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copy of this publication ls (or the Information and use of the recipienton the front cover and ot individuals under the Jurisdiction of the recipient'swho require the information for the performance of their official duties. Furtherelsewhere in the department to olher offices which require the Informationperformance of official duties may be authorized by the following:
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
L POSTWAR 1
II. PRODUCTION 8
III. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
Cathode-ray Tubes and Iconoscopes
Fluorescent Materials
Iconoscopes
Mttsllic Klystrons
Metal-ceramic Tubes
Ceramics Soldering Techniques
Magnetrons
The OSW0 -Haban" Tube
Slotted Magnetrons
Discharge Lamps
Other Vacuum Tubes
Cathode Construction
Olher Measuring Instruments
Detectors
High-temperature Furnaces
Refractory Metals
IV. PLANS FOR THE
Present Form of
Production
Tube *
Discharge
Measuring
Research and
V.
Summary of the
Gaps in the
Place In the General Scheme of
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E5ffMFTfrwnDoot4&
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VACUUM TUBE DEVELOPMENT AT THE OBERSPREEWERKE ANDITS SIGNIFICANCE TO SOVIET ELECTRONIC DEVELOPMENTS
The purpose o! this report Is to gather and integrate the information available up to the early partoncerning operations at the Oberspreewerke, Berlln-Oberschoenewcidc, Oslend. Information has been gatheredultitude of Individual reports from various sources,ew reports integrating theat earlier dates. It is unavoidable that there be differences in the reliability of various parts of the Information, bul these have been minimized as far as possible. (See Bibliographyisting of the more Important source material.)
For convenience, the discussion is divided into the following main headings: I. Postwar Organization (tracing the details and changes of organization5 to; II. Production Figures (limited chiefly to statistics on types and numbers ot articles produced6 to; ID. Research and Development Program (details of the projects, priorities, and results, with Indications of Iheir relativeto the whole program wheneverV. Plans for the Future;iscussion of gaps in the information, and an estimate of Ihe organization's place In the general scheme of things)*. *
ORGANIZATION
the German capitulation Inoviet authorities plannedto raise the production level of German Industry for the benefit of the Soviet Union. In the course of this program, the former radio-tube factory of the AEGlocated In Berlin-Oberschoenewelde, was reopened as an independent radio-tube factory' Inhe original name wasKonstructions und Versuchs-werk Oberschoeneweideater it was generally known as the Oberspreewerke (hereinafter referred to as Ihe OSW).
Over-all management was given to Dr. Karl E. Steimel.'a former Telefunken executive. The program of the factory Included not only research and production of radio tubes, but also instruments and parts for all high-frequency research, such as condensers, resistors, colls, crystals, rectifiers, etc. Research on the objects was to be completed at the OSW, but production was to take place in the Soviet Union. To lhalpecial Information Department was organized. All orders were placed by the Soviet Ministry for Electro-Technics, as represented by Colonel Kalzmann. The original agreement between Kallmann and Stelrael planned to examine all the recent research projects and unexplolled patents of the AEG and Telefunken,
A second branch, known as the Nachrtchtentechnische, Entwlcldung undunder Dr. Martin Kluge, working on signal problems, was amalgamatedLKVO, and the combined organization has been knownonsiderable time -r '
It was intended lo enlist Ihe helpaximum of personnel, particularly ihose who were engaged in the original projects prior toery short time, the servicesonsiderable number of highly skilled technicians and engineers were secured, most of them coming from other big German electrical and radio organizations. There wereew foreigners among them who had worked ln Germany during the war, such as the well-known Netherlands high-frequency expert. Dr. Hans Otto Hoosensteln.
One of the most Important inducements to personnel was the magnanimous distribution of foodstuffs to the employees. Other concessions were made ln the matter of supplies, housing, and special money payments. All these economic advantages, plus hundreds of other facilities, resulted after one year In probably the best equipped and staffed research institute In Central Europe. The total staff at this time consisted of
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more0 skilled workers and scientists, some of them the leading Cerman exper In the various fields of research. Of these, anere engineers and scientists.
In this period prior to the first large-scale deportation of Cerman technicians lo Russia, the organization of the departments was approximately as follows:
Russian Technical Director (Lt. Col.
Russian Administrative Director (Maj.it
German Directors (Dr. K. E. Steimel and Dr. Spiegel)
Vacuum tubes (Dr. K. E. Steimel)
Transmitting tubes Receiving tubes Magnetrons Gas-filleday tubes Cathode-ray tubes Tube development
Components (Christian Gruner)
Resistors -Condensers
Quartz-crystal oscillators Magnetic materialsTest room
Apparatus (Dr. Paul Kotowskl)
Pulse
Measuring apparatustechnique -
Test
General Technique (Dr. Max Rlchter) -
Metal-ceramic 1
Metallurgy
Tungsten and molybdenum Chemistry
Tests of
Technical development
Cathodes
- : .
Workshops"
: Tube
Tube and circuitand oven.
Design and computing Tools and equipment
-
Tube-construction workshop 'i Machine-tool shop
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Apparatus-construction shop Glassblowing shop Cathodeay tube construction Pumps
Standardization Test room
Central Technical Department (Dr. Spiegel) Circuits
Technical planning Power and raw materials planning Technical information section Technical archives
Administration (Dr.
Finance
General-UW
Buying section Slores and despatch".
Onhe first large-scale deportations of personnel toplace. At thisotal00 technicians and engineersussians who were studying German methods.engineers and technicians were deported to Russia on that date. This suddenwhich was apparently as muchurprise to the Russian officers In chargeplant as to the Germans, was only one part of what was later known as '"
The result of this move was to reduce the morale of the remaining employeesery low state. Most of those who did not live'in the Soviet Sector of Berlin did not return to the plant. The Russian officers realized that their long-range program ofoodwill had been defeated and saw their own positions endangered unless they didIn their power to save the factory from complete dismantling.'
Inpon the accidental death of Colonelajbr'WIldgrube was nominated as the new chief.
.
Gradually they succeeded in readjusting the personnel situation/locating new research people, and securing their cooperation. Byhe situation was again under good control with approximately the following plan of organization;
Management (Dr. Rudolf Bechmann; Dr. Hans Straehler, Matzlg)
Vacuum Tube Development
Amplifier and receiver
Magnetic-fieldtechnology. -
Picture-tube development and technology Tube-testing department
Development and Experimental Production of Discharge Tubes
(Dr. Hans
. Rectifier development - ' 'Experimental manufacture
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- D *t- No [fj
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Tube,
Discharge lamps
Electrode
Glass technique
Spectral high-pressure lamp
Mecuric-oxlde
Tube-testing department
Development of Electrical Measuring and Testing Equipment (Brandle)
Osclllography
Electron optics
High-frequency and radio-testing
High-frequency measuring equipment
Preliminary
Development for, ^
Development and manufacture of
Transformer and circuit equipment
v. ",
Resistors
Quartz-crystal oscillators;
eneral Technology {Richard Magner) t
rjt..* aves.
Chemical tubevi- '.
Emission pastes, insulation
Analyticaland molybdenum -. ;j f'.-aux .Preparation of powders mi ,
and machining . t
aterials testing; metallurgy, chemical manufacturingmetals ,
Manufacturing and Const ruction.(Waiter
Manufacturing control
Mechanical workshop, tool, parts, and equipment
esearch and development constructionn^jj Cathode manufacture
Grid manufacture ojr-"
Glass working
. tV. ^
Tube
X-ray tube . . .
Equipment constructionj
Tube and componentTool and apparatus construction ..
vj/
.
Records, design control, and
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secret
Cfntral Technical Office
Technical planning office Work preparation center
Technical Information Division
Publications
Basic
Translations office
Technical Associates
Industrial workshop Energy productloh Buildings administration
Administration and Supply (Malzlg)
Financial division Bookkeeping Calculations
Shipping office "
Organization and inspection
Materials supply
Purchasing
Social care
Personnel -1
Management' ' '
" Thc complete organization apparently consisted of approximately sevenents,ivisions, andubdivisions. In the above llstlngssome of thesehave been rearranged for simplicity.
Al this time there were esllmated to be0 employees, of whomere office employees.
8 thereeorganization of the plant, consisting of anseparation of lhe development and research section (designated Versuchs-werk-Oberspreewerke) from the manufacturing section (to be called Fertlgungswcrk-Oberspreewerke).
The latter section was to be self-supporting and the former subsidized1
A report issued near the time of Ihe reorganizationotalf whomere members of Iho technical'stalf.lSOO wereere on the clerical and administrative force. The latter figuresa much belter balanced group than the figures ofnd arecorrect.
'* "The main' features of the organization as of8 we're said to be as
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German Company Management (Christian Cruner, Dr. Hans Straehler. Malzlg}
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Research Work (Dr. Hans Straehler) Tubes
Amplifiers and magnetrons
Cathode-ray tubes ,.
Stabilizers and rectifiers
Research workshop and construction ^
flf -
Technical Information division
Work
Control committee
ft'it Electrical measuring and testing .
Oscillography and television .. .
Testing and measuring equipment
H. F. Transformer Iron .
Instrument construction and testing'
Manufacturing plant
Tube and construction elements Stabilizers and rectCtiers onstruction elements Tubes
X-ray
Industrial laboratory
*V
Electroplating
Wire - .V
Chemical ' , Metal*
Instrumenti( '/
Machine and oven construction
Technical
' Work ^
Central control office
Business Management
- inancial
.Smiles and transportation . '.
. Personnel. Safety, and Security Divisions^,
Ashe control of the OSW was also changed over fromof SMA to the SACy this date It is reported that Dr.at least five of the department heads of therganization failed to"returnleaves of absence. The result was lo cripple seriously some of Ihe fields ofand lo stop.all further leave for German
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In8 the staff of "echnlcians and skilled mechanics.was said to number ISO. The drafting of further personnel from the Russian Zone has been contemplated, but the Soviet authorities claim that the ultimate fate or disposition ol the OSW must be definitely.determined beforetep can be taken.
Although all Cerman translators and interpreters at the OSW were replaced by Russians during the winter, the policy was reversed when the Russians re-eived orders to return to the USSR beforehe German replacements were recruited under very attractive terms. These actions seem to agree with more recent reports that considerable numbers of Russian personnel are being evacuated from Germany and replaced with German personnel.
-It is; reported that,he name of the {organization was changed from Oberspreewerke to "Werk fur FernmeldewesetvZwelgnle-derlassung der staatllchen Aktiengesellschaft
he Russian officials of the..plant have been wearing mufti, and civilian titles such as manager and director have been substituted fortiUes. This change ln organization does not seem,to indicate that the OSW lsmuch less Important than it was formerly. Operations appear to be continuingather high level of activity.
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II. PRODUCTION FIGURES
, ously, therc.has recentlyeparation or theactivities of the plant Irom the research and development activities. llisin this section ol the discussion lo consider the producUon Irom theol view, and to devote the following section to the research and-
The first part of the production picture concerns' lhe numbers and types'olitems produced, followedeneral discussion ol the producllon situation. -. .
Information on estimated and actual producllon figures has beer, ratherhas been limited mostly to vacuum tubes. Division ol the production itemsmain groups appears to be the most convenient:
lectrovacuum and gas-dischargeinstruments . ' 'i^Ii
- igh-temperature furnaces ' vC.jj
efractory1 ivi'-i*
The followingist of what are apparenlly the principal production items under these headings fa complete list of all Items to which reference has been made from any source is scheduled for preparationaterhe asterisks Indicate Items for
i nd the symbols used in the
column headed "Tubere those most commonly used In referring lo thcthe symbols are of US, Cerman, or USSR origin.nd 6AG70revised designs of 6AC7 and 6AG7,
Tube No.
A. Electrovacuum and gas-discharge instrumentsathode-ray tubes
600
coordinate, with central electrode
focus and deflection
9-cm diameter
m diameter
150
00
m reflex klystron
9 cm
tubes
, 50
, 9
triode,0
, 9
tubes
High-pressure mercury lamps "
Other high-pressure mercurylamps .
Various spectrum lamps
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Description
ther vacuum tubes '
-
radar modulator
TV amplifieramplifier peniode
power amplifier pentode .
Video power amplifier win amplifier *
aytheon tube which.was revised to make the: - Zero-slot magnetron Stablltaer or
TeS tabilizer or rectifier v i
B. Radio-measuring instruments , -. ;
hermal element for maintaining constant'*;*
voltage. Nominala "
Bolometric"m'
0
""Field-strength0 cm
ube0 cm
cm " ," '
Crystal detector Crystal detector' ED707 Crystal detector
furnaces
Conveyor furnace0 cmj Double-tube furnace0 cm)
metals
Tungsten wire of small Tungsten1 mm Tungsten4 mm Molybdenum wire of small dlam. Molybdenum wire, crude types
.
'1 eft
are lhal alifferent projects have been worked on from* either the developmenl or the production standpoint. Of Ihese, approximatelyercent (Included in the above tabulation along with other ilems) has been in significantly heavy production.
A report commenting on production up lo7 slated0 klystrons0 detectors, several hundred special detectors for millimetereveral hundred special oscillograph tubes, and several hundred blue-trace tubes had been produced. It is estimated lhatubes of all kinds were produced7 by lhe OSW factory.
Radical price reductions (up toercent and more in'some cases) are said to have occurred between7 and8 as the result of improved mass-production methods. The rate of rejection of tubes fell fromercent toercent. The tubes all carried the OSW trademark and Russian nameplate dala.
EXEMPT from
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In8 the OSW was sufferinghortage of materials, especially ofand molybdenum. Another difficulty lay in the fact that the.OSW's wire.shop was unable lo prepare wires of (he required delicacy (or use in the tubes; Thefelt that these shortages would resulteneral failure to meet produclion ".
Increasing difficulties were also encountered8 in Ihe production of lectrical parts and otherleclrolyticcondensers, resistors,uminous phosphors. The situation regarding spectral analyzers wasespecially critical, and production deadlines had to be extended six weeks. Russian tubes (orlhe analyzers-were found to be inadequate (poor vacuum, insufficient highmerican-type tubes were to be procured from Moscow lo replace those of Russian design.-.
1 '; 'h
The Cerman management of lhe OSW felt that8 production quotas couldot be met unless the staffechnicians and skilled mechanics was virtually doubled. The drafting of further personnel from the Russian zone was contemplated'- ut thc Soviet authorities claimed lhal lhe ultimate (ale or disposition of the OSW must be definitely determined beforelep could be
On lhe whole, the produclion figures arc very modest in size.and do not indicate' any outstanding achievements of the OSW. The reason Is difficuli to determine. These figures may indicate Ihe outputilot plant-or of an initial produclion plant ratherIhan the total output. They may also be affected by sabotage by Cerman workers, shortages of supplies, and other factors. (For example, there is strong indication of sabotage in the malter of tools used for drawing fine wire.)
Production figures Include Information available for the periodnformation on production plans9 and future years will be discussed under Partlans lor the - '
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S / -
III. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
The research and development program constitutes the most important part of any discussion of an organization like the OSW. It is therefore especiallyarge amount of material Is available on Ihis phase of the operations. The problem is chiefly one of selection-and organization of items from an unusually large volume ofand uncoordlnaled'information. The quantity of material does not guarantee,that there will not be large and serious gaps in the picture.
Perhaps the most convenient approach to the subject is to follow an outlineto thai used In the plan ol.
athode-ray Tubes and Iconoscopes .
This field of development is receiving'considerable attention at the OSW.the following descriptions, OSW numbers, and other designations have beenmentioned by various':
' - -I
OSW No. Description
'. 0 km/s
'10 - RT .
. 5FP7 (US) . Magnetic focus and deflection
(US) coordinate tube
. m diameter -
diameter.
3 blue-trace projection tube
- 1 H tj&
- Indications are that56 may be.Intended for compactif large numbers are being made, but evidence thus far shows only
f the types listed, detailed specifications are available on,. Principal characteristics of these types are as follows:'*
:
General specifications':'
creen color reen 'green ' -'
double, electrostatic
.. Cathode* . -cathode,t
eater voltage 'v "':'r- -
Heater current a V . "
- Anode voltagelev - v = fcr ^
Lenskv 0 v' ' 0
voltage v 2'kv v
-Cathode current, 4 t '
(continuous current) 1
Vert leal-platev
Horlzontal-platev . r full-scale deflection)
'6 Is probably for high-speed oscillographic or projection "Plan Position Indication" use, but large quantities arc notrefor radar equipment use.
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The cathode-ray rubes under development at the OSW are said not to be lorpurposes, at least not for television purposes according to our use of the term. One type of cathode-ray tubelue-trace projection tube for projecting cathode-ray imagesarge screen In connectionthe "Plan Position Indicationof radarSome projects are under way lor tubes with high writing speeds Li00 kilometer-per-second range and evenrojects for development of double-beam cathode-ray tubes are also mentioned, but no mention is made of the amount of progress.
Listed in the order of their military Importance as classified by theol OSW, the most important of the cTthodc-ray tubes are said to bend the OSW
The 3DP1olar-coordinate tube which serves as indicator of altitude InThe Russians required OSW to produce this tube according to American standards and exterior dimensions. It differs essentially from the American type in some technical Improvements In the anode system to reduce image distortion.
The 5FP7 serves as the tube In Panorama-vue equipment. (Note; This Isthe same as projection-PPL) It may be applied in aircraft and in ground stations. Depending on requirements it gives an Image of the terrain beneath the aircraft (iaequipment) or of the incoming aircraft (In groundechnical data andproportions of the tube are similar to those of thehe requirement was that this tube could substitute for the original American RCA tube in Americanivergence from the American tube consistslane screen developed by OSW, but this does not prevent the application of this tube In American equipment.
i .
The3 belongs to Ihe television-type tubes, to which the Russians have been paying particular attention. (It may actually be the same one described previouslylue-trace tube for;screen projection.) The3 is described In one report ascm dlameter;blue-scrlpt projection tube magnifyingndFP7 cathode.
... .This tube is used for Insertion in Panorama-vue sets. In order, to facilitate the simultaneous viewing of thc Image for more observers Ihe construction is provided with additional Illumination and projection opticstallowing projectionecond screen. The sequence of pictures is one picture per ten seconds (probably governed by the speed of antennahe American sets use luminescence-relentive phosphors for Image Improvement, but these procedures could not be applied to the3 because thebrightness of post-luminescence is not sufficient lor projectionanorama viewcreenm diameterrojection screeniameter. For this reason Ihe firm Telefunken Incorporated the production of the tube Into their blue-trace project. For better visibility of the screen spot, colored blue-violet (dark-lrace tube) by thebeam, an additional illumination was provided in connection with further projection developments. The speed of Image fading may be controlled within certain limitseating of the screen carrier. Operational Instructions for this tube differ from known television tubes because of special properties and Ihe selected structure. (Note: No further amplifications of the special properties, structure, and developments mentioned above arc available from the source. The situation described sounds similar to our problems with the large-sizerogram of five years ago.)
luorescent Materials
The main chemical for production of the fluorescent compounds Is sulphidewhich had been supplied by the firm Merck at Darmstadt. Afler Decemberdeliveries of raw material almost
Because of the lack of cadmium the OSW, as of" was unable tothe white luminous type of screen which is essential forreen
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Jr.C
Nl blue/1
Nl blue/2
l green/1N
N3/yellow/l
N3 green/1
N3 blue-while
N4 green N5 green
N6 yellow
N6 orange
Ng blue-white N2 green
Sliverickelopper
tto
do
Copper
Sliver Nickel
Copper
Silver 5xl0'* Nickel
Nickel Copper
Silver Nickel
anganese
anganese
anganese
Silver"
-
dark blue more violet
deep-blue'.'"
;
yellow
greenish yellow
green
light-blue*
green green
yellow
orange
blue-white green
'
'.
JO
i
r
tw *- ***
.
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(AI ihe lime ol preparation of lhe table, ii was thought thai the compositions were intended principally (or ordinary calhode-ray-tube usage. However, the long-persistenceindicated here willeconsideration of the probable ultimate use.)
As far back asopy of the RCArthiconroublesome tube in the US) had been planned, but no further information on its progress is availables reponed.that asrogram for the development of Icono-scopes was to be started by Waller Fricke, who studied the mailer while he was at iemens, Arnstadt.-
Klystrons '
All pasl indications are lhat the program for development and produclion ofat OSW has never received as much emphasis as magnetrons, metal-ceramic tubes, calhode-ray tubesew other of the more prominent subjects. Thc following four projects are the only ones concerning klystrons which have come to attention:
'*
OSW No- Designation - cm .
ait Klystron '
mw reflex klystron
Reflecting klystron
.* v output klystron
(Indications from this table and elsewhere are that Iho Russians may be oversold onregion and will later find it disappointing because of
Of these four only the first two, which are'eopies of the, appear to have been made in appreciable quantities. There is nothingtheir method of construction. The last reports available indicale high percentagesand Ihe attainment ofmall fraction of the rated power. It lsthe abnormally large number of failures lhat this factory has not mastered theconstruction techniques, possibly because of lack ol adequate equipment.progress has been made and no known effort Is being made to produce
In evaluating the situation, emphasis should be placed on the lack of high-power klystrons and the difficulties (similar lo the early US troubles) with construction
etal-ceramic
More activity has taken place In this field than any olher except, perhaps,Metal-ceramic tubes are one of the most important and valuable achievements of lhe Bureau of Electrovacuum Technics, Scienlific Technical Section (NTO) of MPSS (Ministry of Communications Industry) in Berlin.
0 work began in Cermany on developing air-tight ceramics and on Iheof soldering ceramics to Iron-nickel...
This new technologyeries of new types to be made, so-called flator-washcr" lubes, which offer atomplete design of triode systems for the decimeter- and centimeter-wave bands. Il must be observed lhat the first flat-electrode tubeslass form were applied In the USSR. Later tubes of Ihis type known as "lighthouse tubes" appeared in glass form in America (such as tubehe Russians call these tubes MAiteral translation of "lighthouse.'"
But metal-ceramic tubes have several great advantages over glass ones.important of these are:
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possibility ol obtaining comparatively easily very great accuracy inimportant geometric dimensions and consequently identical parameters of theinter-electrode distances In tubes of these wave bands isoand the ceramic parts can be rbechantcally produced quite easily with an accuracy
5 mm. It Is very difficult to oblain Such accuracy with the glass form.
mechanical durability of the tubes is considerably higher than thatones. *
Metal-ceramic tubes are less thormo-sensitive.
Dielectric losses in ceramics are very small.
1
' (e) It may be assumed that mass-production ol ceramic tubes would becheaper than that of glass tubes lor the centimeter- and decimeter-wave band.
. -i
The fundamental stages of the developmerft of metal-ceramic tubes tookhe technology of these valves has been fully reestablished and partly revised by the Bureau of Electrovacuum Technicshe development of metal-ceramic tubes included the following basic stages;
of alr-llght ceramics.
Development of the technology and construction for soldering ceramics to metal (Iron-nickel, similar to ferniko according to indications).
Development of getter not requiring pulverization and workingow(Note; Procedure in US is usually to bake'ind pump extremely hard without the useetter.)_
Developing the design and technology o( these tubes.
ethod of testing and using metal-ceramic tubes.
Apart from reestablishing lhe technological process of metal-ceramic tubes from the experience of the TelefunkenET has thoroughly revised the design of the tubes, viz. has substituted the application of soft iron for that of the'less common nickel-Iron. This Is very important, since therehortage of nickol-iron, and it is not produced In the USSR. It Is reported that some supplies of scarce metals have.been brought Into the zone personally by procurement personnel of the OSW.
' Experiments carried out with tubes produced according to the technology ofwith the use of iron instead of nickel-iron showed that the quality of the tubes was r
The life of the metal-ceramic tubes produced by BET on the basis of theseis not lessours. The percentage of serviceable tubes in massisercent.
Of the several types of metal-ceramic tubes for which any appreciableIndicated, the following are particularly '*
-
NO.
}
-.*
w
atm
trlode
"'
w
atm *
Decimeter trlode
LDir-'
w
Decimeter triode
*
w
m ':
Decimeter trlode
15
diode;
w'
i
trlode
" - .
% efficiency for theppears extremely low, but may be correctIn the data, since it occurs at Ihe limiting wavelength,)
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a. Description ol types
se:
atts
atts V* max
XaL
0 volta
olts
Vglr
Externally excited decimeterwave frequency doubter Design: metal-ceramic with fins Heater:6mp Cathode: oxide, with indirect heating Limiting values: Limiting wavelength Anode dissipation Grid dissipation Anode voltage Cold anode voltage Anode voltage for pulse operation
0 volts lk
(I5 mtcrosec) Grid voltage for pulse operation
Effective cathode current Cathode current for pulse operation Anode temperature
(with air cooling aliters per minute) Useful poweraits when; m
Anode
Cathodeiasv (approx.)
AnodeOC
The tube Is useful for amplification purposes in reception of highalso as an amplifier in the decimeter-wave . .
When the typeube is being used as an oscillator with self-excitation, the regeneration is effected outside the tube in an external circuit.
The development of this type of metal-ceramic triode has made it possibleontinuously operating wide-band generator operatingom.-
The possibilitymooth change of wavelength over the whole bandood output opens up great possibilities for the use olenerator of this type Is ol great useesl oscillator In the development of various radar apparatus and Instruments and alsohole range of physical experiments in the decimeter-and centimeter-wave bands.
The metal-ceramic triode Is used as the oscillator lor the wide wave-bandThe tube is constructedlal-elcctrode system Inside the lube and coaxl-ally arranged low-inductive leads Irom the Internal electrodes.
In construction the tube is plannedrounded-grid triode. Internally thc anode-cathode lube capacity is Insufficient for thc realisation of optimum regeneration for the working of Ihe lubeell-exciled generator. For this reason, when the tube Is In operation, further regeneration of the anode-grid and grid-cathode elements Is used in the generator. The circuit is the usual one for tubes with grounded grid. There are Iwo oscillator elements; an anode-gridrld-cathodc element. The first of these Is the one from which the output of high-frequency power takes place.
Segments of coaxial lines are used as elements. ,The external line is the anode-grid element, the internal one ts the grid-cathodeoth elements haveshort-circuiting pistons, which make II possible to alter the wavelength generated over the whole band. Between the elements thereommon metal wall. In order to afford supplementary regeneration longitudinal silts are made in the wall. Throughthese slits Irom the cavity of the anode-grid element into the cavity of the grid-cathode element are Inserted metal stems, by moans olapacitatlve regeneration takes place. On moving the plslons adjusting the elements the regeneration stems are also
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moved. This Is essential in order Ihat the regeneration should remain in the required phase over the whole band. On the outer casing ol the generator therecale, which enables the operator to move the pistons adjusting the elementshe necessarylor the generation of any wavelength of the band covered. (Note; This has been copied from the US. The whole problem is mechanical coupling ol lhe several moving parts so asperateingle knob,)
*
One use to which the wide wave-band generator may be put is the testing oftriodes Intended for workide band. For thisowerconnected to the generatorpecial measuring lamp (probably neon)ote: Thisery elementary method first used in the US but had beenbetter methods by
The basic technical data and OSW claims for the wide-band generator are as follows;
5 cm andom. . -
With anode voltageolts and cathode currenta, high frequency poweroatts may be obtained.
A generator withide wave-band In the centimeter and lowerhas never existed before. (Note: Such has certainly existed in the US,in Germany. If the first In Germany, or even If believed thc first,is
Tubehis lube differs from then design in lhat the stems leadingthe cathode to the anode-grid area are inside the tube, toapacitativeTho arrangementuilt-in loak around the grid for use as
Some of the principal characteristics o( the tube are:
Heaterv " -"
8 amp
Minimum
Anode voltage
Cathodema '
A test set,as been designed to test metal-ceramic triodes typegeneration of oscillations. The set Is formedystem of two oscillating- the anode-grid and the grid-cathode with the tube under (est installed In.j.
X testas also been designed to tost typeLDI2 tubes In ' '"
Tubeetalloceramlc trlode for operation as self-excited oscillator (CW operation or pulsednd also for amplification (direct amplification and
doubling ofNote; It might be designated an "all purpose".tube.)
Construction: metalloceramlc with radiator on
Vibrationat amplitude50
(Note; Indicates weak mechanical structure Inasmuch as our tubes . . .
Statistical data measured with radiator scrowed to anode
Cathode: oxide, with indirect
Heaterunderheatingermissible but without guarantee
of effect on v- /
Heatermp -
Minimum wavelength: 15 >
Anode voltage (constant0 v, max
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Calhode current, class .
operalion withoutma, max
Cathode current with anodea, max Useful power ofallshen:
cm
Healer voltage v
Anode voltage = 0 v
a
Tubeetal-ceramic triode for pulsed operalion with sell-excitation Metal-ceramic design with anode lins
Vibrationat amplitude50 cps).
tatistical data are measured with radiator screwed to anode Healer:6mp
Cathode: oxide, wiih indirect
Limiting wavelength:1 cm on pulse
m on cw.
* Anode dissipation: Paatts' " ' "
Anode voltage wllh continuous operalion; Va0'.Peak anode.voltage SOOO volts . . .useful0 kw.'. , '.
-node0 v' [
Wavelength 5 amp
b. Other metal'-ceramtc
The following metal ceramic lubes have come lo attention since8
The melal-ceramic diode OSW2 is'a recent'development bl the earlier Telefunken typehis diode Is usedetector forcm range.
The OSW0 lubeetal-ceramic triode intended (or operation at wavelengths than the previously describedherypeas anofatts bul is limitedavelength ofm. Wiih the lypehas (or the first time been possible to produce suitable operation Inman outputw. (Note; It is possible that ultimate application ofmay be for microwave relay
A large amount of detailed technical information, including diagrams andis available for2 andut the amount is such as lo makein the present report
Soldering Techniques
ceramics for.soldering is meant ceramics suitable, after lhe necessary 'for (using wiih metallic parts. It Is used in construclions for which thelhe metal wiih ceramic must be effected by fusing, as in metalloceramic.lubes, V *
,- ;
irconium/
feldspar: 7 .
All materials must be dry (not v-
Compressed lo one-sixth volume andu*i
Fusion point
f
For belter flow (covering power) of the solder onto the molybdenumickel layer Is baked on.
I8 .
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A detailed report on successes in tne technique of solderinghas been prepared In which the temperature Interval of compact tempering ofceramic, resistance to bending, electrical properties, and other characteristics!
ew ceramic:
m
gm kaolin
m boric oxide
V- ;
oitenlng temperature0 towas proposed in place of the'given. * .
Silver-phosphorus alloy is composed ofercent copper,ercent sliver,ercent phosphorus, lt is also used lor soldering metal-ceramichen using other solders It Is necessary to employ boraxlux, Particles of thisaround'the joint and are harmful to the apparatus. Silver-phosphorus alloy needs: no borax and therefore no traces ot flux remain. The moment that ft begins tot flows quickly.and evenly over the prepared surfaces while Ihe phosphorus acts as an excellent reducing agent.esult, the soldered surfaces are closely and solidly joinedhin cupro-sllver film. Furthermore, this alloy permits high-speed soldering at temperatures betweenandThe experiments to determine theof the alloy were made on actual parts used In electro-vacuum production.
agnetrons
Since radarital and Important part of present miliary programs and since
/magnetronsltal linkicrowave radar system, this subject .Is one of.the most "important with which the OSW is concerned. The ability of the USSR toeasure of Its capabilities to produce and use centimeter- and decimeter-wavelength radar equipment, which In turn controls In part its ability to counter oror tactical bombing missions against the Soviet
! .paragraphs {together with Fig.ummarizing the magnetronat OSW. as ofre quoted from the Intelligence Research Project No.Military Intelligence Service,
"The OSW program includes magnetrons operatingnarge gap betweenmm. -This gap Is'ed..by.other"typ'es of tubes'. .In particular, there'is one project form magnetronatts; one project for.magnetrons .covering
0 cm. In two models, overlappingm; another
_.project.for.two.models covering the rangem, with an overlapm (both this and the preceding project being the low-powered
'nullschlitz'ero-slot magnetron, androbable manufacture of less
| ' onother continuously tunable 'nullschlitz' magnetron for6 cm; In which the early versions had gaps In the. spectrum;rojectsmmagnetrons, runningkw power output; of
at.leasMwo are attempts .to copy.U. S. tubes, and in none bf^hlcMi there
any" Indication of slgnUlcant production; and three final projects. Includingkw magnetron;- to,ISO-cm,
. .
considerable interest at thlsllme because of our own workona.simllartube
s experimenting witha'llaban*workedfor the OSW but reportedly was sent to the USSR inubeoutside cathode and an inside anode, withouthis typeol construction
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Isiespeclally useful at millimeter frequencies when scaling down ofdimensions results in tooalhoae, hence too little power."
. ^
Relatively few types of magnetrons appear lo have been produced by thcquantities. Of approximatelyarious types to which reference hasat one time or-another, only two appear to have had any appreciable productionrecenthese are the OSWaban-tube (with anode insidelotless magnetron.The importance of these two lubes justifiesof eachater part of*the section on magnetrons.
: . ,
In the early stages of planning of the magnetron development program,of (he technical staff was held on7 lo discuss developmentom range with power output of morew. 'Theimportant Information on decisions reached will serveuideew of (hett*
Wavelength fromm-ontinually tuning magnetron is toransmitter developed by one of the f
: ixed wavelength ofhe slolless magnetron2 Type A'is to be
sed. If,m tube is required for direct fitting Into. ew tube must be developed. (Note: The phrase "direcl filling" seemscommunication or aircraft ;' - '
i- >A
Wavelengthhe slolless magnetron2ype of tube still in Ihe development stage is lobef a'lubcwlth'aV wavelengthm Is required for direct fitting inlo'a transmitter,be1. s*"
Fixed wavelengthlot magnetron, still In theavelengthm could be used. (It should be here lhat more- receni informalion on.this development has becomeand will be discussed later.)i' "
SrV-fc .'-
During the conference, the question of replacing American tubes by other tubes already available at Ihe OSW or tubes still to be developed was discussed. The suggeslion was made that it would be easier to use American tubes for these transmitters. Such lubes could be.made available from slocks held ln Russia, which would be preferable to developing new types at lhe OSW.
Sp:.V.
The first lube mentioned in lhe above list, for the 8'-cm wavelength region, ls not identifiable by number for further description on lhe basis'of'present information.
At the fixed wavelengthm and In themreglon,2s prominently mentioned.
Therearge amount of detailed construction and testing Informationboth2 Types'A and B. Some of the details which should be of*
- The external measurements and the majorlly of Internal delaUs are Identical Inypes of magnelron. , f.
. .' tf$ W
he magnetron consists ol two basic constructional parts, the calhodend the anode system with welded glass cylinders; :.
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i *em'aed through the glass into the anode and is fixed strictly concentrically along (he axis of Ihe anode cylinder. The cathode irchTform of
^"
.k l'*centering of the cathode In relation
J bv yeof the parts and by the usepecial mandrel on welding; furthermore lor the same purpose in magnetronwo ceramic insulatorsgan" or ammonium oxide are used Magnetron type B.horter cathode, has no insula.ors and the centeringtta.ned solely by accuracy of assembly and welding.ong series of expc-imenls
t was found necessary to give up th. idea of usingins LilemTnTa^
faU,"eiyy,argePreSe,>CC
.de'form'electrolytic vacuum-fused copper
The internal diameter of Ihe anode onm and_on typem
For the better removal of heat and for Ihe provision of mechanical durabll l"m<-of Soft carbonless^ 8a wii- he 'he side are h'Ch d"edhus thewith the pole pieces, and the glass tubes soldered to both blocks, formsunit into which the cathode system Is
ontacts, prevention of corrosion, and reduction of losses at high frequency, all external current-bearing surfaces are silvered. .
The manufacture of2 magnetron Is relatively simple and does not present
flculM"- Manufacturing procedure as with most radio tubes may be divided into the following basic stages:
t Manufacture of
uccessive assembly of and work on ihe various sections,Assembly of tube
elding and Insertion of stem . .
Evacuation. >.
Testing
.The two basic sections, the cathode system and the anode with pole pieces and.lass lubes, are prepared separately until the final assembly ot the magnetrons for welding.
In the manufacture of the cathode System all Ihe metal parts are produced by
?fc She spring forcathode is woundpiral from sintered tungsten wire and is temperedC. It is Important that Ihe strength of each spring be fixed, therefor,the strength of each spring Is
r
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SEfltEl
Before Ihe assembly Into sections all copper and nickel parts are cleanedin InchJoreihylene. and molybdenum parti are cleaned of oxides byThe joining of the parts.on assembly of Die seclion's of the cathode systemby spot and butt electric Voiding, and hydrogen IS blown over to preventat the points of welding. The welding of the cathode Io the molybdenumayer ol foil with the usepecial mandrel. (The decreasing andbrailng are considered to be good modern techniques
The anode section, consistingopper anode with iron pole pieces, "fermko" cases and glass cylinders soldered to It, is the exterior caswg ol the magnetron there-lore the Joints between all the elements ol the anode section must be vacuum-tight The manufacture ol the anode system consists ol the following successive basic operations:
Manufacture of the anode, pole pieces, and "fernlko' glass containers (turning operations).
Soldering of pole pieces (Iron) with the "fernlko- cases by copper solder: " '
Soldering of anode (copper) with the pole pieces (iron) by silver solder (cupro-at eutectic
Final mechanical treatment of soldered section. Drilling of internal apertureexternal and Internal shaping and .'-
Soldering of glass cylinders to Ihe "fernlko" glass containers.
The vacuum-tight soldering operalions are very Important; they may be carriedIn two
By solderingydrogen furnace or by solderingacuum high-frequency furnace.
The first methodoldering In hydrogen furnacess more suitable Inbutreater percentage of wastage in (low.
The second methodoldering in vacuumetter quality of solderln* and negligible wastage In Row. but Is considerably less convenient In manufacture.
Soldering In the hydrogen flame is carried out as '
The pole pieces and "fernlko" cases, already prepared by turningathe, are carefully cleaned of grease and are assembled. At the point of contact of themall ring o( copper wire solder Is placed. After being assembled thus the section Is placed In the furnace with hydrogen flow and the temperature raised to
:. -i -
Simultaneously with Ihis soldering there is carried out theol the other flat surface of the Irons silver solder doeswell on Iron, for the subsequent soldering of the pole pieces with the copperpreliminary silvering of the Iron at lhe point of soldering takes place. The"high-temperature" soldering worked out in the Bureau of Electrovacuum Technics widely used In the manufacture of klystrons and
Briefly, this method is as follows: To the section of the surface o( Ihe Iron part lo beickel pasle Is appliedrush; lhe paste consists of verynickel powder mixedellulose varnish. Afterwards the paste Is dried, the binding Is burned off and the part is heatedydrogen furnace upC, during which sintering of the nickel powder to the iron surface lakes place. Silver, on (using, flows
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very wellurface coaled with nickel in Ihismall piece of silver,In wire form, Is fixed to lhe pasted surface before sintering. On heating in lhe hydrogen .furnace, fusing of lhe silver takes place simultaneously with lhe sinferin*e powder. Thus the silver flows over-all the pasted surfacemooth,irm silver gating In this way silvering of the olher end of the pole pieces takes place simultaneously wllh Ihe first soldering of lhe pole pieces and -fernlko" cases, as aoperalion for the subsequent soldering wllh the copper anode. The soldering of the anode with the pole pieces is carried oulopper-silver eutectlc process in approximately the same way as the soldering of lhe pole pieces with the "forniko* cases described above. The parts are assembled lor soldering and are fixed together by means of supplementary ceramic mandrels and are bound together with molybdenum wire. A. number of such assembledepending on the capacily of there placed In the hydrogen furnace and are heatedothe eutectic then (uses and soldering lakes place. (Note: This procedure sounds parallel to that used in the US.)
After soldering, Ihe anode section Is brought to the required measurementsto lhe drawing and the Iniernal aperture of the anode Is drilled. After lhal the partof grease and Ihe glass cylinders are fused to Ihe 'fernlko" cases. Fusing ofwas done by hand by meansable burner, but this fusing may alsoorizontal glass-blowing
After the fusing of the glass the metallic surfaces are cleaned of oxide bymethods and by dipping, after which the anode section Is to be joinedup wllh the calhode section.
The calhode and anode systems are assembled and fixedpecial mandrel, In which also, the final welding lakes place. The significance of the mandrel is lo secure the accurate centering of the cathode system in relationhe anode. After welding and Insertion of the stem Iho magnetron Is heateduffle furnace for Ihe removal of stresses in the glass; lhe magnetron Is first filled with nitrogen fo prevenl the oxidation of the Internal magnetic parts.
. After this the magnetrons are vacuum-tested and arc'
i I"- '. WlVl
The evacuation ls done on an ordinary high-vacuum pump, severalhe evacuating process and cathode-format ion are.in principle, the-same asdiodes with tungsten cathode. . -
Alter the evacuating process, contact (errules or caps are soldered by.tin tocases al the point of fusion with the glass and protective cases are screwedIhe pole pieces. .
" 1
For.ihe.manufacture of2 comparatively little special.equipment. Is called for; All the ports are manufactured with universal turning and joining equipment. For small-series production no more Ihan two special mandrels had to be manufactured.
. Little Information has been available on the produclion ol this type lube except lhat relatively, few are known lo have been completed thus far. ..
he OSW0 'Haban"
Compared with the slolless magnetron described above, little information Isconcerning ihe Haban tube. The following Is quotedeportanuary
.
SEQRET-
SKCrfET
-Tills tube belongs to the 'magnet resonance receivers'uitable results were first obtained with this tube In the OSW. The plan (or the development olube originates with Dr. Haban. (Note: In various connections the spellings -Haban" and "Habann"used). The'lirst experimental lube wasin the, without, however, obtaining complelelylclear-culof nominal values. After the departure Of Dr. Haban to Russia in6 lhe development stopped unlil the early partn7 iurther experimental construction was again started on the two construction plans of the tube designated as the SKRB7 andhese two construction plans, designated as Haban TubeInd Haban Tube Construction IIre differentiated by the (act thats prepared lor one-sided and Construction II for two-sided tunability. The construction of both tubes Is characterized by the (actuitable, short,heated cathode is situated eccentrically between two outernd inner .cylinders, and the electron stream passes in between the cylindersay determined by theanode voltage and thc existing magnetic field, according to (he correspondingrature of Dr. Haban.
"The development specifications for Ihese lubes, that is, for the development of experimental models, are contained In the periodical supplement ofechnical specifications of the experimental ,model are according to the systemof Dr. Haban. The custodian of this tube is (he agent of the SMA-Engineer Afanasyev. .
-Most of the experimental lubes constructed up until now show leakage withof the
"The construction specifications of both the completed tubesnds the tuning controlo not yet display thc condilions which willto fulfill the requirements ordered by the'Russians.-
'The whole project must as yet be considered In the development stage."
* * i ' '
'v
A recently mentioned tube on which Information is available as ofslot magnetron known as typeThis ls apparently the tube .to* reference was made In developmentsixed wavelengtho production ln-formation ls available but the following description has been selectedather large, volume of material on the subject.
I'll' " '-.. n the OSW the trlode4 was developed for the decimeter-wave region downm. For the wavelengthsom the two tubesere produced. They are unslotted magnetrons.m theystlll give utput of fromoilliwatts. However, the handling required for these tubes Is. rather complicated soest oscillator supplied with them Is not simple to use. Al-ernate tubes which areslmpler to adjust are beingne alternate lube at the long wavelength end of the centimeter-wave region is the trioden normal peration Itm, but perhaps In the case ol properly designed oscUlators, II car. be driven downm. For the region below this downm several slottedhave been developed by Telefunken Inoarallel wire orIs coupled Inductively or capacltlvely. These tubes are the RD?hich Ism and the RD2Mg which Is tunablem. Thc oscillating circuit of these tubes Is, as alreadyarallel waveguide which isapacltlvely through the anode syslem. These lubes are simpler lo handle than the zero-slot tubes.losely connected lurlher development o( these tubes the anode system Is notaveguide butaveguide cavity which is tunable. In this way the radi-tlon damping is reduced and it is hoped lhat still shorter wavelengths can bewith this tube if the capacity of the anode system Is reduced.:
sec p.
. "ThB PurpoJsefof ,ne Uak consists first of all in clarifying ihc question whether his is pc.ss.ble and if so toriaj.tube which will reachmm
thatm there shouldhange-over-lot anode system lo reduce
Urn'ShMslw' J"erimcnts and their significance are discussed.
. ".
scll'aljon mechanism of the multiple-slot magnetron has already been '" thoroughly described In Ihe literature. However, reference is made to the lundamentaJ
"in*er and Hulsler in whl^ experimental materialompared to the work of Poslhumus.
1
"electrode of this magnetron consistsylindrical cathode whose axis is the sameultiple-slot cylindrical anode. The electric field in the slots be-
ledhe field
phase displacement ofThis so-called push-pull oscillation can be thought ofof two fields rotating in opposite directions. This can be seen ii oneobserver, at the cathode,ield of vision so small that at mosl he can seeslot If this observer now turns In any direction so fast that he continually seesslot, then when lhe timealf-period has just passed; he will see. in every lmPressionhe
.1
"Of the electronic phenomena In the magnetron one has Ihe following Dicture- On accounl of the magnetic field, the electronsotating motion arounS the cathode The speed of rotation close to the anode is exaclly as great as lhat of the rotational field. According to its position, an electron will be eitherecelerating or accelerating slot Held. By means of the magnetic field, however, sorting takes place All .hose elecfrons whose phase is such that Ihey areecelerating slot field will not be permittedo samc angular velocity .wouldtellate
r.bUll0nlhe numb*rthe number of slots.
The rotating electron cluster, because of its electroslalic inducllon current In.Ihe anode segments, maintains the oscillations. The electrons are continually decelerated by thc alternatinghey lose kinetic energyto the alternating field. From the-static field they.acqulre just sufficient energy to maintain correctly the speed of rotation. -Thus they come closer and closer to lhe anode, until finally, on bombardment, the remainingkinetic energy is changed to heat. ...' .
, a, aa ,mp re"*clionsythe time-average value of electron motion.
^- hand' malnlain smail- "Dld oscillations.these oscillations become veryhen the over-all efficiency is atThis optimum depends largely on ihe direct-current voltage of the anode expect that because of this simple exposition, calculation of the optimal anodehas led to relatively exact values.alculation was made by Poslhumus from the works of Herrlnger and Hulster the calculated values coincide wellprovided the'diameter of the cathode is small with respect to themade his calculations for such cases. . .
"For-greater cathode diameters the calculations have been expandedne of the OSW research.
lamps
low-pressure discharge lamps are the types8 (xenon) and8ntended to be operated by the dischargeondenser banklhrough them. The lamps have the following specifications:
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light intensity Light output
Maximum single dischargepulse repetition
Pulse length Pulse power
00 pulses
0 kw f
are tested after they have been stored cot less manays. Onlamp is considered satisfactory if il operates correctlyulses.ulses for testing emphasiies lhe short life of the tubes. They apparentlyfor aerial photography or some lype of Infrared radar use, bul thehigh energy per pulse and low number of pulses would seemavor.their use
Super-high-pressure mercury lamps23 with improved color have been developed. The following specifications are stated;
Power use'd Type of current Voltage Lamp voltage Working current Red radiation, approx. Dlam. of bulb, approx. Length, approx. .ax. breadth, approx.
.
5
w
and AC
;. ..
v. ..
v
amp
amp
. |
m
m
.
mm
was made In3 lamps. (Mote; It cannot be easily detern radar, aircraft reconnaissance photography, c
nt are for
Other Vacuum Tubes_ , i*
. - '. . S - ii'
.Evidence from several sources points slrongly.lo the fact that lhe OSW hasUs greatest attentionelatively small group of: tubes. FollowingOSW and other designations of these lubes, together with the amountson hand andto be accepted al the time of the .
..Other
ir'r jO"
.OSW No. "
>
Quantity .
, . 8AC7*. ,. .'.
rT
. .
. '
'
M.
0 V
,
. .
-
A/B
i u
"
,
/,
.'.
, ii
'r,
Anolher very Important list is thai of tubes described in the order of Iheirto military purposes, as classified by the Russian direction of OSW. These lubes
fef j"
- particular project ol thc OSW
'? X, seven-typ,t deals with cathode-ray tubes, which could be used as television tubes (but are more probably lor radar exclusively) and with amplifiers suitable lor various applications. The tubes are all copies o! given American tubes!
:OI those listed all except theB, andave beendis^previously. The following paragraphs contain quoted information on theand some of the manufacturing problems and applications of these tubes,where the statements are erroneous or misleading, parenthetical notes ofhave been.
T' -v|
."Th* *ACT ,ub* ls "pentode used in the first broad wave-band amplification stages. Apart from Its other applications, therearge demand for it bi television esult, work in connection with the mass production of these tubes has been undertaken, with special reference to the conditions ol production In the USSR.
tube producedevised model ol lhe well-known American tube? Itsame name but dUfers from it only in outward appearance. The American tubemetal form with the standard "lower slcm" pinch. The lack of the necessaryIn the laboratory did not allow an exact copy to be made, although Itsand field of application comply with the use of the nietal form. But on the rospective valuation of Ihe standards of quality of radio-tubeadvantages of the glass form which has had to be adopted. In the first placeof metal tubes in the USSR Is fraughteries of difficulties causedby ihe weakness of Ihe vacuum-technology factories and the fact that theequipment is worn oufand requires either restoration or complete In the past several attempts have been made in the factories to deviateform of tubes and introduce the equivalent glassn the secondthe radio tube factories are not capable of producing metal tubes similar to the 'ones and this affects the question of mass production. In the third place,Industry has not yet adopted the production technique of flat slems andcomparatively recent constructions have been based on the use of the oldwhich impairs Ihe quality of the tubes from the point of view of their
frequency-.
"On Ihe other hand, if account Is taken of the fact that small variations ol the parameters ol the lubes must be obtained when required, the inadequacy ol the flat form of tube becomes very serious. Therefore two forms of Ihe 6AC7 tube wereorm TO completednd thc second form was designed (Note: The construction of Iheie tubes with cylindrical electrodes had been attempted in the United States.)
"The 6AG7 tubeentode with indirect heating, designed for'final broad-band (television powerhe pracUcal application of 6AG7 Is not limited toapparatus. Therefore 6AG7 must be consideredube which willarge circulation In the future. This means thatust be developed along definite lines.
-Considerations about the metal and glass forms, and limitations of equipment arise In this case, similar to those concerning the 6AC7 tube. The electricalof the 6AG7 allow the distance to bt Increased between the grid and the cathode, which ensures effective mass production. In spile of the completion of the development olecond specimen of this tube has been constructed with an oval cathode. This work, whichurther modification, has in view not simply the copying
-
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pecimenube. It Is also intended to give the USSR industry newevelopment and construction which may be used not only for (his type, hut lor other consequent Independent designs. It must be observed lhat the creation of oval homogen ous designs of radio tubesore modem method of deciding thc manyadio-tube construction.
'i
use of oval high-frequency tubes is not yet employed in the USSR. Thein the tubeIM was first used in the second World War fortubes. From this example can be seen the enormous advantages which ariseskilled use of oval cathodes. Together with the completion of the oval specimens6AG7 tube there Is also being produced the technology for the mass productioncathodes andNote; In the Uniied States the space in the high-powerwidened, but It was not possible to do so in the high- lubes. The Russianshave more trouble handling close spaclngs Ihan we do. Statement lhal oval designmore modern method Is questionable. Methods indlcale fairly crude techniques
"The $J6 tubeouble triode in miniature form (so-called "finger" tube).designed to workigh-frequency oscillator In push-pull arrangement with5 walls. It works In the waveband betweenm and 4account of its special application, the 6J6 tubeommon cathode for bothNote: This tube Is used In the Uniied States mainly for
"This tube, although of small construction,elatively high anode dissipation. Owing to its short electrode leads, similar for both systems, It is suitable for push-pull circuits In the ultra-shorl to decimeter-wave range. Itopy, of lhe corresponding American tube. Tubes o( similar construction are the Americantc.
"The USSR radio tube industry has had some experience In copying similartubes. Before theeries of miniature -fingertubes was constructed on the lines of the American ones, but the lack of productive ground work did not allow them to be mass produced. Therefore lhe construction of the 6J6 Is proving toew type and willew technologyew production technique.'
Comparatively little Information has been available on conditionscopying ofB tube. Itadio-frequency beam-power amplifierby the OSW,opy of (he corresponding type of the American tubeUnion Radio Corporation. Indications are that production of this lube hasvery high as may be seen from the above
ubeulse amplifier builtetrode and ls applied in the MEDDO equipment. It has an IndirecUy heated oxide cathode, intended to amplify pulses up lompurationec. This tube is designed for work with high voltages on the anode, up Iov when unloaded5 kv when loaded. The demands made are very great, and the construction Itself is complicated. Thus the scope of Iheof this tube is limited, as It Is impossible to mass-produce It. The tube Is of American origin and appeared during5tomewhat revised model of theAB produced earlier by Raytheon and also by Western ElectricCompany.
"The task ln copying lheroved to be extremely difficuli. On Uie basis of the experience of the factory "Telelunken" in producing thet was necessary loecond specimen, more closely related to it in its characteristics. The difficulty was increased by the lack of gold, which Is required to gild Ihe first and second grids of the tube ln order to Increase their heal-radlatlng capacity andmooth surface to the wires of the grids, Ihusreat sparking-over resistance for the lube. In view of the urgency of developing Ihe lube. It was decided to overcome the
-
of th* physical properties of the grids cf Ihe American tubey altering itsNote: This tube ts not considered hard to make in the United States. It must be pumpedigh vacuum, apd this is probably the trouble. Indications areossible lack of good sanitation in the Russian plant. The secondary emission Is thc -main reason for needing Ihe gold, and the other reasons are probably in error.) *
lack of gold for gliding the grids would not allow lhe usual construction of,UbC66Kor example, to gild the grids of oneube,illigrams of pure eold are required. This means practicallyubes would requireg ol pureNote: These amounts ol gold seem rather high.)
the work in developing theas applied In two directions:
Completing the urgent task ofube basedithout using i ,
Investigating the question of decreasing (he secondary andfrom the grids of the tubes and bringing theto the standard of the American i; !
"Therefore thc luberoduced on-the basis of lhe original American one has two tetrode systems connected In parallel Inside the glass vessel, Instead of one.esult thereoss in th* heat-dissipation of the electrodes on account of the Increase in their surfaces.
this measure did not allow the tube to be constructed without the use ofgliding the
the adoption of serial technology in the manufacture of lhe tubes itthe specimens were likely to change their Insulation when packed anddeficiencyonllnuallon ol the development work on Ihe tube beyond theoriginallyNote; What actually happens probably Is that the tubeon the
athode construction
Difficulty was being experienced In the experimental producllon of tungsten and molybdenum wire due to chipping and splitting of diamond tools In drawing the wire. As9 it was reported that the PhUips Company (Netherlands) would supply' 'heUhdiamonds, specially drilledecret process lot drawing wire. The fact that diamond dieserious bottleneck even in the United States emphasized the hazard inccess to Ihe Philips organization Is cut off.
Chrome-nickel wireas being made, but great difficulty had beenln Uie wire-drawing shop withmicron diameter. -.
. -
A zircon pasle composed of paraffin, naphlhalin, and zircon Is used as anlayer between the thorlum-oxlde pasle and the base metal. The zircon pasteonto the tungsten carrier wire byirect current through tho wirehigh.
Another cathode paste, known7 Emission paste,omposition ofercent BaCOi,ercent SrCOj,ercent CaCOj. The solvent is amyl acetate orissolved withercent Ditrasolvan.
Thereeport that nickel and molybdenum may be In use as substitutes forMolybdenum surfaces are prepared in an electrolytic bath of phosphoric .
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Calhode tension springs are tempered Io remove tensions which arise in an electrically heated gas-proof furnace al about
Frequent complaints of shortages of materials are encountered in connection with wire and other metal parts lor tube construction.
13. o! rime ti
Of the several types of bolometers on which Information has been available only the two types33 seem to have had any appreciable produclion.3 is ciassuied along with thermal elements for maintaining constant voltage and3 along with the measuring tubes and bolometers. Following are brief descriptions of some of them, together with their OSW numbers:
bolometer foriw to SO mw;3bolometer for outputs, upw;3bolometer, upm
Measuring tube for max. outputm
Measuring tube for5 w;m Measuring tube for; mlnm Measuring lube for outputs,;m Measuring tube for; min Aaboutm Measuring lube for outputs,; min Aaboutm Measuring tube for testing of2 (slolless magnetron) Classww minm Class bolometer,w tow mlnm Thermal element for maintaining constanl%
of two bolomeler-Iype output meters is described, type5 for Inem band and lype9 for thecm band. Part of Ihe general description Is contained in Ihe following two paragraphs.
The bolometrlc melhod Is employed for measurement of power within Ihe limitstw tow In the centimeter band and the lower pari of the decimeter band.
The principle Is as follows: The bolometer forms partpecial output meter which uses tuned coaxlal-Iine sections or hollow waveguide sections. The bolometer II-self is In Ihe formylindrical glass bulb, evacuated ofhin tungstenoicrons diameter) runs along the length of the tube. The whole device is tuned and matched to the high-frequency generator under test, so lhat maximum power Isacross the bolometer. This develops heat, and alters the filament resistance, from whichower can beridge (circuit Is used to determine resistance varlallon. The bolometer filament forms one section of the bridge. (Note- Thermistors entirely replace this technique In Ihe US.)
measuring Instruments
Comparatively little information has been available on olher measuringTen types of output meters In ranges fromnd wavelengths from
J?LCm *re IUted* El,ven lypesMi str'ntf" meters Ln wavelengthm are *
At least three types of crystal detectors have been mentioned, the.. Research Is In progress on the growing of silicon monocrystals on carbon rods lor use as detector crystals. So far It has not been possible lo form the crystals sufficiently firmly on the carbon.
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In the present detectors, silicon is condensed from silicon tetrachloride Inof the carbon rodsemperature ofThese arc then bisected and useddetector, etc. No detectorsm waves are being manufactured;wavelength attainedm. (
Sketched details of the mountings ofrystal detectors (Fighow ln cross-section the placement of the detector and lhe arrangement of parts'with some indications of the kinds of materials used.
furnaces
Eighteen types of furnaces in temperature ranges from lOOOo toand frommm in size are listed. Little further Information Is available except for description of shapes of the various types.
metals
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Information of refractory metals is limited essentially to the items appearing under that heading in production figures and to the discussion of thoseew other items under the subject of cathode construction.
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IV. PLANS FOR THE FUTUHE
This consideration of plans for the future takes up th* affairs of thefrom the point (near th* endhere the discussion wu terminated in Part I, POSTWAR ORGANIZATION. These are the indications for the present and near00 Sl lrJorrnalion (raoslhlch became available during early
I. Present Form of Organization
. As stated earlier the new designation lor the OSW is "Werk lur Fernmeldewesen "IFweigniederlassung der staalichen Aktiengesc Use hafthc Russian officials o( the plant have been wearing mufti, and civilian tiUes such as manager and director have been substituted for military titles.
Following Is th* latest tabulationhowing the position of the OSW within the general framework and the organization of Its experimental department: *
SAG IZOlVatOR, Berlin-We issensee
Werk fur Fernmeldewesen "HF" (OSW),Department
Production
Ministry o( Elcctrotechntcs, Moscow,.Mainf SMA' Research and Experimentation Shop
Section I
Section la, Vacuum-tube lb. Television-tube Development
Section Ic, Development of DischargeTI (now Section Ic) !" *
Section IV, General Technology
roduction
The production9 is expected to amount loarkstraight reparations are calculatedarks (east)he remainder Is to be used for export, for the SAC, and for German Industry. (Note: As slated previously, Ihe amount of production Indicated here and on several following pages Is very small and difficult to explain unless the figures refer lo pilot plant or are deliberately distorted.)
Russian officials have ordered an analysis of the plant capacity, to determine (a) the Investment necessaryomprehensive Increase In production, (b) the* -measures needed to reduce waste, and (c) the possibilities for Increasing technical research.
Present production plans calloubling of the production of tungsten and molybdenum wire The production of detectora, resistors, and reslslor tubes of all sorts will hereafter be undertaken by other firms within the combine Izolyator. There were critical shortages In the fallhich seemed lo suggest that production of many ol lhe Hems would have to be discontinued; however. In the meantime, many of these shortages have.been overcome by the Ingenuity of theagent. He personally obtained from across'th* border quantities of ferro-nickel
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for radio tubes and of aluminum for electrolytic condensers. The "Eleklroapparate AC.ranch of Iiolyator, now handles most of th* procurement of critical items for the entire combine.
Experiments with the production of artificial diamonds lor certain industrial purposes have been successful.
' During9 representatives of the OSW took partonferencean agreement whereby Yugoslavian industries could Import electrical equipment. No details concerning tho agreement were reporled.
The following digest gives the research and production plans9 lorof vacuum-tube development and the development and experimentalof discharge; '
High-wrillng-speed oscillographm/sec and the further development of Instruments and tubes. (Note: State of progressittle behind the US.ew should be needed since it Is used only for testing.).
Investigation of Ihe sullabillly of the hlgh-oulpul-cathode tube for the centimeter and decimeter region.
presentation of ccntimeler and decimeler waves.
easurement of the radiation resistance ofcm waves;' Measurement of the losses of detectors In measuring) Measurement of the self-nolse of detectors.
Noise diode for Ihe wavebandm, subdivided Into (our ranges.
Output meters.
. *
Test probes.
Meter leads. '
Magnetrons.
Spectrum analyzer.
ike No.re for the wavebandm, subdivided Intoour ranges)
Overlapping wave meters for the wavebando-10
Factor-of-merlt metersom. "'-
Noise sourceom.
Voltage divideron.
"Ferrograph" for measuring the hysteresis loop In small amounts of magnetic material and In materials with limited magnetic properties.
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Double-magnet variometer with ferrllc
Further research on
Further research on the techniques on ceramics
nch television picture tube, together with components.
) Research work irrthe field of polar-coordinate picture tubes.together withi . :
multiplyingnd the lubes and components'.
development of the large-screen projection apparatus andcomponents.
'i.l
ol the television processines to atI
Development and construction of an electric furnace for temperature of t; .
Constructionachine (or automatic productionress directly (rom the glass melt..'". :. . v
Constructionachine for the automatic sealing of the press to the lubes.
Construction of an automatic pump for fluorescent;
of an automatic device for the assembly of cathode filamentsmicron tungsten wire.
This list of objectives Is apparently weighted heavily wiih Items concerning the production of tools.and equipment and the development of manufacturing techniques rather than basic research.
ube ProducUon
An order was received at lhe OSW from the USSR at the end ofanufactureubes. This order was refused by lhe SovietIhe factory because the machinery was already fully occupied with orders andthe shortage of molybdenum wire (or perhaps they dldn'I dare confess Ihey.could
The official research plan9 for Department Id (Production ofand Receiving Tubes)of OSW Is as
Production of ten test samplesolse-dlodem, Type9 Dale of completion Is
Completion of ten noise-diodes lorm: Date ol completion is
Construction of Ihree apparatus for testing the thermal grid-emission by the
impulse method. Dale of completion Is December
t
of three sets of measuring equipment for the pulse outputDate of completion Isi
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Construction of three sits of measuring apparatus for transient voltages and duration of oscillation. Date of completion is
(f) Construction of three sets of measuring apparatus for high-frequencyDate of completion is December
Other scheduled tasks are as
Construction for Soviet zone broadcasting stations of one water-cooled trans mi ling tube of each o(w
to startproductlon tn9 of receiving-tube typesJ5,
V6 andhe planned production date fornds (Note: The 6ES magic eye is one of the least essential US tubes.)
Another report sutes that ihe OSW Is operatinghour day andbeen given to development oflystronmw minimum. productionubes ol all types continuesmemory" tubedevelopment. No further Information concerning Ihis memory tube has. ,
It Is saidhree-yearor the productionhas been prepared, using producllon6asis. (Total expenditure On investment proposed8M.)
ischarge lamps
The following excerpts are quoted on the prospects concerning discharge lamps and measuring apparatus:
"Small high-pressure lamps would undoubtedly find greal demand infor export, since the producers oT optical Instruments are very Interested inso far, we are the only firm producing Ihese .
"Insofar as spectrum lamps are concerned the main demand la lor sodium spectrum lamps and, therefore, In planning th* productionercent of the total should be sodium spectrum lamps. However, for ihe production of sodium-spectrum lamps Itis essential to have sodium-resisting glass, which cannot be, al present, produced in
* eW*ft^ be'ne >MflDroduCt sodium-resisting
"The expansion of markets (turnover) for very high-pressure lamps andlamps for photographic purposes must be planned with greal care,reat deal of work on Iheir
"High-power neon tubes for lighting ol aerodromes are apparently Intended lor Ihe supply, first o( all, to the Soviet Union. In the respect ofertain Increase In production Is foreseen since Ihe numerous queries from Russian undertakings lead one tourther increase In the demand."
S. Measuring Apparalus
"The workshop for making the apparalus and the small laboratory for testing the apparatus which we have at present are loaded to capacity with the development tasks laid down in the.
E f
"We must reckon lhat this slate of ailhe workshop and the laboratory orwill not change In the subsequent years since you have instructed uS lhat Ihe developmenl ol apparatus will be carried on on the same scale.
"Each new produclion ol apparatus entails the creationew workshopIhe apparatus, wllh complete mechanized equipment and Instruments, andnew laboratory for testing with quite expensive
"The equipment for workshops, essenlial lor lhe execution ol (lhe program lor apparatus) will require the outlayough cslimate olM- the. equipment ol testingurther outlayM. '
"Area of essenlialq. meters
/'Additional works9 .
aboratorypecialist workers (male and female)
1 Production engineer ioremen
figures rise, however,0 to approx.
/ aboratory .
pecialist workers (male andoreman
and1
aboratory engineers
pecialist workers (male and
1 Foreman
"This program could certainly be reduced in which case the outlay (ornumber of workers and the area of premises would be reduced also.short supply: Electrolytic condensers, electrical measuring instruments, andiron." ..
esearch and Development
Five million marks (east) have been allocated for9 researchpercent of this sum was deducted for administrative costs by lhe SMA which will be carried out in the OSW Is to beartargewhich, for greater security, will be conducted In
P*r'menlal section of Ihe OSW haselevision set; anprojector was usedood picture was obtainedeters...
ork has been discontinued on stabilizers and on spectral, high pressure, andlamps, due to loss of personnel In Ihese fields. Seven men experienced Inof high frequency, particularly high-frequency lubes were among those takenIn October ,
Along with Ihese losses of personnel, anolher report concerning OSWslates .that, "these, and other tubes and much detailed production data andbeen transmitted to lhe USSR during lhe lime OSW has been
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(Mc.)
))) P( - )
Low Powers
All but one tube
Most tubes
wjmain
2 toattsjregion
Few
Few
Oneatts
Few or none
SO kw
(Oneatts
Most
atts
Few or none Few or none Few or0 kw Few or none Few or none
discussion ol plans for Ihe future would not be complete without one highly important Item which has come to attention concerning future security of the OSWecent report states that the Russian officials are becomingsuspicious of the Internal security of the plant and have increased the plant security force fromen toen. This turn of events is not at alln view of the comparatively large amounts of Information which have been availableather long period. The site of the security force and Ihe fact of its. beingould seem to Indicate that lhe Russian evaluation of the OSW's Importance isather high even though the plant has been bled of materials and personnel lo send lo Russia in recent years.
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V. CONCLUSIONS
oncern,r* <hV.Oberspre.werk. may conveniently be divided
ohe aPs th< information;M place of Ihe OSW In the general scheme ol things.
I. Summary ol the Information
II should be emphasized that many details ol information, particularly those concerning speculations and testing, have been considered too numerous and too low
t 'nClUdCd ln 1Such information is on file and will be available to the few persons,ny, who need lt.
But because of the voluminous nature of even lhal part which has beenummary of lhe preceding pages has been attempted In the following pages.
The OSW has been considered one of the most important factors In the Russianelectronics activity, particularly with regard to vacuum tubes. From the start of postwar operations5 to the present lime, at least four general reorganizations have apparently taken place. Inetween two of these reorganizations large scale deportations of personnel to Russia occurred. During this period the deportations were accompanied by the diversion of equipment and technical knowledge to Russia in order to facilitate electronics operations there. Ineriod the departure of several key persons resultedevere hand.cap to or complete closing of some departments. The control of Ihe OSW was changed from lhe SMA to Ihe Soviet
'
Production efforls may apparently be grouped under five divisions:
and gas-discharge Instruments.
measuringCrystal detectors.
temperature furnaces.
metals.
Of these categories the first Is by far Ihe largest, and also probably the most Important, in view of the over-all objectives of the organization.ppear to be operated at least partially In support of Division a.
n Irom either
ihe development or the production standpoint. Production seems to be highest on some of th* American-type lubes, particularly the TV-amplifier tubes. Other Items In relatively high production are the stabilizers or rectifiers, bolometers, cathode-ray lubes, metal-ceramic triodes, klystrons, and discharge lamps. Magnetrons have apparently been the object of much effort but rather low production.
Il Is estimated lhat0 lubes of all kinds werey Ihe OSW. The dally production9 Is estimatedubes o( all types,
Much of the Information on research and development is mixed In with large amounts of detailed specifications on construction and testing procedures tor both experimental and mass production.
Considerable attention has been devoted lo cathode-ray tubes, fluorescent materials, metal-ceramic tubes, magnetrons, and copies of several American tubes.
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The preponderance of evidence from various sources indicates thai ihe OSW has oncentrated, its greatest attention upon the following relatively small group of tubes:
OSW No.
Designation
5FP7
" LOU
LD12 '
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nother very Important list is that of tubes of importance to militaryclassified by the Russian direction o( OSW, In order of decreasing Importancethe.f this
list all except Ihe3 are Includedeven-type program Instituted for'the, xpress purpose of copying thc corresponding American lubes.
lubes under development at Ihe OSW are.sald not to be forThere are amongolar-coordinate tube which may serve asof altitude Inube for use in Panorama-vue equipment and in and groundube for screen projection which may be usedequipment to permit the simultaneous viewing of the'lmage by ,
, Details of Ihe color, composition, and olher characteristics of at leastmaterials have become available. Difficulties have'occurred"In"obtainingof some of Ihese
Indications arconsiderable amount of progress has been made In Ine technology of metal-ceramic tubeong period of experimentationas far back0 has resulted in the development and production ofhief types. Much research has gone into (he development of suitable soldering'ls and techniques.
. Along wllh Iho metal-ceramic tube technique) the magnetrons' havehe greatest emphasis. Much research has been devoted lo theothers.in lhe shorter wavelength range. The plan for various frequency ranges Is" .' '
avelengthohe continually tuning magnetron. .
Fixed wavelengthhe slotless magnetron2 Type...
Wavelengthheew tube sttll In the ' '* development stage.
Fixed wavelengthlot magnetron (apparently thc one later . designated as OSW
Of approximatelyarious types of magnetrons' to which reference has been. ^at one time or another, only two, the0 Haban-tube (with anodeand2 slotless magnetron, appear lo have had anyecent
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appreciable Imporiance of this tube In ihe Russian program.
speeds Pa'doubHnfnfeloPment ol tubes wiih high wriling nd molybdenum wire, oscillographicndmeasurement of the radiationofcm waves; further research on crystal detectors, further research on
he echniques of ceramics preparation, further development of the large-screen pro
romto at least .'. bUnf of production of tungsten and molybdenumumber other items mentioned elsewhere. -
m,nruS (MSt) haV* been allocaled9 researchresearch which will be carrLH put In the OSW is tn, argewhich, for greater security, will be conducted in research.
aps' ln the Information '' , . . .'
At the outset Ihese two (acts should be mentioned:
, sment as to Ihe existence ofgaps'wlll have to be basedBanliatIOnxtent'on Ihe tabulation of '
The large amount of Information which has become available concernlnc thr ably rZSfi T re.'a,W^ 'Hese outlines of organization
iThe.recarcity of Information on actual production5PCCU1Coi production by e at a" erhaPssingVe
,he es,,matedProductiono'Soo tubes of all The low production figures, in terms of dollars, which are quoted repeatedly an especially puzzling gap in the
Ity
o suspicions of secur laxity, orisappointingly low production level, or to bolh. '
hi.hi.ma?netrons has Dflenunless the information has been more highly guarded because of its great Importance in conncclion with radar' equipment. The question of whether or not radar equipment Is being manufactured by the OSW is vacuumTubes11 *ene ,he oreanlz3Uon seems to have limited Itself mostly to
oderate amount of attention has been given lo the production of discharge"
mU he suPP'yinKe"eral demand and how'much toward
special mllltaryuses is not clear. Neither Is it veryclear whatthe complete relationship
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surinf 'Wr-ntne. and high-temperature furnaces
I lo olher fields. The high-temperature furnaces are not unuiualty large compared lo those in the United Statesverthelcss, are fairly large in size.
3. Place In Ihe General Scheme of Thir
ings
There can be little doubt that the OSW has been one ol the bulwarks of theprogram, at least In the Occupied Zone and probably also ino Ihe latter has been evident in Ihe removal to Russia of personnel,and information on H 9
Judging from the amount of emphasis placed on research and development In connection with magnetrons the OSW is of prime Importance In radar development which, fn turn. Is of prime importance in defense plans.
Thereong history ol experimentation, developmenl, and production In metal-ceramic lubes such as would Indicate both an Interest and an accomplishment of considerable dimensions in this field. Future progress, however, may be delayed by Ihe reported loss of some of the key personnel.
no,herent fulur*he OSW. The production of copies of American tubesajor Item, and since It Includespplicable to radar use, emphasizes still further the radar aspect..
Accomplishments at the OSW, both in quality and quantity of output, appear to have lagged somewhat, possibly because Of the partial stripping of plant facilities ut prospects for the future of OSW both In Us own production and In furnishingand plans to the Russian organizations could be quite good If the Officials so choote byomplete dismantling.
The concern of the officials over the present securily and lhe plan forh* belle( lnalImportance Is attached to the
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Original document.
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