian Central Physics Institute^ J
XL
Utile sraxtnc lectuiioal information it availablediagnosu and centrol eauiptneai for thedeacribed the TSP eoenpui-
er controla leas than optunaun. As partroposed joint collaboratioo on the US CIT. the Soviets had indicated that they could develop appro-priaie diagnosiic equir*neot (requirements for aucb eoolomcat would be similar for the CIT and TSP).
Theory and Compel*fiom
During, Soviet totoinah theory doscly paralleled, and often followed, lhai in the West, Fromhrough, ihe Sovieu madecontributions lo the sdvartcetrient of tokamak confinement theory. At present, several prominent arena pursued in theaa turbulent trans-pert (whichrucial rote In tokamaklittle attention lo tbe USSR; these often are areas in which computer modeling plays aa important role. The Soviets have ooe of tbe lending programs on the calculation and tneasurernent of fioton-relevant atomicbasic area ttaportaat to plasma nodding and diagnostics
la tbe area of scientific computing. Soviet fusion scientists have concentrated on proeeenas with direct relevance to tbe design and interpretation of caigoinj and planned eipenmenta. Because nsost of this work Is Still done oa old, BESM computers, the Soviets have devdoped some novel algorithms that allow them to solve multidimensionalusing very limited computational capabilities
-r
Engineering and Design
Magnets. The Soviets have not densonilraled the ability to fabricate Urge, reliable magnets. Supercoo-duaing toroidal-Ik Id magneta (colli) have beenon. as have high-held normalon the TSP. However, neilbcr of these systems
hai been operated at full power or for long periods of toto.5 was ahui down during the lurnmcr9 because of problemi with tie cryogenic tniem for the aurxreoodueting magnets. The ruperoooduct-jng magncu included in the OTR designs seem to be based on world aundardi, not Soviet
3
Ms-f'is-'i. The Sonetsedgiing program to investigate the properties of material! to be used in fun on reactors, but they do notrogram to develop new rttatcxials. Most of the materials data they use in their design studies aeeros to come from tbe nation program (Initial US work wis based on fission experiencebe Sovietsignificant progrim devoted to the use of liquid mruli in fuaionuch of the impetus and basic data for this program also probably cocoes from research in the fission program- Materials aadreset rch are prominent parts of the US-Soviet fuiioo bilateral exchange program
Generally, the Soviei MCP program has suffered because of poor workmanship and lack of quality control in the manfacturc of largeRecent problemi withJ and TSP indicate that these oondilions persist. Upheaval! in Soviet societyiccrtatcd this condition, and it ii unlikely that Soviet industry will be able to produce tbc highly reliable, large"outred for the OTR/ITER ia the nutean
rvslga. The Soviet deelgn effort for large tokimski it centered in the 1AE Technology Croup headed by V. V. Orlov. with lubtttntia! lupport from the'iical Apparatus Scientific Research Insiitutc ImtMcfrctnov Instituterecent yean.f this effort hai been devoted to work oo the INTOR and OTR programs. Tbe present emphasis is on the ITER programhe astisianl project director oo av4-'! lecbaoloevfiw ibe ITERiwn-nr-
Scientists at KhFTl have devdcjpod ibc Urtgsn-scriei tlellarniors. Theellaritor his been la operation since.a currently being usedasic research and training tool.as been rebuilt to eliminate errors In the alignment of Its magnets. (Tbe misalignment of the magnets was revealed and measuredS dcviceO ThecalledM) use* neutral beam heating; low-level experiments were begunMew version ofesign) stellar*(or is under construction al KhFTl. Soviet adeatiiti believe thatM will bein|
Tbc only ateUaiaior in operation at the IOF is, which became operationalbe IOF plans to ihut down0 and replace iti vacuum vessel; completion of this modification is expected to takeear. For more than five years, the IOF has been seeking approvalollow-onknownML. Although the OKAB earlier bad approved funding forM machine, it was canceled when an industrial peime_contractor for the project could not be located?
Soviet Open-Trap Program
I YaFs open-trap program is pursuing several plasma confinementtandem mirrors, electron-beam-hented multiple mirrors, andtraps. The large open-trap theory groupeaded by Ryntov, basignificant role In the conceptual development of annroaches toin open-trap systems
The AMBAL tandem mirror device,as never operatedandem mirror. One of iu large quadrupole magnets shorted out during testing of the whole system. Single-cell ex peri-menu were begun in the remainingbout this time, the Soviets began the design of theandem mirror device. Components of tbb device are under construction and are being tested Individually
s operating threendhexnerimenU have provided information on plasma physics and technology; ex-perimeoU anhould provide information oq confinementandnrdiied electron beam generator (Ul) has been developedcgaclcc-tronvolt particlekiloampere beam current,itojoule total beam energy'
The goal of IYaPt gas-dynamic-trapomall, intense neutron source for materials testing. The researchers will heat the outflowing plasma withegawattsiloelectionvclt ion beams. Initial results on the gas-dynamic-trapat lYaF were reportedesults have been encouraging. This project seems lo use plasms guns and neutral beams developed for AMBAL and magnet technology developed for the OOL experi-neatS
7merican tcsenlisU tpeni several month* at IYaF performing experiment!nterested in expanding this activity and increasing the US commitment to research at fYflF foreriods
The IYaF open-trap program teems to be directed toward providing unique facilities for studying plat-miseutron source for fusion materialsWithout active support from the United Slates, open traps are likely to be discontinued in the Soviet Uniononfinement approach (as was done in tbe United States several year* ago T"
Outlook
internsriooal Collaboration
We doubt that the Soviet* will be able to wdepeodeot-ly construct andusion ETR, luch as the OTR or ITER, during the nexthisis due to technical/engineering ihort comings. The many problems wltb the TSP5 tokamaks have demonstrated that Soviet craftsmanship and
qualityi are poor.re large high-technology machines thai require very reliable components, arc eipecl thai Soviet industry will not be able to produce crucial ETR coroponeata during the nextean. Tne technical problems haveacer baled by the recent societal unreal ia tbe USSR
Cceuoguenily. tbe Sovieu need to join ancollaboration if they art to have access to an ETR. We believe that the Soviet fusion leadership has realized for the lastears that (aiion projects such as an ETR could be built onlynullinational effort. If Washington approves US participation in an ITER engineering design phasee believe that the Soviets, as well as the Japanese and Euratom, will join this enter prise. Oo the other band, wc believe that. If the US Government does not reach such an aarcementhe ITER enterprise probably will dissolve. Wc assess that, if thii abould occur, tbe Sovieu willtrueg approach to Western Europe for contractionan-European ETR. Tbe Soviet! considered thisS. and recent political even's in Easternncreaseeaj-bood of eoch an approach
We espect Lhat, if the ITER program continues, the Soviet! win make major contributions to thedesign phase. They have demo intra ted their caps-btlitics in the previous INTOR and ITER conceptual design efforU. Although Soviet design cnpabiLitics generally trail those In the United Stales, we believe that the SovieU are capable ofompetent OTR/ITER design. Weowever, that the resulting machine would be larger, nacredesigned, and more costlymparabte one dessigned in the United Sutes
The decision to include tike USSRilateral or multilateral program to build an ETR will be based on political and/or exonornicnlbe Sovieu do not pensess any technological advantages ever their ITER partners. However, we believe that the SovieU can, aod will, contribute their fair share of rawtttxit includedrogram to build aa ETR.
International collaboration has probablyarger portion of the Soviet MCF program during the hut five years. This collaboration leecni to have resulted in additional funding for bilateral (CIT) and international (ITER) programs. We believe that, if the Soviets arc included in follow-on phases of the ITER program. ITER will become the primary focus of the Soviet MCF program. We expect that small research programs oo stellarators and open traps will beand that tbe ateUaiaior program will be used lo study areas applicable to ITER research. The roost likely role for tbe open trapeutron source for testing materials of interest to the ITER program.
ka ma hi
We believe thai lhc Soviet ejperimcoul tokamak program lags significantly behind that ia the Uniied Sutes because of an emphasis on large tokamaks. In recent years, most of Ibe small tokamaks at the IAE have been dismantled to make personnel and Ooor-spacc available for5 project, la addition, work on5 has Interfered with tbe operation! of0okamak*esult, we beJ hat the Soviet eiperinveoul MCF program ii quiterelative to that in the United Sutes. To partially overcome tbe delays In the atari ofrogram,0 was rtntartcd in9 to performroerimenU needed lo fulfill ITER rrx^rcrnersU
We doubt thattD make any ajgaincan:
coeaributioni to the ITER/OTR program.S probably will net become fully operationalver eight years after iu US counterpart (the Tokamak Fusion TotIn addition,5 will not use deuterium or tritium (the TFTR haa used deuterium'* wilieduled to oae tritium In tbe next few years
We believe that the TSP tokamak will not make any ugnificant contribution! to Ihe ITER/OTR program. We eipecl that the plasma paiaaseters attained with the TSP will not exceed those already attained on the
TFTR aad JET (Joini European Torva,Furs torn projectiecause of tbe long delayi la the TSP project, the device problems still to be corrected, aad Ihe plasma parameters bitty to be auained. the Soviet! probabty will not esc intium in tbeeauh, Soviet tritium expertiaa win remain in the nuclear weapons program
ilai
RH experuoenU5 are >eocar-dized by tbe low frequency (SOigahertz) aod ihort pulse length (less thaa one second) of the available Soviet gyrotrons. Although ligDificant near-term remits oo ECRII could be obtained1 using idvsnced gyrotrou being developed ia tbe USSR, and avsilabk lailed States, gyiotrons may notong-term rote in ECRU Therequency aonrce reciuired for ECRH in fusion power reactori may he the free elect roellbcjngh the Unitedonducting eiper imeatt oo the use of an FEL for ECRH and enrrlot driveokamak. no similar eipenaienul efforts arc apparent ta the Soviei MCF program TbeofeticsJ effort! relaied to the use ofor ECRH are under wy at IPF ia Gor'ldy
The USSR significantly trails the United Statesand lower hybrid besting technology,of neglect Because neither of:ed for use oae believeof tbe United Stair* will Increase during tbeAlthough Use Soviet! have no recentwith neutral beam beaUng of tokamaktheir American counterparts, whoseexperience hai been obtained over the lastexpect tbc Soviets to gain experiencebeam heating technology during theSignificant technological development!to come from IYaF. and experience willfrom operitjoo of5 aod TSPhowever, that the Soviets will continue tobehind the United Stales inhealing technology for lhc foreseeable future;lag probably aba will continue intechnology. Tbc Soviet! have
itate-of-the-art equipment la all these technologies during US-Soviet bilateral act!vide* and during ITER design activities.
Othrr Sapped Techaosogtea
We believe il likely that Sovietitr and controldequate for lb* Soviet MCF program even though Soviei exauipcaertt lack* the lophistkatioo found in US equipment. The absence of many types of sophisticated equipment generally means that the SovicU cannot obtain independent measAircmeou of plaima psrsmetcn Ifsed in the TSP. the auccea* of the TSP eaperimental program probably would depend on the availability of diagnostics for very short neutron pulses. Such equipment has not been observed in Ihe Soviet MCF program butb available in the nuclear weapon* program We expect to observe increased Soviet developmenlal work oo dilgTiratir equipment if the Soviet* brcorne partner! iar ITER pogrami
Soviet tokamak corsfineeoeei theory aad soeetiac competing are compelnd progressing. These technologies ano slow the progress of tbe Soviei dotncsiic MCF program The Soviets, however, trail the United State* la mosi lopica la these areas. Although tbe Soviets have made significant strides in utilizing algorithm! and computen, ihese advance* pale la significance when compared with tbccomputing powertn the US MCFduring the last decade
We believe it unlikely that Soviet industry could produce tba large, reliable lurxrceoductcg cagncU req aired for the construction of aa ETR in tbe aeziean. Soviet magnet technology isgnhVainUy lags thai in tbe Un fedlthough the cocipletioo of the niobium-tin lupercicssductiag oiagncu5ignificant achievement, we behove that the SorieU have not yet addressed all tbc major problema of these magnet' In addition, tbc design, fabrication, and conductor techno!ogies used am not nearly as sophisticated ai those available in tbe
United Sutet- Theupertonducting magneus cornpleied In
ave peraraewn anperto* to those of3 magneu, but are made from the less demand.ng nlobium-tiuuuni lupctconductor
We believe that the Sovieta' fusion materials rcacarchfioantlr trails that in tbe United Sube Soviets, through their fission program, continue
to contribute to the radiation damage data base for fusion materials. We assess, however, that tbe Soviet program for the developsrtent of new materials lags rignificanlly behind lhat of the United Sutes. We expeci this situation to continue in tbe near term. Tbe Sovieuignificantn the use of liquid metals in fusion reactors
tppesidaX A
GloSSar,Of 1
AnllUry memtinx ayttem: aystem Modul pk.cn. Hybriduiion rector with blanket .nodule, inmagoelic confjocment ruaion device lo Ihejrnonu- for breeding fiMile fueLnilUon kdvina) leenperaiurct.
Interwationaleactor
m. i i iiinvjmi rj^cfUtMstal Krai
Mrurta* modules placed around aobject of present mlexnaricosJ
chasober. used lo breed rriuusn. to breed fissilean ETR.
(an, hybridad/or to reuaove heat.
j crepes, erf tntium or fissile rns.erial
neutron absorption in nn anrsrrjpriau
, Lgsdcio.ropc-ed US letrjCRJft typo of RF
heaUng thai eTKrgiiea ions.
arfre- use of heat ing techniques to create andee- (tVTt large* tokamak inthe pluma current inEurope.
ll be used to JT-dft largest tokamak in Japan, fuel fusion power reactor.
UwerU, (UOfy type erf RF beaung.
j limi: type(RF) heating that cnergircs
%Vf|i|
thermonuclear plasma using magnetic fields.
j test reactoreneric term (orgeneration of Urge wkarn* gdj be used for Magnetic ubrnrt open trap with ^magnetic ping,"testing of proposed powerptug.
cornponenu.
- - trap: MCF derice io which external mag-
svat. duta.ee from the geornetric
mcauc dectrco^gnetkof the lokamak to theod
Icombinauoo erf tight nuclear particle* to
article, andpta. rsssta: dlsUne,,ho
_ of Ihe plasma lo the plaama edge,
dynamicCw Soviet version of a
mlrror; poaalble candidatearge neutron(MeVknergyillion elec-
ui , ectron volt correspondsinetic
Crroernan RF lube used5 ketvins.
U
Martial*erlta of magnetic rolfton.
raldeettoa: ihe inkctlon of neutral hydro-gCB aiocoi for heating of plaima low by collision.
trajt linear magnetic trap for which external colli provide the entire cceiliotng magnetic
T-l* tokamak bow known ai TSP.
argeat Soviet tokamak; not yet tally Operational.
ery huge tokamak designed by SovfeU la; not built.
fuiion caused by thermal
hot iceiacd gai.
flow of electioeu ikreig ibe centralOf Ihe piurna.
l/atagnet: rosanet thaiiaima-andceoidil (axial)
r (RF) kiarAaar type of auxi&ary beating using eiecJrceriataelicarticular kind* are ECJUH. ICRH. and LHH.
Tnfcawek: eooat developed MCF device;troeg toroidal magnetic (kid created by externalart of the total magnetic held ii created by plasma current.
FuaWn Teat Reactorrgent US icauiiatL
fVil majactK neW pursue! to
point when the plaima produce* fuiion energy equal to energy needed to heat plsuna
oroidal (evened) magnetic trap.
oviet tokamak wilh aupercondocting pokudal ceil*.
Tritium: radioactive hydrogen iaotopc; wilt be wed with deuterium in initial fusion power reactor*.
TSP: new Soviot tokamak; will uie crjoipreasloa of plaima; not yet fully operational.
major Soviet teaamak5
usion Tulorial
Backer renctioai can be used lo pewide nuclear energy for producjagaad fusionhese energy-produdeg nuclearare possible because ihe mean binding energy per nockon (lhal Is. oeuiroo or proton) at leas in both tbe bgbiesi (for eaampte, hydrogen) and the hea*iett (for exazrsple, uranium) eucla thaaor nuclei bt the intermedial* mass range (for example,hown tcbernatkally in figurehe nucleiby eitheroe rcactioas arc leas masnve than those thai entered Lnlo the ruction. Inwith Einstein* equation.the lot* of man showsnergy,This paper deals only with thermonuclear fusion
Thermonuclearuclear process in which two light nuclei fuse together, react, and release energy. Because nuclei hare positive electricalheyepel each other.arge number of fusion re* ctiom lo occuruati-cootinsous rnanner. the nuclei must be given large velocities. Tbc increased motion of th* nucleitbc probability thai Ibcy will collide aad fuse together. These conditions applylasma (see inset'
For energy prodoctioo, the most useful fusionare those involving the heavy isotope* ofaod iritium (the nuclei arc referred to as deuterooi and Iritons,be fusion reaction with the largest cross sectionf occurrence) at tbc lowestbe deuterium-tritium (DT) reaction. Thb ruction (see figure S) will be used in the first fusion ret etc* (that is, initial fusion power-producingecauseadioactive2 years) tod the DT reaction produces copious quantities of high-easergyt it desirable that fusion ruetcet eventually use deuterium-deuteriumaturally occurring hydrogen iaceop* thai can be extracted from MewatcfV
From the viewpoint of electricity prcdueiion, fusion is just another type of combustion. Althoughoctur combustion (Involves riuckont) rather than chemical
Plum*
A statt of malUr knownroduced bp adding thermal (heal) energyai. When hear t* added toe gai (thai Is. when the temperature of the gas Isu const linens molecules gain energy of motion (that ts. kinetichich Is proportional to the square of iheir velocity Collisions between molecules with thermal kSmetie energies exceeding their molecular binding energies result In theof the molecular gas Into an atomic gas. As the temperature ofihe gas It Increased further, the atoms acquire rnomgh thermal energy to dislodge electrons during collisions. This transition front an atomic gasacroscoptcatly neutral, but highly Ionised, gas (plasmal occurs gradually withtemperalurftf
On the surface cd tlte Earth, plasmaanmade state of matter. Outside these narrowhe normal state of matter In Ihe universe, lightning and auroral discharges In the atmosphere produce plasma. The Ionosphere and the Van Allen belt surrounding the Earth art plasmas. More Important, ihe stars and most of interstellar space art plasmas, - i
The particle kinetic entrgitl (aboutloeleesrorr-voltt) required for fusion greatly exceed the energy needed tolasma. The energy required to dissociate mart moleeulei and Ionise most atoms Is less thanlectronlhermal kinetic energyV correspondsinetic temperatureMS ketvinshus, at the temperatures of Interest lo0 millione hydrogen fuel is In ihe formlasma. Thermonuclear fusion, therefore, means lhal the fusion reactions are nuclear and are Instigated by raising tht kinetic temperature of Ihr nuclei', f
com bullion (invol fa electt fellows tbe umc type* of processes. Fusion Involves localising Lhc fuelbeating It lo hi Unit km tenners two (point st which tbe fuel releases more useful energy ttsa It loses to Its stuTOwatdiafiL rauuoialoiag use foci at (or above) Its ignition temperature, and replenishing with freshhe hot tempera-tarn Involved io fusion
The fusion pioccssractical energy sonrcethe temperature Uvolved It that oorrtspjnding to the kinetic energy (energy of motion) of theFortunately, very little radiant energy (which bscrcasca as the fourth power of the radiationIs emitted during the fusion process. If this were not the case, the hoi fusion fuel could not be located la the vicinity of man or material. (The beat energy encountered when approaching the mouthoal-burning furnace or the son isnergy
The Ihree basic methods ofot fusion pUstna arc magnetic fields, mass inertia, and gravity (seehe latter occurs in the stars but is not relevant to terrestrial research. Inertial confinement fusion naes laser or particle beams tomall pellet (radius of rrncrejencters) of DT fuel The inertia (inward enrrving mass) produced keeps the results nl hot. dense DT plasms together for short time periods (nanoieconds)arge number of DT reactions
The third type of containment, magnetic confinement fusions Ihe topic of this paper. MCF is based on the fact (sec figurehai charged particles (nuclei, tons, and elections) apirnl around and. therefore, are confined by magnetic field lines. Unlike Inertialfusion, whichbort -pulsed, high-density approach so plasma confinement. MCFow-density (plasma densityf the density of roomong-lived (order of seconds) pbenonsenon. Tbe goal of MCF Is toractical deviceagoetlc field configuration lhai Can itsW-usion plasmauasi-steady manneA
Tbe baile components of an MCF research device, and components lhat will nlso be necessary partsusion reactor,acuum vessel and an asternal
magnetic field lyttern. MCF devices can be divided into twoIn which the external magnetic field systems provide the entire confining rragnetic field crarmguralson andhich they do not Tbe most prominent of tbe Latter la the tokamak. An important component of the tokamaks magnetic field it provided by an axial electrical current that flow* through tbe plasms In the vacuum vessel (seehe former type of device ia referred toagnetic trap
TW two types of magnetic traps that have been prominently investigated aa candidatesusion reactor are the ateUarator and the open trap. The stellar* lor, and related torsatron, are toroidal devices (see figurehat may use an axial current for plasma besting (method known as ohmkpen traps are linear de-rices thai generally have 'magnetic plugs'* at both coda. The simplest types of open traps arc magnetic minors (sec figure 8'
At present, MCF is In the RAD phsse. Because MCF machines are physics devicea. tbey require Urge amounti of diagnostic equipment to collect data on plasma behavior and coofiBcencnt. Tbey also require auxiliary beating systems to bring ibeo fusion tempera teres and to keep them there. The Best generation of largeengineering tealbe used to perform physics experiments, bul lis primary function will be to address many reactor-relevant engineering issues. As these Issues txcorne farther defined, eiiemiye RAD will beio serve them
The Iwo major techrtiqnea for auxiliary heating of MCF device* am ladtc/tequency (RF) and neuirnl beam. The three primary RF lechniques (wilhrange and source device) are electronresonance beating (ECRH; aboveower hybridS Glli, thend ion cyclotronHz, lhc tetrodes their names imply, electron and Ion cyclotron resonance beating cuerglM electrons and ions uiing an deetroinagnetic
to depoait beat la lhc core of theegative ioo beams will be used to obtain Ihese energiegf*
For Ihc pastean, Ihe United State* ha* been developing reference designs for "commercial" fusion reaciors. These are not blueprints for the future bul are problem linden. They help delineate what type* of ayitcmi and material* will be required and what kind* of research are needed to acquire them. These dcsigni havearge role in the definition of tbe.content and direction of the US fusion program.
Hybrid Reactor Concept
In concept, the complementary neutronlc nature of the fission and fusion reactions can be combined In the fustorvjisston hybrid reaelor. The fission reaction Is neutron poor, and the fusion reaction Is neutron rich (theyeutrons, respectively,tetaelearonvolts of nuclearn addition, the fission neutrons art required toa fission chain reaction, bul fusion neutrons ploy no role in future fusion reactions other than breeding tritium
ybrid reactor, the vacuum vessel of ihe fusion device would be surrounded by blanket modules containing fertile material (ihat Is, material such as natural uranium that can be converted Into fissile material such as plutonium by Iht absorption ofcice ccuid be used losupply ihefuel/ora-'numlyer.of nuclear fission reactors. This was one of ihti drivingforces for the consideration of hybrids In the.pasi.-eipeclally In ihetalf drawback ufovever. Is that fissions In their blankets create the same highly radioactive fission productwolirS asinlissionreac-tors. Because of the radioactivity problems caused by the USSR's Chernobyl'reactor er+iAent, theof hybrids has diminished
The advantage of the hybrid reaelor Is thai It couldusion sysltm with less demanding plasma parametersure fusion power reactor.this shouldore near-term possibilityure fusion power reactor. The additionertile blanket, however, may seriously complicate the engineering of the reactor and the politics of lit acceptability. Studies on the design nnd tafety of hybrid reactors art In an early stags;
Important featuresuiioo reactor will be sire, economics, and safety. MCF reactors lend to be Urge because ihey have low plgimi densities. Tbe derail) is limited because tbe inward pressure of the magnetic field must bo larger than the outward press arc of the hot plasms (the available magnetic field Li limited by tbe magnetic forces or pressures between toroidal magnets that can be handledhereurther limit because the fuiioo power Increases as the iquaic of the plasma density. If tbe power density of the plasma becomes too high, the high-energy-neutron and thermal leads on the rraterial wall* of the reactor become ao great that the lifetime* of the materials become impractically iborT
Fusion reactors will need to use superconductingormal copper magnets are not practical fot tbc continuously operating, high-field magnetsin reactors. The lite and operating costs of copper magnets would make the reactor uneconomt-catr '
To operate qwxi-continuously, an MCF reactor willlairaa refueling lyiicm. This lystcm is likely loellet-(deuterium or iritium ice) injector (pneumatic, centrifugal, oruxiliary heating systems will be user! "to bring the plasma to fusion temperatures and possibly to maintain it there'
ough the DT fusion neutrons are not useful in maintaining fusion reactions, they play two crucial rolesusion reactor. They are absorbed Id blanket modules containing lithium and breed the tritium necessary to fuel the reactor; The beat energya* tbe neutron* sknvdown by collision* is removedoolant and used lo create it cam for the production ofhird, possible use to tails absorption of the neutrons In blanket modulesuranium. Such hybrid reactors (see inset) would be used to breed plutoniumeact on in ihe nuclear power industry
okamaks
I.uioiUI
The lokaovik (Rusaisn acronym fee toroidal kamera magnrttk or Icteoklsl magnetic chamber)oviei concept- (The tokamak coru^guratioe wus described theoretically In the USSR and ibe United States in the, bat US teientbtt did not pursue this approach untilokamak la an asJnlly syrnmetric toroidal system (seendn which the plasma is confinedtrong toroidal magnetic Geld (produced by an external toroidal solenoid of Independentogether with apososdal magnetic field (produced primarilyoroidal/aalaI electric current flowing in tbe plasmaplasma currentl The combination of the two fields produces nested toroidal magnetic surfaces composed of helical field lines. The poloidal magnetic field ts responsible fot tbe equilibrium of the plasma, and the toroidal magnetic field suppresses the main magnetobydrodynamicils bill lies'
AH tokamaks. both built and designed,ans-farmer, with or without an iron core, to Induce and maintain the toroidal current (acebe lint of plasma act*ne-turn secondary winding for the transformer. Userauforrner causes tbe tokamak to be an inherently pulsed machine.is under way on radiofrcqsency (RF)to create and maintain the toroidal curreni (these teebniqnes ara known as RF current drive) in lieu ofransformer If this technique ia rocoeaaful ihe ttskamnk could operateuasi-continuous reactor.'
Tokamak plaimas are created and heated toward fusion tcmperatarea by the toroidal current (electrons) Bcrwing through them and colliding with the constitu-errt particles,nown as ohrruc ben ting.it is characteristic of plasma resistance that It decreases ai the temperature Increasos.esult, ohnue beating alone cannot be used lo reach fusion lernperalures. Therefore, even for'nkamak. aujiHa-ry heating systems are
The first wallokamak is the material wall closest to ihe plasma. Protection of tbe Aral wall isfor reactors because first-wall failure can lead to long down times and complicated maintenance problems. First-wall failures can be caused by stresses (such as thermal, magnetic, and presamrck, radiation damage, surface bombardment, and chemical reao tiorat
A tokamak plaama must be kept free of impurities (nuclei heavier than hydrogen) that can cool the hydrogen nuclei. Because most impurities (generally nuclei sputtered off tbe first wall or otber structural materia Is) are located in the outer layers of Ihe plasma. Ihey can be retrievedimrterivertetal limiter est cods around theof ibe torus (vacuum vessel) ia the toroidal direction. When nucha strike the plasma aide of the bmitcr, tbey are ncuiraliicd and pumpedivert orevice that bends the outer magnetic field lines away from the plasma and Into an catcrnal chamber. Tho outer layers of the plasma arerernoved. cooled, neutralized, and pumped away from ihe divcrtor. This process not only removes impurities bul abo decreasesbardrneat thaiputtering of impurities/
The aspect talk) of (be torusokamak. definedratio of the major plasma radius (R) to Useradius (a) (teceems to play ain liability and confinement conditions forBecause the theoretical undemandingb limited, the formrelationship* baa generally beenThese circrirnents have beenby continually buOding
varying parameters such a* the aspect ratio, toroidal magnetic field, toroidal current, and tbe amount and type of -vi nlealing. An understanding of theseor developing an optimal reactor design
After British verification9 of Soviet claims about the good confinement properties of tokamaks. worldwide attention tamed to tbem. Since thai time, tbe major world magnetic confinement fusion (MCF) programs havearge portion of theirand funding to tokamak research.esult, the tokamak Is tbe moat developed MCF approach an* Is likely to be the basis fot the first MCF reactor-'
So-Vet Tokamak Program llbtory
The basic idea of tbe tokamak was deacribed in tbey I. E, Tamra and A. D. Sakharov. During tbe, the first experimental tokamak
Talk 2
Wtlal aad Small ToW.ks al IAE
Tokirufc
-i
harm.
P*liui
T-i. btatraFT-l
IO
TM-1
rievice wai built in aa Institute of Atomic Energy (IAE) drviriori (now called tbe Department of Plaima Physics) under tbe leadership of L. A. Amimovi ch. Tokamak research at the IAE wai under the direction of lint. Golovin and then N. A. Yavlinsky; by the. ArUimovicfa bad assumed direct control.
The lokamaki at the IAE were developed tospecific plaima physics issues.tt of tbe initial and small tokamaks built and operated at Ibe IAE; photogriphi off these tokamaks are displayed inreas in which research has
been conducted include most topics of interest to the world tokamak community. During recent years, the smalt tokamak program at tbe IAE his beenand personnel and Moon pace have beentoS effort
Tbe loffe Physical Technical Institute beganon small tokamaks inork on developing diagnostic methods for high-temperature plasmas has been going on since the In. RF beating, particularly lower hybrid healingxperiments have been conducted on tbe FT series of tokamaks. The Toman series has been used toidiibatic compression wilh obrntc heating (these experiments provided the physics data base for TSP) and, more recently, ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH'
The tokamak program al tbe IAE, and thus of the USSR, hat been disturbed by an overemphasis on very Urge tokamaks. Once0 was brought into operationhe Soviets turned Iheir attention loQ,ajor plaima radiuseters. Byhe Soviets realizedokamak the size0 aa* too large, too complex, and looroject for the USSR, aad very likely for any other country.hey proposed to theAtomic Energy Agency (IAEA)okamak like0 be built as an international project. Meanwhile, domeatically they decided to build5 and TSP. During recenthe effort to complete5 ha* led lo the elimination of IAE research on smallecreased research on, and interrupted research ondiscussion* of tbe large tokamaks planned and buili at Ibe IAE (tee tablere given belcV
Organization
The Soviet tokamak community is large and varied. Pagesndnd the insets on pagebow institutional contributors to Soviet tokamak research, Soviet descriptions of the organization of their fusion program, and the procedure- 'ollowed lo get fusion equipment manufactured'
Sola Fusion Organ! zallo*
What Fusion research In she USSR It carried oui mainly under the auspices of USSR Stale Committee for Ihe Utlllgalton of Atomic Energy (OKAE) and the USSR Academy of Sciencesarge number of ihe scientific and engineering personnel doing fusion research are concentrated In Institutes subordinaie to the GKAE. the OKAE has the primary role tn organizing fusion research. The responsible organisation within the GKAE Is the Mainof Accelerator and Thermonuclear Researcheaded by A. A. Vastlyev. The deputy head of Ihe ATR In charge of fusion research ts N. S. Ckeverev. Under Ckeverevepartment of plasma physics and fusion headed by L. G. Golubchlkov and consisting of eight spedallsu. The areas foe which the specialists, most of whom worked previously at the IAE, are responsible Include tokamaks.fusion reactors, slellarators. materials, dlaenos-tic eouipment, and Inertial confinement fusfoa.
In the AN, fusion research Is supervised by the vice president In charge of the De par .merit of General Physics and Astronomy, as well as the Department of Nuclear Physics. During the previous decade, this vice president has been ye. P. Vellkhov. who ts also "scientific supervisor"oviet fusion research. Ve-Ukhov't predecessor in ihe latter position. Aristmovich
The main fusion work of the GKAE Is done at:
IAE, Moscow.
IAE branch at Troitsk.
Electrophysteal Apparatus Scientific ResearchImenlefremo' Irultlute.
Siberian Physlcotechnlcal Institute.
Inorganic Materials Scientific Research Institute.
And Ihe work of the AN Is done at:
Physics Institute.
Institute of General Physics.
loffe Physical Technical Institute.
Institute of Nuclear Phystes.
KharTcov Physical Technical Institute.
What! The main role of the GKAE Is to prepare recommendations for decisions on fusion workthat must be confirmed at the governmental level; Ihese recommendations Include the content and purpose of the programs. The ATR Is responsible for developing fusion work programs, plans forfinancial support, and communications with construction organisations and Industry/
The Initial stage In organizing fusion work isof long-term target programs for research and construction. The development of target programs may be linked to the beginning of ihe next five-year plan orhe next major research stage. When finalized, these programs contain detailedon ihe research to be undertaken, construction and equipment required, finances, and Involvement of GKAE and non-GKAE organizations
Howl The first formal step Inarger work program Is takenommission of prominent fusion scientists. This commission, which generally ts headed by the national fusion "scientificevelops suggestions for long-term programs forand construction. Recent results from Sovtet and worldwide fusion programsrimary Input lo the commission's deliberations. After scientific discussions at all levels, these suggestions are sent to the ATR, where Ihey are formalised. Once these formalised programs are agreed on by all Involved departments andraft resolution It senthe USSR Council of Ministers for approval
Wheal The long-term target programs are the basis for developing five-year and annual plans. Even though long-term target programs approved by the Council of Ministers contain decisions on totalthe amount to be spentinancial year (which beginsanuary) must be approved each year. The GKAE fusion laboratories must sub-mil detailed annual thematic plans (Includingfinancing) to the ATR by May.onth,R sends the plans to the GKAE Planning Agency for presentation to the USSRaf Ministers. By October, ihe ATR receives a
on totalrom Mi the ATRoa annual program for each Institute. Aboutercent ofike finandaljllocation for fusion passes through the GRAB.
CamWestow to what extent the procedures described represent peat or presentAvailable Information, however. Indicates that the procedures related to the management andaffusion research, and research In general, have been changingne noted that under new regulations institutional funding from Ihe national government was allocaitdfor specific budget Items, such as ptrtonnel salaries andThis has decreased the flexibility andproject managers have to move monies aroundarticular protect. The new regulations also require projecto provide detailed Justifications far their budget requests and to demonstrate the benefits of the program to Soviet society. We believe thai I* the pan the goals of thr planning and budgeting procedures were she allocation and prioritizing of resources, not theof an Integrated fusion prograrr.
nfermatltn
usion bilateral meeting In Moscow duringhe Soviets provided Information on their fusion budgets and budgeting procedures. This Information Is summarised btloH'
Fusion financing Is approved by tht USSR Council of Ministers and delivered to tht Ministry for Atomic Power and Industry /the Ministry of MediumBuilding, lo which tht OKAE reported. Is nam part of this new Ministry) and tht AN. The two different types of expenditures relatend to direct and Indirect capital costs Ithat Is. manufacture of equipment and conslruction of buildings and '
Almostercent of thexpenditures wtrtfor magnetic confinement fusionercent of Ihe MCF expenditures wertby the Ministry for Atomic Power and Industry.he IAE (Moscow andeceivederceni of thexpenditures: and the Ytfrtmov Institute received IS percent. Abouterceniey* nonet ng gtven to the IAE was spent Internally
The manager and customern the GKAE Is ihe Main Department for Fundamental Issues of Nuclear Physics and Controlled ThermonuclearFunding Is transferred from the Main Depart-meni to ihe fusionut ts by means of contracts. Contractsimetable for completion of key elements, work cost, performance specifications, and schedule of fundinghe Mainawarded Ji contracts. The fusion Institute Is the executor of the contractshe IAEmtMlon-ruble contract to use03 tokamaks to study physics relevant to the OTRffTBR (experimental thermonuclearThermonuclear Experimental Reactor) pro led. About JO percent of the total amounts ofontracti are for wages. Quarterly and annual reports must be submitted to obtain the funds due.
Design document! for comtrudion projects must be approved by tht Ministry far Atomic Power and Industry or iht AN. In recent yean, all construction of fusion devices has been funded by the Ministry. As0 percent of the capital expettdi-turesfor5 ami TSP tokamaks (total capilal budgetsillion rublti. respectively) hod been spent. The otherercental'thefunding Is to be spent for auxiliary structure .
Fusion Egmlpmeat Masutfoeiurtig
The followingynopsis of Srwirt procurement procedures as
Fusion tqvtsmurtu Is auanufaciured both infusion laboratories and In Industry. Labormtarliismall urdU for which their production facilities are suffusions. The Ytfremov Instliult has developed and fabricated most of the lokamakiis* (see tabler smaller. As fusion units became larger, large Industrial plants became Involved In iheof fusion equipment. Broad Industrialbegan0 when work stoned onirovF.lteirtcal Machines Production Association. In cooperation wllh the Ytfremovhas manufactured major pieces af equipment for Ihe TSP
Equipment to be manufactured ts designed by the Ytfremov Institute and the Imotved IndustrialA contract, which Indicate* ihe type af equipment to be manufactured. Its coat, and the period cf executkm. is concluded between the institutional user and ihe Industrial facility. Design documents gentral-ty are transfrrrrd to th* Industrialear before production Is lobe stoned. In ease of diftcul-lies. It is ike responsibility of ihe USSR State Committee for the Utilisation of Atomic Energy orSSF Academy of Sciences to eliminate them.
T.
The USSR bu constructed or punned si* large lofcamsks. The foUowingthe history and detail* of these machine?
T-10
0 (seendas been tbe workhorse of the Soviet tokamak programhe ei peri mental program originallycomic beating; later tbe emphasis was changed to RF fcciting. primarily electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) with orotrcsu. Ai ths time0 was designed, the Soviets apparently believed that ohmic beating alone could be sated to reach fosion psascoa teamera tares.rsuli.0 had onlycbservaiiemal.'eipcrimenul pons and relatively poor scceas to the vacuumThis precluded the use ofbeam heating and severely limited ICRH
ogig* hertz(Gill} gyro-Icooj with powet levelsilowatts pet tube in thellowed the Soviets to use the small experimental ports oo0 io undertake ECRH experiments. Soviet theoretician! believe ihat ECRH can be as effective as ohmic heating if the spatial distribution of the power deposition can be made similar. Recent experiments have concentrated on studying the power balance and transport wheneposited noncen(rally in the plaima. The Soviets have demonstrated substantial heating ofhaving obtained electron temperatures In the <vnie>the plaima neariloelectroovolt* (keV).
The Soviets used the time cnada available by thul-downi6 to replace Ibe vacuum vessel and to double the available ECRH power by Increasing tbe number and quality of ihe gyroirooi. Inix gyrotront3 megawatt! (MW) were available, and. by1 gyrotroni wereW of power. Tbe gyrotrons were used In two groups, each operatingifferent frequency (because of tbc curvatureokamak, tbe magnetic varies across the plaima) The pulse lengths of gyiotrons were limited toillisecond* by
magnetic field* produced In the gyrotroos Tbe intitule ot Applied Physka ia Gor iiy developed these gyrations
0 wis icheduled lo be that downad maay of iti ctsssponcntt were to beto. Thb thaldown was pat off untilad additional ECRH expenmenu were done. Because of delays on. approval was given in the lueamer9 for additional operating lime onesult of the shutdown of5 in tbe turruner9 and of requirement! to do ECRH cxpcrimcDta for the InternationalExperimental Reactor (ITER) program, the operating limextended tohe Soviets hive talked about initial conceptual design work onOSmodification ofn wiili aayyttri
1.
The performance of the T-as been hampered by conservative design and accident! resulting from shortcuts liken to bring the tokamak into operation quickly and to keep it operational. These accidents resulted in damage to toroidal magneu and power supplies, as well as an electrical nre. In addition,0 research achedute big been convoluted during recent years byS effort; thb has been exagge* aled by the long delayi experienced ia5
Its'
modified for use on
T-7
teendas tbe world's tint, and until8 the world* only, operating tokamak with lupercocdncting tnigoets. The toroidal superconducting mtgoct system wai testednd physic* experiments were begunlthough Ihe Mractural and magnetic designs ofermit operation ateals* on axis,enerally ha* been operated with leucsltu on oiii. The operating time ofai been severely limited by the avaiUbilitv nf liouid hnliur
^eeret
0 andave served as
teu bedi fee equiposect to be uted onS; tbe phyticbi who runtill resocmsible Tot5 experimental program
u been wed to iludy ECRH. LHH. ICRH. ind current drive. Although no dear diln on electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) cunt at drive have been obtained, lucceasful lower hybrid (LH) current-drive experiment! have been performed.urrent-drive experiment* with LH aad ICR ia combination were undertaken in ooaaboestion with thentitule of Pbyixi aad lb- German Central laititate of Ekctroa Physioi
T-7*
Although0 tokamak wai never built, itthe dominant role of large tokamaks tn tbc Soviet program. Daring three years in, meat of the Soviet tokamak design effort! were devoted tohe results of0still vuible in the Soviet tokamak progran
The Soviets enviiiorved0 toemonslration fusion reactor (hit would use deulerlum-lrillum (DT) reaction! to generate as much energy ai was used An
initial design was presented at an IAEA oocJcrcncc in Dubna, USSR, dnringuring the nest three years,0 design went through several Iteration! ss the Soviet! considered the possibility of rebtnsding0 after the completion of itsprogram and of modifying0 as an intermediate step before the ccnitructioo of0 (seen tbe latter two designs, particular attention was mid to the inclusion of hybrid blanket module
Tho research program ofs envisionedas to advance in three itagcc. Tbe overall program was to take four to seven years and tooises with DT plasmu. Tbc Sovietsthat each DT pulse wouldeutrons. The0 design required ohtnlc healing plusW of auxiliary beating to reach the maximum plasma temperature ofcV. An equal amount of auxiliary heating was required to maintain thatInitially,0 wai to have five neutral beam injector!otal ofWkeV deuterium to tbe plasma'total consumed power of the irtjeetoriW
0 was designed to use normal coppertotaletric tons (hereafter referred to simply as tons) of0 was also to have 24
M
toroidal-Ac Id magnets requiringpeak powerW aadorn Tkw SewieU calculated thai0 unsaideak power ofW aad would ne the* jcsucs per pulse. The Sovieu conuderod the me of five fo-whe-'- "otal0 tors) to storeoules
, when the SovleU were developing designs for0Om, tbey had abo begun to consider, at IAE and the Yefrernov Institute, the dcvclopuscnl of aa "eaperiineiusl-uidus-irial hybrid thermonodear electric powerome of the iautial parameter* of thai hybrid ore coomcied wiih those of0 designs iu ubtchii hybrid was toT-burning tokamak lhai would0 MW (electrical)g of fissile fuel per year. Il wu to use supen>^ucting magneu and neutral beam injectors
T-aS
Soviet design activities thai developed into5 beganhen the Sovietsew. supraonudueiing vcraaeaof0OM.OM bad becomend tubseqaenily5 became tbe center of attention for the Soviet tokamak program. The SovieuinUtat5 would begin operation in
in*
In
extremelye completed by
1 c- -
eaperimenu -ere being delayed or discontinued io alio*effort oauringhe Soviets broughtntr> what they called "operational status."
The Sovieu probably will not be able to conduct any meaningful eiperimenund ihe device maye fully operationalhen5 wai "lUrted up" inhe surnaorjnduciing magneu were energized (toroidal heldery low plaimas created. After being optimistic aboul Ihe5 inhe Sovieu ihui It down
in the summer9 became of problem* withsystem for the nipcrconductlngtartup eipertmeou were
shut downear inoheating systemsWkeVandW of ECRH atewdiagnostic equipment were operational in lateeven
main dugnosiics had been delivered by
uperconducting toroidal-field magneu were fabricated at the Yefreasov Institute. Testing in6 revealed problems that led to someof thehere arc indkauons lhat (he brittleoess of the niobium tin luperconductorto cause Ihe Sovieu presMeans. Tbese magneu apparently were loo complicated for Soviet crnsstruc-lioQ capabilities when they were ordered, and rc^srt-esSy the Soviets npcat two years lookingaane-facturcr. Ooly bnsited worldwide experience in using tbe rapesoarsduclor in large magnets
Although major delays in the construction ofere caused by magnet problems, the project wu also slowed by other problems. Poor quality control led to interfacing problem* durini const me-in^retro-fttlinn wis
5 (icendsteters iaeters high, andools torus hasectors, each consisting of two iwpercooductiog magneuacuum vessel module The tneosdal-laetd magneuons and store upnes-ajoules of energy- lahe cost of5 facility wusillionnhe Sovietsnstructionillion rubles.
M
5 will operate withhydrogen plaaoia;have been made roe tbe uie of deuteriumAfter an initial period of ohmicECRH and neutral bcami will beheat the ptatma to higherj
In October 1MB, the Sovieu piannod to conductS expcrimcnul program in twohe machine parameters for the first phase are those given In table I, During the second phase, ibould it occur, the toroidal magnetic field, pUsma current, and auxlllarv Seating would be increased byoercen
oom was built and equipped bycontrol room oonuins a
USungarian copy of tbe same computer, and aboutungarian copies of the UShese computers will be used to monitor and control the superormdue-ing maaneu, neutral beam injectors, ECRH gyrotrons, diagnostics, and the plasma. The computers also will be used to collect and analyze data Most of tUs electronic equipment bar1 -lace and collecting dual for several years.
If,
TSP
Inbe Soviets presentedconference pa pee on the designokamak Incorporating tie plasma compression. An article, ceaut bored by. Vdikbov. B. B. Ksdomtsev. V. D. Piarnctuyy. V. A. Chnyaaov. and others, wis pubUihed fathis loxama* (aceecame known asnd in
Soviets itarted calling it tbe TSPstrongvoyaoov. the bead of tbeduring construction, was replaced by
TSP concept arose la
8 as an idea by Vellkhov and Pismennyy for combiningulsed power. Pkmennyy, rector of tbe IAE branch in Troitsk, Indicated in laic
be hadrge find ins; forproject ia order to provide for futurepower work. Ha hat cxpveued interest inputted power tyttcm of ihe TSP eivenpkx toUrge later fusionincluding housing ant! scnooli,0 million and ibe tokamak coalof SI6 million. In
wa*1 TSP.
esearchers
The firtt tctUd pieces of irformstion oa tbc TSP were obexinedoviet delegation, headed by Cbuyaaov. Timed Ihe United States In4 to dUcw rnwvoaet itwilann lafcanvtwc, "ij
r, Jinellkhov anda tour of these facilities; nomeroul vtiititince that
The Soviets are modifying four standard industrialenerator? for use in tbc TSP flywheel motor-generator acts. The steel cylindrical flywheels foe ihe teU, which are abouteters long and weigh overons, each it oreigajoule (GJ) of energy. Only two teU have been installed thus far, and the motors on these apparently began causing vibration problemsuring tbe latter half of
the Soviets replaced ibe motors. In December
only one generator wai operational. It it no longer clear when, or if, the last two flywheel motor* generator sets will be installed
The TSP tokamak (tee ubleits atop tbe support columnGJ inductive energy itorc consisting ofeparate magnets (tee,. The storeadius ofeters, and the magnets are designed to operate atetlas. Theenergy tiore has been completed but not yet tested at full capacity. Tbe local electrical utility cannot yet provide enough electrical power to the TSP complex. Tbc bare tokamak wai manufactured by tie Yefrcmov Institute and the Kirov "Electrosiia"Machines Production Association and wis trsmported to Troitsk in two pieces. The vacuum vessel consbU ofectors, each including two torcedslfield magneUrge port. The Urge pons will be used for auxiliary heating equipment, and the more numerous small ports will be used for diagnostic equipment. The toroidal-fieldingle-turn, coppcr-xirconium-broaicued in an external stainless iteel structure.
The first plasma in TSP wai
ul the machine operated under very limited parameters (ptasmi current ofrknnsperesnagnetic fieldestis, end deration of JOapacitor bankuied to energire ihc magnets daring tba test. Following ihis initial operation, ibe lokainak was rcntoved frost nop the inductive energy note ind durnamled The gatket leali between the vacuam vessel lectors were replaced by welds, and diagnottici were added. The pUsmt current had bean raitedA bynd there were plan, to goA. In
* TSf Mmetft Su.
be SovieU admitted to still having ditTiculty controlling the vertical liability of tbeThey envisioned only short operating periods with limited machine parameters for tbe.
The TSP was designedwo-stage compression device. The idea was tolasma, heat it. compress it in the direction of the minor radius, and then compress it in the directioo of the major radius. During these operations, the toroidal magnetic odd would Increaseoeslas onea las at thend the plasma votnmc would decreaseactor ofreheating would beusing ohmic healing, neutral beamRH, and ICR II. The plasma is expected to remain in the compressed state for aboutilliseconds. We believe thai the experimental program will start wiih ohmic heatingydrogen plasma and then use auxiliary heating to raise the plasma temperature. If tbese phases are successful, tbe Soviets will attempt compressionl appears unlikely that tritium will be introduced into the TSP; it is unclear
whether deuterium will be uaed. Controversy con tin-ues, both inside and outside the USSR, over whether lhc complexities of TSP operation arc fully(As late ashe Soviets were discussing wayi to get Ihe Compact Ignition Torusither tbe United States or tbe USSR. This interest probably ia an indication of th-nrafor-mancc many espect from the TSP.
We asses* that the SovieU have notmiwith arsing tritium
uteuarve shielding
bad been built into the TSP building to shield against radiation produced when tritium is introduced Tbe walls arc berated concrete, nearly Jthick, and theeters thick. C
esigned so lhat. when tritiumuse, the building can be bcatcdIn rjrtW -rlirw -ir pressureain-
tainedontained lyitem, with tbe option of
-il
ling ihe building lo Ihe oolikk. Arirovni bk groap bedcontract with tbe Yefreenov Institute io design Ij -lingitems consistent wilb Ixiliutn uie Past Sciet schedules bave called foe three jean of conditiceing aad experimentation beforentroduced mio lhc TSP.bayaBcr expected ioeutrons per ibot with irlUum andiium thou. Ai ofoviei plant called for an inventory0 curie* (thairami) of tritium and Ibe pretenceurvet of tritium in ibe vacuum chamberhot. Inbc Sovktt bad uareatiitic plant lo limit the tritium CO curies (this value it very low)
Utile ii known about the dk twenties tbe Soviets intend lo use duriag TSP eipertmeou. Equipment thai bat been mentioned indudea magnetic probes, infraredhomson tcaltering apparatus, neutron deiecton.ay tpectiometen.
particle spectrometers, and an electron-cyclotron-emission apparaius, (Ineal of tbe diag-nostic equipmeni wis nil) int part of tbe US-USSR exchangeS optical- ficoupled Dopplcr ipectrometer Is scheduled io be installed on the TSP. Tbe1 tokamak hai been moved to TrnitiV to serveiagnostic test bed forlboTSI
Reportedly, tbe diagnostic inilrumeoU on the TSP are electrically isolated from the control room by fiber-optic breaks. Many of tbe diagnostic packages arc connected to dedicated IBM-AT clones made in the Soviet Bloc When their data acquisition ayttcm is fully developed, thet lo totalegabytca per ihot
Soviet OTR/ITER Organiiatioa
a US-Soviet exchange meeting Inhe SovUtiayer on their organization for work on the TTER^The followingummary of
The USSR State Committee for the Utilisation of Atomic Energy (GKAE) exercises overall control of ITER work. Alto Involved tn Ihis work ore the USSR Academy of Sciences, ministries of Industry, and the State Committee for Science and Technology. Work on ITER It accomplished primarily through exlgllng cooperation agreements 'Stablished lo Implement the national OTR project
Within theirectorate of Projects OTR/ITER has been created to support SovietIn the ITER project. Ye. P. Vclikhov Is director of the OTR/ITER directorate. B. B. Ka-domttev Is scientific director, and V. A. Chuyanov is first assistant project director. The other Soviet member of the ITER Scientific and Technology Advisory Council (Kadomlsrv and Chuyanov are also. I. Krylov. Is assistant project director for design. Y. A. Sokolov. Soviet member of the ITER Monorement Committee, Is an assistantdlrtcto
More than SO specialists devote all their time to ITER work. The total number of specialists involved in project work Is greater. with on equal number of specialists conducting RrtD. Five research Institutes carry out the basic work on the ITER project. They receivefrom overesearch and industrial organization
The five lead organizations and their areas ofare:
Institute of Atomic Energy iracoi. Kurehatov llAEkcoordination of work on ITER, fundamental studies of plasma physics, ex-perlmenial and theoretical studies of plasma phys-Ict In tokamaks, and RAD on heating and current drive systems.
The Yefremov Institute.and development of basic engineering systems, design and research of superconducting magnet systems, and solid-fuel pellets for fusion
Research Design Institute of Power Engineering.and development of nucleargygtemt. design and research of tritium-producing blankets, and development of structural materials for the first wall and for dtvertor plates.
Inorganic Materials Scientific Research Institute.systems and materials.
Research Design Institute of Power Engineering. Leningrad- -general engineering systems, layout of overall reactor facilities (constn-'iinn, siteand construction approva
The Soviet OTR (experimental tbenrvModearhose design was und em kenodernized and revised version ofadomuev listed the objectives of the OTR program as:Dernonstrate feasibility of reliably and safely pro*
ducina electricity and fisalle foelusion (that is.
hybrid) reactor.
experienceokamak reactor having parameters typicalower reactor.
Provide an experi menial station for scientific and engineering studies.
materials for useusion power plant Some of the design parameters for OTR presented by Kadomlscvs well as those discusaod by the Soviets duringre presented in Uble 4.
iscussed by Ibo Soviet* In October IMSeascntislly the Minethose discussed in
Tbc OTRbeen ibe lone-rente fecta of tbcisrostram.
funding foe the design effort bad been spprtjrecl0 aad the equivalent ofull-time people waa devoted to the effort- At tba endesearchers from LAB andYefreenov Intitule, an well asrom etherere worbag on OTR andarger ccastiageat ii now worting cat the OTR and the ITER, with the major effort being devoted to the ITER program (ace inset oas long as the Sovietskipantt lo ITER; wc believe they will devote practically all their efforts to ITER RAD.
Tbe OTR originally was designed as a
the OTRridge between pure nation and pure fusion. Inhe Soviets began to autoa the flexibility and diversity of the OTRis its hybrid
nature. As ofbe Soviets were considering two blanket modulesotal of III for the demoe-stratica of fissile fuel breeding >
The present OTR design causion device wilh cjooium-iin taipcroond acting loroidsj-held mag-nets. The total mogaetk ayateeo -wild0 tons aad storeJ. It wouldrtaasa inreoloryg and use pellet (ejection for refueling. Tbe design ceQi for tritiumg of Iritium would be corurumed each year) and specifics lithium-lead eutocticolid alloy) atrimary candidate for the breeding materia'
As ofccutruciion of OTR was planned for ibe0he Soviets3ar, three phaar capertnsental program:
yean of hydrogen opera Uooew DT
tests.
Three yean of DT cajeralion.
Seven years of DT operation io detneeatra'* 'he produciioQ of electricity and nttue fuel
telUratocs
oroidal magnetic confinement device (tee figure T) ia which plum* confinement ii achieved by generating cksed toroidil magnetic mr-facca, much like Ihoaa appearingokamak. Unlike the tokarnak. however, iteDaratcri geaeralc their crwfiriBf surfaces entirety b" mean* of cerreon Bowing in external magneU
To compensate for outward drifU and to provide equilibriumorus,ecessary lo generate closed magnetic surfaces (that ia, to keep the magnetic field hues from closing oa themsetvei after one pass around the lorusl Thai can be accomptUhed bywin ia Ihe direction of the pokvdal tra tactic field Tokamaks provide the necessary twist-ins; of the magnetic field tinea byurrent in the toroidal direction through then atcllara-tors, therovided by deforming the toru* itself oret of twilted helical magnets
A neJIarator. especially when It uses obrruc healing, can be made lo look muchokaanak. Maeh of the plasma phytic* derived from ttdUratorcan be applied lo tokamak studies. However, tbe stellaralor also has properties ihai make it quite differentokamak. One of Ihc most obvious is
that lbs itellaralor does not dependarge plasma current for its confining magnetic fields. This feature eliminates some large electrical equipmeni andInsubihtka, as well as ma king the itdtaraior an inherently steady-state device
During ihe, when ickanaaks were ectucving prominence, experimental and theoretical research on sleUaraiors wasloomy picture for tbc future. For the next decade, stellsrator research,
espee> in ibe United Slates, went into decline as lokamak researchigrancant increase. By Ibe. iietlaralor research had turned tbe corner, and the iteller*tor "a* rccognired lo have confinement properties thai rivaled or surpassed ihose of tokamak*imilar lire. By ihut lime,tokimak* were much larger and received the lion's share of the fusion budget worldwide
Sovietresearch began In theontinual program of machine cceunructiou andeipeiimeTii has been conducted si iheov Physical Technical Instiiuie. The stcDsrator program at the Institute of Oeneral Physics has beentale of decline since tbc deaih of iu.2
(REVERSE BLANK)
Pr-rrn
Appendix t
Open Traps
Mis-neoc confinement fusion spproaohes ou beinto Iwo types. Ooe it Ibr toroidal or "closed" type (lokamak ando which magnetic lines rrmain within the piaima volnrae. The other ii the linenr or 'open'* type, in which add lines escape oct of ihe ends. Ina type cf device, the plasma abo escapes unless the ends arcy icanc roe*as. Tbe most loccesaful uienu ot end -plugging bat been Ihe magnetic mirror. (The msgnctk mirror coocept was suggested in lhcodepen-denUy by. Budker and the. Feot-
Tbe rrsagncric mirror efleel occurs because charged panicles spiraling along magnetic bead lines tend to be reflectedegion of alronger field. Thb mirror esTect can-be used to plug the endsinear mssjrtetic fusion device (tee figurehe simplest device using the mirror effect is the "ompk"linear device withmagneiic-firld circular choke coib at both endi. Curvature of ibe magnetic field hoes In the simple mirror causes thb rl-vice lo be una table, even at low plasma densities
The rn*goet*>wellield) rnirrorwas developed to overcome tbe instability ofmirror. M. S. lorTc (IAE) achieved1 by adding current-carryingthe end coib. Over the years, thblaw the bascbaD magnet (which has thethe teamsaseball) sad then intohichb aof two baseball magnets
By the, mirror fusion research bad arrivedtandard eocfiguratkn cocubtuig of the magnet-iavwcfJ magnet design and neutral beams to create aod maintain tbe plains* However, the leakage ol tbe
plasma through the end plugs made thb mirror system on unattractive candidate for areactor. Tbe concept of the tandem minorwas developed to overcome thb limitation
aper on the tandem rnirror geometry was Publishedhe advantages were notuntil they were demonstrated by lhc work cf O. I. Dimov (tbe USSR's Institote of Nuclea rlYaF) aad T. It Fowler (United States) la the. The bask ides behind lhc tandemhat small mirror machines can serve as cod plugsimple soteoodal ceotrul section (sea figure 8)
An attrsrctioa of irttgncbc mirror devices has been theirimplicity ind ci peri mental flexibility. Tbey have been used to study turbulent healing, tbe interaction of rJcctrornsgrseiic radiation withlectron beam Injection, plasma liability andand other plasma physics
Soviet Program
The largest Soviet effort in openarried out ai the lYaF la Novosibirsk Two experimental groups and COM tbccvctical group nt wcrtjsg on open traps at fY*F,otal ofeople. Tbe lYaF makes use cf the Urge central machine shop*,services, and other support functions of ihe USSR Academy ofAtademgoroiiohnear Novcaibink
Planning for the AMBAL tandem mirror device beganeon after the concept was devrJoped at lYaF by Dimov and colleagues. Although tha design and fabrication of pototype* advanced rapidly, Ihe fabrication of the Urge magneu, Ihe vacuum
clumber, and power supplies look considerable lime. During teals ol tbe AMBAL deviceashorl occurred in one of the Urge quadrupole (end) magnets. In addition, power supply problems were encountered Subsequently, tandem mirror experiments on AMBAL were abandoned, and single-cell caperi-rncrrti (often called AMBAL-U) were begun6 usina the remaining good quadrupole magnet.
The AMBAL group has coniinued oo wiih tbe designollow-oo experiment, thehb new device will incorporate the new ideas for stability developed in ihe United States and the USSR. Some components for thb device have been built and tested aad are operational. The Soviets apparently Intend to tesi Ihc liability of all compooenu before theut together. (Tbe United Stalesa Urge tandem minor, but it was never used, and support of open-trap research was discontinued.)
The Soviets bave also punned several alternative apptoaches to open-trap research. At the IYaF, these include rotating plasrnas, multiple mirrors, and gas-dynarnic traps (GDT; ODL iahe rotating plasma concept uses crossed electric and magnetic Gelds toonfining barrier for the rotating plasma. The multiple mirror concept, proposed by Budier and others of IYaFased on the idealow outward Bow of plasmsystem of cotuecutive magnetic mirron. The idea of tbe GDT was developed by D. D. Ryutov and others during tbe. Tbe GDT relies on the gas-dynamic outflow of pUsma al ihe endsirror machine (long magnetic solenoid and high-fieldend cells) lo aUbillxe the plasms; neutral bear" Injectors are used to compensate for these losses
The concept for reducing end loss by multiplemirrors, spaced on tbc order of the particle mean free path, was developed In the United States and the USSR. The effort at the IYaF, conducied on GOL devices, couples Ibb approach with high-current,heating. (Both multiple mirron andbeating have been dropped by the United Statea) Testing of tbekilcampere electron beam injectedeter-longevice beganpparently thb device will akso be used for weapons-related ripenmeats The Soviet effort bas coocentrtted oa electron beam beating, stndying both physics sad technology issues. Over Ihe postears, lhc level of effort on multiple mirror research has varied0 icicnlbts.i
Theood confinement device, butell suitedeutron source. The parametersDT in use at the IYaF are given below:
Pui mria Deng* Value
tCagta
seid
mlii
ola
mitral
rotationlasma to stabiuzaiioo ofhough this concept was ce by European physicists, it
a simple mirror can lead las ma disruptions. Al-neeived in theas never ei placed as a
fuiion concept in (be West. The PSP-IM routing-plasma device waa operated at the IYaF with (tabic routing plasmas. Thexperimentmaller routing plasms thatiu routioo from neutral beam injectorshis experiment had demonstrated that tbc concept could be scaled using modest technology. Thei penmen t. which began operationarge facilityomplicated power system fee tvcaiiog and routing tbe plasm* Although thb device failedlasma cc^flnemeet experiment. IYaF continued to run Ihe device for technologyheaa replaced by Ibe PSP-2M
The lostjtul* of Aloroic Energy (IAE) hod aa eaieo-arn rrios^etjc rmrror rcaearcb program dnnnx. Hcmvcr. thU effort hai decreased diaitkally la ioctal yean. Research on iheaacbaQ-typc magnet) ocooe beauoviet ciperinnoia eaiphaiiied ihe ute of gyro trans for eioclroo cyclotron resonance beating;priority for thii device was low aad few ejpeiinwarta have been dense. Ope-aiwn of themeter central cellirror fieldealai) be* ast will use Ion cyclotron resoesoce he*cssrity at the LAB appear* to have hrr cttsvaed daring, the laat two years. Opem-lrap research has been iotas; on at the Khartov Physical, Technical loautule tanoa; however, thai wort has been of Vow quality nod haa not inflttericed other open-trap reeearcr
1
t
(REVERSE BLANK)
*
AppewiixF
litiernalloiml CollaboraUon
oahacineoi furioo (MCF)ii new unclmified worldwide, il betasnified program* la tie USSR, the Uaitedad the United Kingdom. Theoot MCF reaearch revolved around the belief that,uiioa coo Idery interne tource of highrneg*dectraeiTdt) ecu treat. In. Kurchaiov. director of the lronitute of Atomic Energy, accompanied General Secretary Nilrila ttJutuUicbcv lo the United Kingdom. At hit own request. Kurchstc* delivered an extensive talk en ibc Scarlet"fogram to an audience of British scientist
Exiccirve prctcnUlioni on fuiion reaearch wereat8 Atomi for Peace cortferonce held in Geneva. Tbc Soviet*our-volumeof Ibe research they had conducted during tbc yean when fusion work wai claiiified.aper prepared by L. A- ArUirnovich. It wasted that "wc most act underestimate ihe diScuiue* which will bave lo be overcome before we learn lo master therrnoouclcar fusion" and "ibe problem of controlled thcrinoafuiion seem* lo have been created especially for tbe purpose of devetoping dose coopers-lion between the sdeniiiu and engineer! of various countries working at this problem acccedingy the cad of lhc ce-fere nee. it wai dear to mostncluding those from the USSR. Ibal ihe mastery of fusion was an Immense tail and much work was being wtstefully duplicated in the program* of the United States, the United kingdom, and tbe USSR. Thus began the first re" discusilotu of international collaboration In fusion ^
By tbe, Aroirnovseh had become tbe "scientific supervisor" and major spokesman for ibe Soviet MCF program. Artsinwieh was convinced of Ihe need for international colliboriiion in fuiion and other areat and worked toward the achievement of
such coUiborstloe. TbU dedication it exemplified by bis Involvement In the Pugwash conferences on di*ar-msment ia
After ArUirnovich* death la Ibc, Ye. P. Vdikhov became "scientific laperritor" and chief ipokesman for the Sovietrogram Vdikho" has been responsible for ma untie ing. tircngtbeairig. and expanding tbe bilateral cooperttioc igreement wilh the United States.8e pushed iniernalional programe toarge Waa mat lhal would function a* tn engutcenng lest reactornternational effort* to designoharrrakfrom both of VctskhoVt Iruliatires. During the last five yean, Vellkhov hat attained unprecedentedia the Sonet acaetrtific, poliiical, and miliiary communities Velikhov'i positions hire allowed him to pursue internationalbort Uoo In ditannament, education, and numerous otherhe increased respoeaibuutiet of Vcfikhov9 have greally decreased Ihc amount of effort he can devote to MCF. We believe that someone else wiO bate to pick un Ibe torch, especuily In tbe ixtternatiooal arena
Bilateralits
The Soviet's most productivexchanges for fusion have been with Soviet Bloc countries and the United State* Tbe other fusion bil*ierals have not been much more lhan informs ike and riatteget. The bilateral arrangements wiih the Soviei Bloc countries have been working anangcmenti in which Ihe Bloc scionriiti were fully integrated into Soviet research prograrn* These arrangements have been crucial component* of the Soviet fuiion program. Il it not dear how recent political event! inEurope wm effect these bllsleral cichaagcr
US-Soviet MCF coopmiion suited modestly IB tbeut hai devdopedargeFormal tgrecmenit providing for ihe exchange
greement em Peaceful Viet of Atomic Energy
In this agree mens. It was stated that the aim of cooperation In tha area effusion wus the development of prototype and demons trot Ion- scale fusion reactors. Such cooperation could Include theoretical, expert' mental, and design/construction studies at all slates up la Industrial-tcalt operalions Possible forms that the cooperation might take were listed as:
groups for design and execution of faint projects.
Joint development ond construction of experiments.Joint unset In naulcmal research centers.
tendnars.
of eouipment and tniirvmentailon
of Information and ipedal 1sti
ot fusion ^formation and scientific visit* svercbetween the USSR and the United Stains4yeai exciaeg: pnsgTSxn (pan ot* the Agreement oo Atotniccientific and Technical Cooperation for Peaceful Uses, signed by President Nixon and General Secretary Brethnev) including scientific meetings, laboratory visits, and joint projects (see inset) ns* agreed tohe overall agreement -as renewed for fire more yeannhe wording of the fusion bilateral agreement was approved by Ibe participantseeting in Moscow. The new atomic energyigned at the summit meeting in*
During meetings6our thematic areas for joint planning (fusion materials research, siclbrator confinement conccpu. Ignltcund fusion blanket development and safety)7 nseetiiigs under tbe US-Soviet bilateral exchange, experts met to start tbe process of Joint planning in tbes* four areas, These initialserved to provide an understanding of the scope and content of the programs in both countries, lo examine the key technologies of mutual interest, io list the problem* lo be addressed, and lo prepare reeommertdalloni for the solution of these problems.
It was decided thai principal allnntlon should be paid to the analysl* of stellar*tor reactor configur*lions, development of radioftocroency heating of HelUraior plasmas, cortardcration of problems associated with fesion reactor blankets, the investigation of radiation damage to Uriels, and the invests**of strong thermal affects In first walb
Tbe mayor scientific areas of coopmiioa, however, are includedifth thematicand theoretical work in confinement systems Joint RAD oa Wrncs insportsni to the International Ther-monuclrnr Experimental Reactor (ITER) designare carried out under this rubric The site of tbia collaboration ia the future will depend on US and Soviet participation hi the next phases of ITER. If the Compact Ignition Torus (CIT) should be built. Soviet participation in the CITalso come under thb thematic area.
Ofxchange vbrts in8 program, nine were in Ihe first four thematic ateas for joint planning and the otber five were in the fifth thematic area. There were seven long-term exenanges (visits of at least threehe three long-term visits to the USSR Involved the uae of US diagnostic equipmeni on the0 tokarrsak,ollar* toe, and the gas-dystomk trap(GDT) mirror cxperimenl Tbese experiment* were each preceded by a- ee; advance visit io plan the joini caperirncnts. During their extended visits to the Uniied Stales, the Soviets worked on the TTTR tokamak (TTinceton Plains Physicsokarnok (GAand AVT -tllarutor (Oak Ridge National laboratory.
Sixteen eicbange vbiu occurred im9 program, nine of these were ling-term exchanges. Tbe United States lupplied support and diagnostic equipment for cxperimenl* on the ODT rnirror device andtcllaraior. Tbe nullum of US dssgrsentkinchoppier spectrometer, on lhc TSP was deferredhe Soviets conducted ex peri-menu on the TFTR. PBX (Princeton Plssma Physics
nd TEXTnh-eniiy of Tew, Aeitin) lotarnahs. aa well as (be ATE atdlarutar. Tbey proviaeday pclie height anxlytii system for experimenU oa thecirksbop in tbe USSR evaluated tbe use of preseni-day diagnostics and the development of new diuaoatk tools for (be study of Ignited
A( (be request of the US delegation, only foi low-oo projecti were considered for0 bilateral ea-chamc rsroanm- The program for cooperation0 includes Ihe following projecti:
Wortahops on sullaraior topic*.
Fjpciuncoti on tbe ATFlion of Soviet dUgnostic equipment.
on tbe TSP and laHallalson of US diagnostic eanirenent
Eiiwrimenti oo the TFTR and DIII-D.
Commissioning of
on
Workshops on environmental, safely, aad economicnd fusioe materials RAD
Joint RsU> on topics required for ihe ITER laicm*-iprogram.
Becsute of Ibeung in-.pleinented in recent yean, many of Ihe prcseai each* age viifci arc fot long
period' of lime and arc part of long-term coapcra-
liont
to .
The Soviet! bave been satisfied with the lengthy visit* of eichange tcieotitti *nd bare eipeesscd interest in expanding theeam of US sctentisUcdcrict of etperimenu on thot the Institute of Nuclear Phytic* (IYaF) from June throughhe United Stales provided (be Umr-of-fUlht neutral particle anatyier used for Iheseenet of joini etpcrimcntt on the GDT andl IYaF were completedB. These visit* involvedew US sckotitts. The Soviet* have proposedroup of aboutocialcd with ihe, on open trapsive-year period
As early si. A. Chuyanovinterest in Soviet participation in tbe CIT prof rim Chuyanov ttatcd in7 ihst after intemit dlscussioni most Sovietere
in favorfT colli bo ration vhva-visuplicate Soviet tokamak At the tame meel ing. Veliiho- tu ted thai he tupported the protect because the United Stales and the USSR needed more eiperi ence working together
In Januarythe Soviet*
would lite tocuve roie in theaad construction of CIT. He indicatedif the coUiboralion cosl Ibc Soviet* up to iil would be better than building aIhe Soviets would
consider lupcaxiii*,ton. oeuuoo/gamma
diagnostics, nugnets, and tludies of magnet opoocs aod diverioes la May IVII. the Scaiettaper on anvoept for the CfT toroidal magnet system
eeting inroposal waa drawnoutline the possible eaten!oviet participationUS-Soviet CIT oolla bora ban. Tbe Soviet!on electrical energy systems,resonance healingndwork on other area*esser extent.will considertored energy capacity of about 7They agreed tot theteady-iUle ECRH
sources; they hope to demo nitrate this capability by the end0 and lo undertakemegs watt ECRH ccfaipcacnta few years. The Service* would research diver-tor designs and investigate potiiblc divector materials. The Soviet! also agreed to develop neutron, alpha particle, ind gamma ray diagnostic equipment; ihey will propose ibe (ype of dctcctce* to be supplied after completing their evaluation of unalai diagnostics being developed for ihe TSP. Overovietnstitute* mended this June meeting
Inhuyanov staled thai he00 to spend on development! for the Crr project. He noted that he also0 to tpeod on the developmentlywheel for the CIT
Sectel
power*huyanov, Ibe SovieU were willing lo ooo tribute upO mill ton to tlte CIT cxperiniemul prog rim. Most ol* ihit contribution woe Id be in tbe form of diagnostic equipment and insrruroenutiau. with tbe rest being In the form of technical personnel for Ine program
S-Soviet eschange meeting inbe SovieU dcrnorislratedicern about the coat and value of bilateral rnojecU. Chcverev't superior at the USSR State Comsnillee for tbe Ulillialion of Atomic Energy.axii'vev, altcnded fee the first time- Although there had been indications thai Ihe Soviets intended to suggest vaiious new loitutjves, none "ere proposed. During the mecliag. Veiikfccv revealed lhat the Soviet Government now encouraged institutes, with their own funding, lo make directithout governmental control, withinstitutions for purposes of collaboration
Prelects
INTOB
At Vrjjfchov't iniUativehe USSR proryoscd to theBtional Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) thai the major fusion programs (those of the United Sutes. the USSR, Japan, and Euratom) join together to design, construct, andargecrica nf International Tokamak Reactor IINTOR) workshops under ibe auaplcca of IAEA was begunhese workshops, which were terminatedroceeded in phases, with each phase being approved by the participating governments. The dele-gat iocs met in Vienna for abouteeks each year, but the bulk of the work was completed aa home
institutes Each participanta total of at
an-years of effon
Tbe Soviet contributions to INTOR were the most comprehensive documentation of Soviet capabilities in fusion reactor design activities availablehese contributions were of good qualily andseveral example* of Irtclalve physical intigbt they alsoimited capability for detailed computations. The Sovieu were very serious about this effort from ihe beginning. The chief of ihe
delegation, It P. Ksdomuev,rominent fusion scientist dedicated toruly cooperative effort- When INTOR was Uunched, tbe0 design team to it. Theyelegation of competent and prominent scientists and engineers throughout Use project
ITTJI
Before Use US-Soviet lamtpjl in Geneva in November
fsrcftcoed that theullilaleral project tousion ETR. At the conclusion ofa joint sutecnent was issued ecnpbaxiiingof fusion and Calling for extensivecooperation. Subsequent discussionsbecause of Soviet insist encecvtunitmeolthe ETR and the concerns of theand iuuratom and Japan)transfer
After ihe meeting between President Reagan and General Secretary Gorbachev in Iceland ia October
United Sutesroposal fordesign effort lamet under the auspices of Ihe IAEAinitiation of the ITER project. Thea technical working group io developobjectives for ITER. The workingwas approved by ihe7 and was suhmilled to the(Euratom and the goveromenu of ihethe USSR, and Japan) for approval By -ii four bad agreed -oytna the
The document approved is known as the Terms of Reference (TRi) concerning Conceptual Design(CDAa) for an ITER. The TRs rpeolfy Ihe activities lo be conducted, the schedule, the orginitn-tioaal atructunr, aad the eerjectives. The CD As. which are to be completed by the end of0 aad putinal design report byre:
et of technical characteristic* of the ITER.
carry out ihe design work necessary to establish JU conceptual design.
To define future RAD neeeU.
To draw up coat, nunpower, and scheduleites for the reahraticei ofevice
To define Use arte rreiBiremenU for (he ITER.
Toafety and environmental analysis
carry outoordinated manner specific validating RAD work.
Ia tableome rotameters developed for) are coopered with those for) and (he experimental thermonuclear reactor. Thergmizationil structure sndare discussed In the insets on pases
ITERonaperaoo design team thit meed ia Garchirtg. West Germany, aad by research teams in the borne cuntries89 (he design team worked in Garcbingotal of aboutumber of specialist meetings and workshops were held daring the past two summer sessions snd are being beid during0 summer sesi ion About sis months of joint work will occurn tbe TRs, It was estimated that each participant would contribute RAD activities worthillion per rear, as well asin-years over the period of the CD As. These amounts have beta0 Vow and have been increased voluntarilj
ITER Organiutional Structure
(Vlli art dlrttltd and managed by iht ITER Council (IQ and Iht ITER Managementht IC It advised by iht ITER Satnttfic and Technical Advisory Council (ISTACl Tht IC. which consists of two members from eoch party, has the responsibility for ihe overall direction of the CDAs and exercises overall supervision of their execution. The IMChasfour members andIs responsible for the execution af tht CDAs within the overall directions tstabllshed by the IC. The members of tht IMC manage and coordinate work done In ihecountries In order toohtrtnl and workable conceptual design: any Joint RAD ts done under the auspices if exisllng bilateral andagreements. The ISTAC. which consists of three members from each part v. advises the IC on scientific and technical Issues
The Soviei members of the IC are Ye. P. Vtltkhov and S. S. Chevtrev. B. B. Kadomtsev Is the ISTAC chairman: the ollitr Soviet members are V. A, Chuyanov and A. I. Krylov. Tht Soviet IMC member.okolo*the overall manager for Soviet ITER RAD..
detailed design function carried out by design
units. M
The project units and design units report lo the IMC Four project units were created:
Physics.
Basic device engineeringNuclear engineering
System analysis
Eight design uniu were creased
Magnet.
Poioidal field gysttm
COnttdnment structures.
Plasma fating component
Blanket.
Healing and curreni drive systems.
Fueling and exhaust sysiems.
Assembly and maintenance system.
G. Shatolov Is chairman of iht project unit on nuclear engineering. V. Muratov It the leader of the design unit on containment structures, and V. Vdovin Is tht leader of'k* design unit on heating and current drive system
CDA ceganlgatlonal structure for designhas two basic functions:
oordinating function carried out by project units.
CDAj will be completed Indefinition phaseesign phsse. During the firtlreliminary reactor configuration was developed and tbe needed RAD was identified and assigned. This phase was completed during8 summer session, and its report wu approved by the ITER Council (IQ inuring (be second phase, the design team isonceptual machine design; pcafety and environmental analysis;future RAD needs: developing siteand estimating cost, manpower, and time
be final conceptual design report is due at the endn interim conceptual design report hascompleted and was published in0
Following iu meeting in latehe ICetter to the governments of the participants. Realizing that progress his been excellent and that
M
any work0 muat .wail fftrm.i
0 "'0 cnter into uoabuniiitg di-cuuicer.Mr folir,
tKri^"par-
Ma wished to begin with ducuuron, "
Tho ITER Management Cooimittoc haa nude nrelicaurnatea rrfu.-co.uof continuing rTRrT through the conjtruct.oa poruo:
Engineering design ptaae,ciruProfeaaional.
oasts. JSOO iriiiliott.
9 billion
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rttttm tint
Original document.
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