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TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR SECTION 81
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Territorial- S
Arms and
General.
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Combat
Service
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Strategic problems and
Permanent
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Basic tactical
Special operations . .
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Reserve
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Mobilization
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M. Quasi-military and other ground
The Iraqi Police
The Mobile Police
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig.
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Division
Division
Division
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battalion
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arms
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Police Forces
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This Section was prepared for the NIS by the Office of the AC of, Department of the Army.
81. Ground Forces
General
The Iraqi Army, well trained by only Arab States standards, at present0 personnelparamilitaryrganizedeadquarters establishment, two Infantryraining (cadre) division, and an Independent brigade.
The Army's top leadership Is satisfactory by Arab standards, and Its personnel are well fitted physically and temperamentally for service In this geographically difficult area. The followinghowever, limit the Army's effectiveness:ow level of general and technical education,the ability of the Army to assunilate modern weapons, equipment, and techniques;ack of combat experience by all ranks;imitations in weapons and equipment to amounts sufficient properly to equip only one Infantry division: andack of professional confidence in all ranks.
Nevertheless, the Iraqi Army at present isof maintaining internal order and probably could resist successfully an attempted invasion by its Arab or Iranian neighbors. Iraq could offer only minor harassing opposition to invasionajor power such as the Soviet Union. Iraq has not formulated war plans In coordination with adjacent countries. Offensively, she could not effect the conquest of any adjoining state except, perhaps, Syria, nor could she now, either alone or in concert with other Arab States, conquer Israel.
The organization of the Army is designed loIts primary mission the defense of Iraq. One infantry division, the so-called Mountain Division, is stationed in northeastern Iraq to cover theroutes through the Kurdistan mountain passes. The Plains Division is stationed In the southeastern section covering the Persian Oulf. The Cadre (Training) Division, with itsunits, receives and trains recruits, and guards the Kh&naqln border area, northeast of Baghdad. The independent Bodyguard Brigade, under the Ministry of Defense, servesactical reserve, but Its defensive capabilities are limited.
None of the divisions Is at full personnel strength, and all are deficient in tables-of-equipmentalthough recent acquisition from Oreat Britain of transportation and materiel hasmobility and capability. Most Items of equipment are purchased from Oreat Britain, which also furnishes training missions on abasis, as needed, at the request of Iraq.
Iraq, by the terms of the Treaty of Alliance with the Unitedas granted to the United Kingdom certain base and military rights, most notable being the right to maintain the Royal Air Force bases. Habbanlya, near Baghdad, and Shalbah, near Basra. The United Kingdomurther interest In Iraq by her practical control of the Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC).against manifestations of dominant British Interest In Iraq, coupled with fear and hatred of Israel, which the Arabs feel Is the creature of, and maintained by, Britain and the United States, have contributed to the growth of fiercehich tends to obscure the menace of SovietCommunist elements, growing in strength, do not hesitate to use this "nationalistic" spirit or its manifestations to their own ends.
Politically, Iraq adheres In general to theand policies of the Arab League, modified by self-interest.
B. Administrative organizationrmy high command
In accordance withhe King is the head of thecontrol of the Army, however, Isby the Prime Minister through theDefense, with the Chief of the Oeneral StaffDefense Minister's military advisor.odification of the BritishStaff, aids the Chief of Oeneral Staffexercise of command over the Army
It must bo noted that "nationalism" aa hero used does not conform to the usual definition ofchauvinism" Rather, It connotesadherenceombine Poo of "principle*"pen-Arsfal&m. lalanusm, anU-Zionism,and foreign antipathy.
Although the organizationhigh command generally follows theit does not work smoothly because ofof personality differences. Mosthowever trivial, are referred to the headsto the Chief of the General Staff, orthe Minister of Defense for decision. Further -
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more, the chain ol command is flexible, and it is not uncommon (or an element of the chain to be bypassedubordinate goes over his head for decisions.
The Defense CouncilThe Defense Council, established by law to insure properbetween the departments of the high command, has not been convened In recent years, although it continues to exist on paper. Itsmembers Include the chiefs of the principal high command departments and the divisional commanders, with the Chief of the Oeneral Staff as presidentunctioning body, the Defense Council would be responsible directly to theof Defense.
The Ministry ofof the Iraqi Ministry of Defense is basedodificationritish divisional staff. The Chief of the Oeneral Staff, the Director ofand the Military Accountant General are on the same level, each reporting directly to the Minister of Defense. Under the Chief of the Oeneral Staff, at the General Staff level, are the Oeneral Staff Branch,ranch, supervised by the Director of Military Operations; the Director of Translation; the Chief of tho Itoyal
Iraqi Air Force; the Chief of Engineers; the Chief of Artillery; the Chief of Mechanical Transport; the Chief of Electrical and Mechanical Engineers; and the Chief of Signals. Under the Director of Administration are combined the functions of the British Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster General. The Military Accountant Generalthe functions of the United States Army Finance Officer, Fiscal Officer, Budget Officer and Comptroller (with respect to funds and finance only).
he GeneralIraqi General Staff, under the direction of the Chief of theStaff, includes the General Staff Branchknown asnder theof the Director of Military Operations; the Director of Translation; and the Chiefs of the Royal Iraqi Air Force, Engineers, Artillery, Mechanical Transport, Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, and Signals. Two special planning sections who report directly to the Chief of the General Staff are the War Plans Section and the Training Plans Section, both of which were organized1 to correct planning deficiencies in the Iraqi Army.ranch assists the Chief of the General Staff in the phases of operations, training, intelligence, and establishment It can, therefore, be considered comparable3 of the United States Oeneral Staff. The Staff isinto Ave sections. The Operationsontrols Armament Establishment TheTraining (II) Section supervises all training activities of the Iraqi Army and also has thefor the Army press, includinguarterly military magazine. The Intelligence (III) Section isranch oftaff but In the past has been maderesponsible either to the Minister of Defense or to the Chief of the General Staff, depending on the persona) desires of the persons occupying those positions. The Plans, Establishments, and Staff Duties (IV) Section is responsible for theof establishments) except for the armament. The Topography Section is charged with the preparation and procurement of maps for the Army. The chiefs of arms and technicalunder the Chief of the Oeneral Staff act as commanders of troops of their arm or service who are directly under the command of the Ministry of Defense, and as technical staff officers. The Translation Section recently was removed from the control of the Director of Military Operations and placed on the same level asranch.
he Director of AdministrationThe Director of Administration combines the functions of theranches. He isto the Minister of Defense for theand supervision of the activities of the follow-
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directorates: Uio Adjutant General, theGeneral, the Director ol Recruiting, the Director of Contracts, the Director of Ordnance, the Director of Medical Services, and the Director of Veterinary Services.
he Military AccountantThe Military Accountant Oeneral Is responsible for planning, administration, and control of ArmyThis arrangementodification of the British system, since in the Iraqi Army the Military Accountant General is not only on the same level as the Chief of the Oeneral Staff and the Director of Administration, but also responsible directly to the Minister of Defense.
erritorial organisation
a.There was no known territorial organization in the Iraqi Army priorpon the declaration of martial law onhen Iraq commenced hostilities with Israel, the'country was divided into four military zones: Zonehe Central Zone, with headquarters In Baghdad, included the provincesaghdad, Al Kut (formerly Kut aliyala (formerlynd Ad Dulaym (formerlyoneorth, headquartered at Kirkuk. Included the provinces, Al Mawsil (formerlyirkuk, and As Sulaymanlyah (for-merelyonehe South Zone, with headquarters at Basra, included the provinces, Al Basrah (formerlyl 'Amarah (formerlynd Al Muntaflq (formerlynd Zonehe Euphrates Zone, headquartered at Ad Dlwiniyah (formerly Adomprised the provinces. Karbali' (formerlyl Hillah, (formerlynd Adach commander was supreme In his zone. This organization was onlynecessitated by the situation in Palestine, and was made for domestic security. Upon theofeacetime territorialwas established.
b. PeacetimeIraq is now divided into three divisional administrative districts: 1st (Plains)District (Hq. AddDivisional District (Hq,d (Cadre) Divisional District (Hq.he areas of these districts are comprised of the follcrwing1st Division Area-Ad Dulaym, A| Kut, Al 'Amarah, Karbala', Ad Diwaniyah, Al Basrah. Al Hillah and Al Muntaflq:ivision Area-A! Mawsil. As Sulaymanlyah. IrbH and Kirkuk;iyala and Baghdad. (See
rms and services
The combat branches ot theknown as Arms, consist of theArtillery, Cavalry, Engineers,and Corps of Signals.
The service branches ofArmy, known as Services, consist of theTransportation, Medical, MilitaryOrdnance, and Corps of Royaland Mechanical Engineers. Theseof the Iraqi Army correspond to similarin the British Army.
C. Tactical organizationeneral
The Iraqi Army has no tactical organization higher than the division. There is no corps or army organization, but British plans forand expansion of the Iraqi Army include the formationorps headquartersuring the Israeli conflict the Iraqi Expeditionary Forces were formed and dispatched piecemeal as brigades, which cameorce headquarters consisting basically of Headquarters, 1st Division. Under this system the Field Cornmander was given great latitude by the Chief of General Starrhis arrangement resulted in the CGS being left largely ignorant of the field situation. In future operations it ls likely, since each of the divisions probably would be employed separately,eadquarters fororce would consist of the headquarters of the augmented division nominated for the purpose.
There are no higher headquarters staffs.
organization
Divisionstaff organization of an Iraqi division follows closely thatritishThere are the usual Generalnd Quartermaster (Q) branches; and the normal division special staffs: Chief, Royal Artilleryhief, Royal Engineershief Signals Officerssistant Adjutant and Quartermaster Generalupplies Officer (Supsaymaster; Courts Martial Officerssistant Director Medical Servicesssistant Director Veterinary Serviceseputy Assistant Provost Marshalnd the Deputy Assistant DirectorService (DADOS).
units
a. IttFAirraY divisionsEach of the threedivisionsE. based upon its mission. Thus, the 1st (Plains) Division isfor operations In the plains area of the south and west, both against external aggression and for tbe maintenance of internal security. While the 1st Division Is beingew pack animals still remain. Units of this division are expected to be fully motorized (first-lineby the endheMountain)(so-called because Its deployment Is in the
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areas of the northeast rather than because Itrue mountain division) has artillery regiments of the pack type and animal transport. TheTraining) Division has the dual mission of training recruits and, with its mechanized units, of guarding against any force entering Iraq along the Khanaqln route. The Mechanised Force isto theivision. (See,or organization of the three divisions.)
b. Infantry brigadesThe Iraqi infantry brigadesave an organizationto that of the British brigades (the practical equivalents of United Stateshen operationally employed, they usually are formed into brigade groups by addition of an artillerysignalield companyompany each of field ambulance and transport.
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PlOUVI. IRAQIADI
battalions and subordinateThe organization of Iraqi Armyand lower elements follows veryof similar units of the British Army andcomparable to that of Unitedunits. The "support" company of theis the practical equivalent of theheavy weapons company, and the Iraqiis the equivalent of the UnitedThe Iraqi Infantry battalion is theself-sustaining fighting unit
heattached to theivision, Is the onlysection of that division and the onlyelement of the Army, ita missionto guard the KhanaqIn border areaassist the civil police in maintaining
squadronAn independentconsisting ofhurchill tanks andcars is stationed in Baghdad, underof the Ministry of War. Its present missionto assist in the maintenance of
cab regiments (independent)three armored car regiments, called theand Faisal, have the same generalthe cars differ in make andKhalid regiment uses the Humbcr Mark TVwithmm. andm.gun. the Mansur regiment isthe Chevrolet mounting one Vickersgun, and the Faisal regiment uses theequipped withounder and onemachine gun. The Khalid Regiment Isto the Mechanized Force: the Mansur toDivision; and the Faisal to theivision.of the Mansur Regiment Is in poorthat of the others is fair. (See
Bodyguard BjuoadbTbeBrigade iseremonialhaving no combat capability. Itthe following elements: the RoyalTroop, with personnel strength ofandnlisted men, equipped withMark IV carsounderHashlmi Regiment of Cavalry, believed toof fourshow organization" totally
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is equipped withnch howitzers, anweapon, which are to be replaced bynch howitzers. (Three of the new weapons were to be available) When fully equipped with modern weapons, this battery will form the nucleus for the 1st Medium Artillerywhen this larger unit is formed at someindefinite date
mc/t) Artillery BatteryDesignated as theedium Artillery Battery, this unit hasnch guns and is also under the control of the Ministry of Defense. This battery isadre organization, however, since it is usedepot battery for the Artillery School.
ounder gun-howitzer regimentsTable-of-equipment requirements for this type of organization areieces, although most units have
nch mechanized (United Statesowitzerofnch howitzer regiment is patterned after that ofpounder gun-howitzer regiment except for transport. Allowever, are equipped with onlyieces. As fast aspounders are received from the British, they are to be substituted fornch towed howitzers, and the gun strength is to be brought up toer regiment.
nch pack howitzer regimentThis unit Is organized on the same lines aspounder gun-howitzer regiment except forAll regiments have onlyieces instead
nch) Mortar BatteryThe 1st Mortar Battery has ISnch mortars and is under the command of the Ministry ofThe battery headquarters and two troops of four mortars each, equipped for animal transport, are located in Mosul to work with theivision. The remaining troops are motorized and arein Baghdad.
Survey BatteryThe 1storps-type artillery survey unit Ittwo survey troops, but Iraqi Army plans call for the additionound-ranging troop if equipment can be secured.
inch AA guns) Antiaircraft BatteryThe Heavy Antiaircraft Battery isof two troops, both located In the outskirts of Baghdad. These troops have only elementary instruments, however, which restricts their
Lightm. Bofors)The Light Antiaircraft Regiment includes two batteries ofoforsmm. AA guns eachegimental headquarters. Thisis subordinate to the Ministry of Defense.
LightatteryTwo lightatteries are in existence and are assigned to the 1st and 2drespectively. The first is equipped withmm. Breda guns (Italian) and the second withmm. Flak guns (German).
Antitank RegimentThe 1stRegiment consists of two batteries, each equipped withpdr. towed antitank guns. It is located in Baghdad under the control of the Ministry of Defense.
ervice units
Engineer battalionsInformationthe 1st andngineer Battalions ishey arc assigned to the 1st and 2drespectively. Available informationthat each battalion consistseadquarters and three companies. Equipment ls thatritish engineer battalion, but most of theis animal;ew vehicles are used.
Engineer Field Parkorganization, located in Baghdad under command of the Ministry of Defense, is organized to operate an Engineer Base Supply Depot. It is very short of. dozers and rollers.
b. SignalTables of organization andfor Iraqi signal units are basically British with local modifications. The 1st andignal Battalions are organized to provide communications for the 1st (Field) Division and theMountain) Division, respectively. Theignal Battalion of theTraining) Division providesfor theivision, but its main mission is to provide Held training for nontechnical signal
The Army Signal Company operates theof Defense communications network.from this company operate the lVDnistry of Defense telephone exchange, the Washash Camp exchange, and the Ordnance Depot exchange, all located in Baghdad. The Radio Line ofPlatoon operates the fixed radio network between the Ministry of Defense and all majortowns. The other radio platooneserve unit to provide communications for advanced field headquarters.
The River Flotilla Signal Section is anunit providing communications betweenHeadquarters at Al 'Amarah and each of four gunboats (the Dhat Alsawari, the Abdul Rahman, the Junada, and thehere isink from the Flotilla headquarters to 1st Division headquarters.
unitsunits are divided into four categories:Companies; Motor TransportTransport Workshops; andCompanies. The assignment ofunits is as follows:o theof Defense-Motor Transport ParkMotor Transportth) to the 1st Division-1stWorkshop;o the 2dTransport Company,otor1st Animal Transport Company. 2dTransport Company;o theivisionMotor Transport Company,otor
Thereules per Animal Transportand Motor Transport Park Company vehicles comprisessorted staff cars.
The 2d,nd 4th Motor Transport Companies have an Identical organizationompany Headquarters and three Platoons- The Company Headquarters is equipped with three trucks,on,odge commercial and two trucks, Vi ton,ach platoon hason,odge commercial. The 1st Motor Transport Companyimilar organization but is equipped withedford trucks.
* Available to 1st Division on call.
Service UnitsMedicalin the Iraqi Army consist ofourone In Baghdadeds, ain Kirkuk,ed units in Mosulen Garrison Hospitals, located (formerly 'Aqra), IrbH, Ruw&hduz, Al
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(formerly AlalOla', Basra. Al 'Amarah, Al Musayyib (formerly Als Sulaymar/iyati, and An Nasi ri yah (formerly) six Field Ambulance Units, organizedeadquarters and Ave ambulance sections, with prescribed personnel strengthfficersnlisted men (actual strength Is often below thesendne Base Medical Stores Depot.
There are no medical officers attached or assigned to units tn the Iraqi Army; medical services are provided In peacetime by the officers of the Field Ambulance Units and Garrison Hospitals. Init is possibleedical officer and two orderlies would be attached to units in the field.
Iraq hasour-litter British ambulances andew jeep four-litter ambulances. Animalalso Is employed by field ambulance units intheMountain) Division.
iver Flotilla
The River Flotilla, consisting of four gunboats, is an Integral part of the 1st (Plains) Division. Crews are Army artillerymen. The flotilla has proved effective in police actions and in tribal control.
D. Order of battletrength
The personnel strength ofArmy was estimated0 officersasareerhe others are conscripts. Mostofficers are members of the Regular Armycommissions upon graduation fromCollege. Personnel represent allthe country.
Tho Iraqi Ground Forcesof three infantry divisions supported byof service units and small independentorganisations under the direct control ofof Defense. All Army Service Schoolsto the Ministry of Defense. service installations and units provideand adnuhistrative support to thewhereas the majority of the smalltactical units are concentrated inas ceremonial and guard troops and asused as an adjunct to the civil police. certain elements of theseare designed for the defense of theenemy attack.
The 1st andivisions are the two major tactical units and form the major portion of the combat strength of the Army. The onlycomponents of thor Training Division are the Mechanized Force and the one battalion ofh Infantry Brigade (Motorized),
The River Flotilla is an organic part of the 1st Division; Iraq has no navy. This small force ofen is based at Al 'Amarah and is equipped with four gunboats. Its mission is maintenance of Internal security along the rivers, and support of 1st Division operations.
The Iraqi Army is primarily an infantryradual reorganization has been undertaken since the Palestine War, however, in order toweaknesses evidenced during that conflict. Under supervision of the British, modernization of weapons and transport, and expansion of existing units, have been the goals.
c. ArmamentThe authorized and actual quantities of armor, artillery, and mortars in the Iraqi Army are shown in. Thestrength columnompilation ofequipment requirements of theinfantry divisions and the separate tactical units. In most instances, actual strength isthe authorized strength. By modernarmament on hand Is grossly Inadequate and in many cases obsolescent. The Army isto remedy this situation, however, andimprovement has been noted
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. ARMAMENT OF UtAQI GROUND FORCES
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Uposltions
a. Gk kehalThe cusposiUon of the ground forces of the Iraqi Army ls dictated by two factors: guarding likely routes of approach of an Invading army and maintaining internal security. Current dispositions of forces in tbe urban and tribal areas east of the Euphrates River fulfill this dual role. This deployment is designed also to defend thefrontier against possible attack by. Present distribution of units also provides forIn depth from north to south. Ability of the Army to redeploy rapidly ls limited by inadequacy of transportation and communicationituation which, however. Is being improved by gradual purchase of more automotive equipment. Owing to these limitations, It would be difficult for the Army tolanned withdrawal or to reinforce present dispositions. No Iraqi forces are employed abroad. Ground-force dispositions are shown in.
b. DetailrdFor detailed identification and location of Iraqi Ground Force Units see the2 issue of the Order of BattleGround Forces, published quarterly by the Production Division, Office of the Assistant Chief of.
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In the riverine area the Tigris and Euphrates, having few bridges, are formidable parallelparticularly in flood season. The main strategic obstacles in this area are irrigation canals and the large marsh and water-basin areas in the south, particularly those along the Shatt al Arab, the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
The population of Iraq Includes severaldivergent elements: about equal division In the Islamic faith between tbe rival Shiah and Sunni sects; fragmentary and dissident Christian sects.izable, intelligent Assyrianarge Kurdish minority; and manytribes who are more strongly influenced by their sheikhs than they are by governmentalThere is uniformity in poverty, disease, lack of education, and parochial attitude.
Politically the Iraqi are intensely "nationalistic" and anti-Israel, with concomitant dlstrustfulness of the West, particularly of the United Kingdom and the United States, which they consider ex-ploitationist. dominatlonist, and pro-Zionist. This distrust and dislike generallyealization of the Soviet menace, and only in the ruling class isonception of the Soviet throat.mall hard core of underground Communists andtakes advantage of every situation toIts ranks and to further internal chaos and anti-Western "nationalism." In war, this growing group probably would necessitate the retention of sizable elements of the Army to maintain internal security.
Iraq Is one of the few countries of the Middle East which Is agriculturally self-suflicient under her present marginal standard of living, but war would cause serious disruption of food production The very low state of industrial developmentthe importation of all machinery and most manufactured goods, which naturally would be curtailed, If not completely stopped. If Iraq were engaged in conflict. Furthermore, all replacement military supplies and materiel would have to beover long ocean routes and then distributed over Iraq's limited inland transportation facilities.
Iraq, under foreseeable political conditions, has two potential enemies: Israel and the Soviet Union. Because of geographical and politicalan Invasion of Iraq by Israel through Jordan or Syria is unlikely, involving, as it would, theof the Arab Legion of Jordan and the forces of
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Syria, with Egypt at her rear. In all probability, the logistical problems lacing Israel would be too great and the political results too unfavorable for her to make such an attempt.
c StrategicIraq has noof military tradition and no authorship,or past, of significant military clocuments or lore. Present Iraqi military publications are Arabic translations of British and United States manuals and books.
The only two modern experiences of Iraq inwere the abortive coup of Rashid Alluring which the Iraqi forces were defeated by markedly inferior British and Arab Legionand the war with Israel8 In which the Iraqi forces,how of morale and some demonstration of tactical sufficiency, generally failed because of poor leadership, inferior quality in weapons, and complete logistical breakdown.
Experience Indicates that, when major elements of the Iraqi Army are removed for combat duties from their prime mission of assisting inof internal order, the imposition of military law to control internal dissidents is essential.
The ruling and military factions are aware of the strategic vulnerability of Iraq, but preoccupation with the problem of Israel, intense "nationalistic" feeling, and, to some extent, lack of confidence in Iraq's ability to resist Soviet aggression have led to Inertia in strategic planning against Soviet invasion.
ermanent fortifications
thethe British Military Mission, Iraqi troopare based on defense of likely avenues ofDemolition sites have been preparedof mountain passes and on strategicparticularly In the RawahdQz andThe main parts of these access routesthe territory of Iran, with which nodefense plans exist. This situationto provide defenses only against an enemyfrom the passes. Stockpiling ofobtained from the United Kingdomprovided near the demolition sites,prepared by the British Army duringII.he Iraqis beganiew of incorporatingthe overall defense plan of the country.of completion of this work is not known.
fortificationsIraq has nopermanent fortifications. During World Warnumber of blockhouses covering passes andconstructed in scattered areas. Theseonly against rifle Are. however, and have been turned over to the police force for use as stations.
Iraq has no coastal defenses.
F. Tactics
asic tactical doctrine*
The Iraqi Army has no original tactical doctrines but employs those of the British Army, duo to the tutelage of the British Military Mission.
ery limited extent, each of the three Iraqi divisions ls tactically suited to its purportedTheivision is basicallyand its artillery is pack type; the 1st Division is basically motor-transported; and the combatof theivision are mechanized andto enable them to fulfill their dual mission of assisting civil authority and of covering the Khanaqin border area.
In the event of invasionajor power, such as the Soviet Union, such tactical doctrines as may be extant probably would be disregarded, since only token resistance by Iraqi forces may be anticipated.
The history of Iraqi forces In the Israeli conflict was one of frequent disregard for even elemontary tactical rules. No information ls available toany improvement.
General observations on Iraqi application oftactical doctrines follow.
formationsAlthough thedivided into three divisions, experiencethe brigade group is the basic tacticalIf and when more than one brigade isforce headquarters is Improvised.
car regimentsAlthough theof these regiments ls such as tothey would perform reconnaissance dutiesdivisions, the fact that the regimentalpermits breaking down to squadronspiecemeal employment such as obtainedIsraeli conflict.
C. Mechanized roseaHereotential reconnaissance force can be broken down to three squadron groups of all arms.
StaffThere has recentlyunder the direct control of thelanning Staff consisting ofWar Plans and Training. To thisrecommended by the British, is delegatedfor strategy and defense and theof maneuver plans.
and controlTheoretically,and control arc employed as In the Brit-Army, but in practice the Arab proclivity to i*
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retain control in the ultimate commander and the parallel reluctance ol subordinates to make and carry out decisions cause (allure in the command structure.
f. Orders andArabto use "writings" causes difficulty,as even minor details are in writing.exists in the combining of operational andorders. Theoretically, British forms are employed.
pecial operations
a WatsrborneConsiderable amphibious training has been given In cooperation with the River Fleet Local river craft, relatively unsulted to military use, however, are the only craftIn Iraq. Cover for crossings or for movementiver is provided by protective troops along the bank, stationed, or moving, according to the type of operation, in box formation. As many as two battalions may be used to cover the movementrigade- The River Flotilla hasubstantial degree of skill In fire support for such operations. Air support, in the form of pinning the enemy to the ground, has been practical in river exercises.
b. Protection by night or river operationsStanding operating procedures for protection at night are in force. In general, these procedures call for the establishmentoxards square about the waterbome forces, with two sides of the perimeter located on the river banks. Machine guns are sited to coverincluding those by water. Vessels are concentrated within the perimeter.
c Army-Am cooperationThe Air Force is under direct control of the Chief of General Staffuring operations the air forceoccupies quarters with the ground force commander. Air force liaison officers are always attached to the headquarters of brigade groups.
The air force commander provides air support at the request of the ground force commander at Force Headquarters, by signal to the airfield at which air support is located. Air supportconsisting of voice and code radio, and dropped messages are provided by the Air Force.
d. Marches, motor transport movementBritish discipline is used.
G. Personnel
Personnel administration in the Iraqi Army is controlled by the Adjutant General (AG) under the Director General of Administrationnd byranches at lower unit levels.
The rank structure of the Iraqi Armyto that of the British army, with thethat colonels, who are in principle staffin practice serve as commanders of some brigades.
Distinction is made on the enlisted level between conscripts and volunteer personnel, in terms of pay, required term of service,ositions.
No posts in the Iraqi Government, outside the Ministry of Defense, ordinarily are held by Army officers. Two special categories of personnel exist in the Iraqi Army: Deputy Officers and Chaplains.
The rank of rVafo Dabit (Deputy Officer) Is the equivalent or comparable rank to the British and American Warrant Officer. Formerly this rank was awarded to graduates of the Royal Military College and heldne year probationary period before the graduateommission. Thisis no longer in effect. Cadets now attend the Military College for three years and, uponare commissioned as second lieutenants. Naib Debits are now procured from selected sco's and civilians who willechnical orspecialty required by the Army.
Imams, or chaplainserm which includes all personnel employed by the Army to performordinances and duties) are treated as aclass of noncombatant officer personnel,to special rules of procurement andThe duties of an Imam are to giveinstruction and guidance to individuals; he does not lead organized prayer. In addition to his religious duties, the Imam is designated assistant quartermaster, entrusted with the issue of rations and the keeping of ration accounts. Commanding officers, however, usually reserve this duty for themselves.
Technician grades of non-commissioned officers are distinguished by special titles, insignia, and pay.
ists the various ranks in the Iraqi Army, their literal translations, United States Army equivalents, and basic annual rates of pay.
a. Basic payPay administration in the Iraqi Army follows the ordinary British pay system and functions with somewhat more efficiency than in other Middle Eastern countries. Payajor morale issue. The basic pay scales of the Iraqi Army were set up by theDefense Acts and Service Acts78 and have not been materially altered since that time. To correct these rates to meet the great rise in living costs, following World Warystem of Cost-of-living allowances was set up for all ranks,
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mcluding conscripts. These allowances have broughteasonably adequate adjustment.
In general, Iraqi officers, as educated careerare paid considerably more than theuntutored enlisted men. Officer incomes when augmented by cost-of-living allowances and other perquisites compare favorably with theof civilians of equivalent bureaucratic rank.
"On the enlisted level, volunteers receivemore than do conscripts. They also receive proficiency and specialist bonuses not applicable to conscripts. Armor personnellightly higher rate of pay than dismounted personnel. Conscripts lose much of their pay in charges for barracks maintenance costs.
Chaplains (imams)pecial pay scale which is Inferior to that of commissioned officers and more nearly resembles the pay of seniorranks.
Officers are subject to placement on the half-pay list for sickness, bad conduct, inefficiency, or be* cause they are surplus to the Army's organisation. Officers may be carried on the half-pay list for one year and then retired.
b. AllowancesAll personnel of the Iraqi Army receive allowances which have increased their monthly pay by one-third to one-half. In addition to the cost-of-living allowance, officers receive an allowance for servants and another for uniforms. Officers servingositionfor an officer of higher rank receive aallowance at the rate of one-flfth the pay of the position. Recent legislation provides that officers passed over on promotion lists shallpay of the next higher grade for which they are eligible In terms of service. Army doctors and dentistspecial allowance in addition to those regularly received by officers. Also, officers whoroficiency testoreign languagea rating for abilityump-sum gratuity ofraqi dinars.
Imams, although classed with officer personnel, are eligible for cost-of-living allowances, equivalent to those of senior NCO's.
Cost-of-living allowances for enlisted men are small, ranging from approximately one dinar for the conscript to five dinars per month for senior NCO's. Conscripts are not eligible for otherbut volunteers serving in technicalsuch as drivers, signalmen and artillery surveyors,pecial allowance or "trades pay" designed to correct the basic pay scale. This specialist pay or trades pay ranges from one dinar per month to eight dinars per month.
rocurement and terms of service
a. OfficersProcurement and service ofare governed by tbe Army Officers Service Laws amended.
rocurementOfficers for the Iraqi Army can be commissioned from four sources: the graduating classes of the Royal Iraqi Militaryforeign military colleges recognized by the Ministry of Defense, from tbe ranks (for noncom-batant duty as quartermasters or paymastersnd from civilian life, if qualified in technical or professional skills required by the Army. Inmost officers are graduates of the Militaryand receive permanent commissions; as themedical and pharmacist officers generally are drafted from civilian life, under existingproviding for temporary appointment under
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special circumstances, as defined by the Minister or Defense.
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Terms of serviceOfficers areto serveears, at the end of which they are eligible to retire. There are provisions In the Officers Service Law whereby an officer mayhis discharge before he completesears service, but this means Is seldom used.
are eligible forto the next higher grade upon fulfillment of the following specified minimum torms of service; the lower figure Indicates years in grade forofficers, and the higher figure applies to noncombatant officers:
Second lieutenant
First lieutenant
Captain
ll.,,
Lieutenant colonel ..
Colonel
'.
In theory, eligible company-grade officers areaccording to seniority and militaryas demonstrated by written and practical Field-grade officers are promoted according to seniority and efficiency, subject to existenceacancy. Promotion to the rank of general officer Is selective and based on existenceacancy. In practice, all promotions arebut regulations permit granting of seniority and exceptional promotion for distinguishedduring military operations or In wartime. Promotions are controlledoardf representatives of the three Divisions and the Minister of Defense, meeting semiannually. The decisions of the board are reached after somebargaining; in the past, announcement was" delayed subject to the approval of the Regent. All promotions are by Royal Decree.
ssignment and transferThere is no organized rotation system or career-management program for Iraqi officers. Officers who havestaff college and are serving In the Ministry of Defense or on divisional staffs are required, at prescribed Intervals, to serve In field commands. In the past, there hasarked tendency to assign incompetent field commanders toposts and senior artillery officers to choice staff positions.
eave policiesOfficers accrue leave-of-absence eligibility at the rate ofays per year and arcaximum accrued leaveonths,ays. Personnel taking leaveon full pay status, but allowances for rations are forfeited.
ospitalizationFor Illness, disease, or infirmity acquired in line of duty, officers arean indefinite term of hospitalization andsick leave not exceeding one year on full pay. For sickness not in line of duty, theperiod of hospitalization on full pay is two months, with additional sick leave on full pay for three months and on half pay another three months. If, after taking maximum sick leave, the officer is not physically fit for duty, he Is put on half pay or Is pensioned. Officers in Iraq are treated In hospitals at government expense and outside Iraq arc so treated subject to approvaledical board and resolution by the Council of Ministers.
ischargeOfficers who havethe full term ofears) are eligible to retire on pension. Prior to that time, an officer may purchase his discharge by reimbursing the Government for all expenses incurred in his formal education or training. Such education andInclude cadet training at the Royal Military College and any course which the officer hasat government expense either In Iraq or abroad. Very few officers avail themselves of this provision of the law.
Officers also may be discharged In the Interest of the service.
Officers are automatically pensioned uponthe following maximum age limits; the lower age figures apply to combatant officers, and the higher figures to noncombatant officers.
49
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and Second Lieutenant . 40
Cap 47
.48
lieutenant Colonel
94
Brigadier58
Major Oeneral 58
Lieutenant Oeneral so
In the Interest of the service, an officer's active duty may. by Cabinet resolution, be extendedthese limits three years.
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Upon discharge or resignation, an officer who has served less thanearsratuity of one month's pay in his current rank for every year of service. Pensions are calculated according to the following formula: the product of average monthly pay during lastonths multiplied by number of months of service completed, divided. Discharged officers become members of theand are liable to recall up to specified age limits, as follows; the lower age limits are forofficers, the noncombatant officers are liableonger period.
Company grade ilald grade
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Appointment and promotion of Imams (religious leaders not comparable to US. Chaplains) are by order of the Minister of Defense, according to qualifications and eligibilityby special regulation. The Imams arefor promotionunhnum period of three years in grade and are promoted one gradeime, subject to the existenceacancy. They are free to resign at any time and are eligible for pension according to the formula applied for officers. Maximum age for service as an Imam
c. Enlistkk personnel
rocurement and terms of serviceProcurement of enlisted personnel is governed by tlie National Defense Laws amended, which provides for conscription of every physically fit male person at the age ofears. Under this law, all conscripts are required to undergo three monthsraining unit; those assigned to an Infantry uniturtheronths Color Service; those assigned to any of the other branches serve an additionalonths ColorThis Is the first stage ofears liability to military service; the second and third stages are phases of reserve duty. Certain personnel arefrom such liability because of dependents or special occupations; for example, religiouspolice, and teachers. The service of students is postponed until completion of their program of study orh year of age, whichever is earlier. College and secondary-school graduates are liable for call upeserve officer's training course. The calling up of conscripts takes place by classear of birth) in theory, on tho 1st ofof each year. The estimated maximumof conscripts called each year If the classertain year exceeds quotas of army space, the group to be conscripted immediately Is chosenrawing of lots and the surplus is placedaiting list. Employmentystem of proportionate conscription in tribal areas iswith varying success.
Recruiting and conscription are directedentral recruiting bureau In Baghdad, headed by the Director ofrigadier. Forpurposes, the country is divided into 14
areas, corresponding to the Ltioas, each of which controlsoegional recruiting offices. The duties of these offices are to maintain, through contact with local civilian administrativeregisters of all personnel liable for service by
classes. These offices are also charged with the task of conducting exemption tribunals, serving call-up notices, and arranging medical
Any physically fit civilian or conscript at any stage in his duty may volunteer for service in the Army; however, two percent or less of each class volunteers In thisolunteer mayhis service by two-year renewals for Infantry and renewals varyingoears each in branches where considerable technical work and training areolunteer may serve until the agehen he is discharged with nomillUry liability.
PromotionEnlisted promotions in the Iraqi Army are on the basisacancy.
Leave policyEnlisted personnel are eligiblelatays' leave per fiscal year, which must be taken within the year during which it accrues. Commanders are encouraged to grant leave of absence, especially to enlisted personnel, for the sake of the savings in rations expenditures.
DischargeDischarge procedures are administered by the Director of Recruiting.
Under the presentonscript mayischarge upon completiononths* basic training at the cost ofinarsf conscripts have done so. but they are not absolved from service In the reserve and are liable to be called to active duty at any time. The government isroposal tothe discharge purchase feeinars and in this way retain more conscriptsull tour. Conscripts are discharged from active duty into the second stage of military service, the first class reserve. Another method of de factothat has grown up Is desertion. are numerous. If the deserter can avoidfor five years, he can expect toeneral amnesty issued approximately every five years by the government for such Discharge by desertion, with subsequent purchaseardon, is now more prevalent than discharge by purchase, since the cost of the pardon Is less than the priceischarge. Conscripts are discharged from active duty Into the second stage of military service, the first class reserve.
Volunteer enlisted men and noncommissioned officers are eligible for discharge with bonus ordepending on length of service; maximum age for enlisted service in the Army Volunteers who completeears' active duty receive pensions calculated on tbe same basis as those of officers: the product of the multiplication of average monthly pay for pastonths by number of months of completed service, divided. oldier on volunteer duty fails to completeears' service, heratuity, also calculated on the same basis as that of an officer. Allpersonnel discharged or pensioned belong to the Reserve and are liable to recall up to the age
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Quality factors
The composition of the Iraqi Army parallels that of the populationhole and is subject tointernal schisms and conflicts, mtensifled by the needs of discipline and command. The Army takes in. on both enlisted and commissioned levels, the mutually antagonistic Sunni and Shiah Arab groups, as well as Sunni Kurds and AssyrianThese groups are further split into nomads, sedentary tribesmen, and city-dwellers, none of whom displays any liking for the others. Beyond this difficulty with ethnic conflict, the Iraqi Armyilitary force faces the basic difficulty ofto adapt the Middle Eastern tribalto methods and techniques of modern Western warfare.
Enlisted men and NCO's of the Iraqi Army are drawn almost entirely from the Arab and Kurdish groups, the Solans among the Arabsthe Sunnis significantly. Small numbers of Turkomans and Assyrians are also represented, but one distinct group, the Yezldi (membersult usually classified ass specificallyfrom conscription because of its resistance against service with certain other sects. Theof migratory tribes to Army ranks,considerable, is mostly dependent on what the chieftain of the tribe hopes to obtain as afor cooperation; quite often, his contribution has consisted of the tribe's least valuable men. Most conscripts are illiterate and in poor physical condition; although official sources claimf each annual class is accepted for service, this .figure must be accepted with reserve. Attainment of an adequate basic training level usually requires much longer than the three months allotted for the' purpose, not only because of illiteracy and poor health standards, but also because of limitations in numbers of literate NCO instructors.
The Iraqi enlisted man generally reflects the friendliness and natural curiosity of the peasant poor. Although trainingong period of time, soldiers retain what they have learned andatural understanding of terrain, as welloatlike ability to move rapidly over rugged country. Arab troops display their tribal heritage of mobility and endurance; however, they also reveal the traditional Arab romantic craving for glory, resistance to discipline, and reluctance toause that is not readily seen toinner. The Kurds, who are considered better soldiers than the Arabs because of their superior energy and determination, make up the backbone of Iraqi mountain troops. They are usually taller than the Arabs, exceed them in physical strength, and do not despise manual labor as Arabs indo. On the enlisted level, Kurdish troops are more likely to remain loyal, even against their own people, subject to the continuing loyaity of Kurdish officers. Puritanical Shiah Arabs in the enlisted ranks are regarded as potential sources of trouble because of their fierce religious conviction. Army practices do nothing to alleviate this condition,as they subject the Shiah Arabs to contact with other beliefs, and to continuous irritation in religious matters-for Instance, it is impossible for Shiah soldiers to follow their dietary customs while serving in the Army.
The volunteer soldier in the Iraqi Army isprimarily by the security which military life offers, with adequate food and an incometo that of the average peasant. For the ordinary conscript, however, this security is offset by separation from his own family and tribal ties and by association with people whom he distrusts. The large number of discharges purchased and the high rate of desertions with subsequentand pardonood index to the Iraqi attitude toward military service.
Iraqi Army officers are drawn from the growing middle class and directly reflect its preoccupations, loyalties, and deficiencies. Although betterand more Intelligent than the enlisted men, the officers are by no means free of the typical limitations of temperament which maketo modern warfare difficult for the Iraqi. All background and tradition encourages the Iraqi officer in his thirst for personal renown, his fierce pride, and reluctance to admit any deficiency In his knowledge or abilities. In the past, this attitude has led to insufficient delegation of authority and little reliance on staff work; in the case ofpersonnel holding positions of power thehas been too often the adoption of mistaken decisions, plans, and policies which could not be correctedower level without insulting the superior officer. It has led alsooss of contact between officers and men> since many officerscertain types of military training andbeneath theiror example, that of motor transport and maintenance.
Personnel and pay administration of Iraqihasontinuing morale issue.officers of certain branches have been taken from field commands and assigned to choice staff positions in the Ministry of Defense, while officers who show little promise have beeninto tbe administrative services.pay and slow promotions influenced byfavor have been sources of complaint and have encouraged officers to indulge in thepractice of padding their salaries with supplements from unit ration funds. The payalso has functioned with some inequity; for example, Assyrian officers who served in theWar were not given the ordinary servant and
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family allowances received by Arabs and Kurds and finally were discharged from theithout the gratuities prescribed by the Defense Law
At present, the Iraqi Army has an Acting Chief of the Oeneral Staff. This officer Is not considered capable or popular; however, the Chiefs of theDirectorates of the Army for the most part are considered capable, loyal, and popular with their subordinate commands and officers.
H. Reserve and mobilization systemeserve system
No reserve units are known to exist in Iraq;assigned to reserve areool. The reserve program based on the Army Reserve Law and the National Defense Law (bothas not been Implemented to furnish reserve units for the Iraqi Army, it is administered by the Ministry ofalthough in practice machinery for theof reserve affairs Is virtuallyTho established period of militaryfor an Iraqi male, volunteer or conscript, isears, starting withh year or enrollment In the service and is dividedtages.
The first stage, known as the Color Service, is the period of active duty which consistsotal ofonths service for Infantry conscriptsotal ofonths for the other branches of the Army. This period of servicehree-month basic training period.
For the volunteer, the length of service varies by branch. The volunteer of infantry mustears, but other branches requiring technical
training and capacities varyoears' service.
The second period, known as First Class Reserve service, is reserve status for the time necessary to bring the man's accrued .service up toears.
The final stage. Second Class Reserve service, is reserve status forears for all branches. Both classes of Iraqi reserve service constitute theConscripts who have avoided Color Service by purchasing discharge at the end of their basic training period are not exempt from service In the reserve.
Reserve officers are drawn from three sources and are classed accordingly:fficersplaced on pension but still physically fit; Classrofessional, technical, and othermen; Class HI-Warrant officers andofficers. Retired officers are seldom called back except in case of mobilization.
College and technical school graduatespecial training course of six monthsto United States officer candidate schools.
Those who pass the course are commissionedlieutenants in the reserve and must serve three months on active duty before returning to civilian life. All men who fail to pass the six months' training course are offered positions as warrant officers and must serve three months beforeto the Reserve This brief period of active duty is known as Short Service and in no case exceeds one year. Selection Isuota basis, and any vacancies left after the college graduates are selected may be assigned to secondary school graduates. Oraduatcs of secondary school (high school equivalent) in practice are seldom called for either reserve-officer training or conscriptThey are considered tooolource of manpower for commissioning as secondIn the event of mobilization. Uponthe age ofhe exact age depending upon rank and branch of service, officers arcfrom further reserve service. Whenever it is deemed necessary, men of the First andClass Reserve can be called up for maneuvers or refresher trainingeriod of not over six weeks per year. Men of the First Class Reserve, however, cannot be called up for exercises until they have completed one year in the Reserve. Medical and technical specialists who hold reserve commissions are generally called back only In case of mobilization. Iraq has an estimated total0 available reservists, of whom no more than0 could be called effective The only trained reserves would be the few thousand who had received basic training or had been discharged from the Army within the previous two years.
obiliiation system
Iraq's two operational Infantry divisions are roughly comparable In strength to United States Infantry divisions, less one regiment. Deficient in firepower and armor, their combat readiness now is only fair. The cadre division is equal in strengthnited States regiment, but its sole combat-ready unitmall mechanized force about tbe sizenited States battalion combat team. In caseeneral mobilization, expansion of the two Infantry divisions from their present respective strengths00 to00 probably would be attempted. 0 effective reservists most probably would be used for this purpose. The cadre division would bewith conscripts and untrained reserves and would be used eithereplacement center for the other two divisions or to form the nucleusechanized or light armored division. All three divisions, however, would still rate no belter than fair in combat readiness.
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ew new supporting units could bewith mobilization because of two factorslimiting the rnobiliiation potential of Iraq:
shortages of trained officers anddefinitely retard the development of theIraq, like all Arab States, isa low level of general and technicalall ranks. Thus it would requirelength of time adequately to traincalled upeneral mobilization.
supply of arms and equipment IsWestern standards, even for the Armythe materiel available is In only fairany expansion of existing unitsof new ones would be contingentfinancial and military aid from
obilization potential
The Iraqi Array's mobilization potentialparamilitary forces) is estimated to0 personnelnfantry divisions and one0nfantry divisions00,0, with no additional organizational units.
I. Trainingeneral
The quality of training in the Iraqi Army ranges between poor and fair. It has showneneral overhaul of the High Commandith the creationraining Section directly responsible to the Chief of the Oeneral Staff and coordinatedew War Plans Section created at the same time. During his service as Prime Minister and Defensenureddin Mahmud continued to carry out Army training programs he had instituted earlier as Chief of tho General Staff.*
Vigorous acUon was taken by Oeneral Mahmud while Chirr of Uie Oeneral Staff to correct morale and effldaner weaknesses on an Array levelsolicy ol retiring Incapable and over-ace senioraeeklng raises oJ pay and allowances rrom the Council of Ministers, and sUffenlng theof training and maneuvers. Differences of loyalty among various groups of officers warewith the [initial ellmtnaUon of Assyrian and Jewish officers. The leadership of Oenerala Kurd, affected all ranks,eneral Improvement of morale and offering Junior officers Y_ an IneenUva tor better performance in their eom-
Basic deficiencies in personnel and materiel,make effective training difficult even under optimum conditions; meagerness of facilitieswith lack of Interest in both officers andhave often resulted In uninspired andexecution of ovcr-ambitlous plans. The high rate of Illiteracy in Iraq makes it difficult to train specialists, such as engineers, signalmen, andIn the past, training groups have been criticized for teaching soldiers by rote, leaving them unable to respond appropriately to particularand programs have failed to takeof the soldiers' natural ability for guerrilla tactics, scouting, and patrolling.
Current trends appear to be toward combat training for mountain operations and motorized desert defense, specifically along lines of repelling or delaying attack from the Soviet Union.is being placed on combined operations of infantry, artillery, armor, and air. on the level of small units.
Iraq has always sufferedhortage ofinstructors, both for enlisted ranks and for branch and staff schools. Training wasby the British Advisory Military Mission (BAMM) untilt which time the Mission was felt to bo no longer required and wasby mutual consent. However,raq haseries of Middle East Land Forces teams as training instructors for new tank and artillery units, and for repair, maintenance, and signals Instruction. The operations of these teams appear to have been enlightened andwith consequent improvement In the units and schools affected.
Training doctrine of the Iraqi Army is, in theory, entirely British. However, some interest in United States tactics and organization has been evident recently.
reinduction
There is no system of government-sponsoredtraining for potential Army personnel, except for university students who hold cornmisslons in the Reserve.
ndividual
Individual and school training throughout the Army ls the general responsibility of the Director of Military Operations, who dischargesraining staff distinct from the Training Plans Section responsible to the Chief of the General Staff.
Recruit training is conducted In seven special training battalions, organized into two brigades, one under each field division, and two independent battalions under theTraining) Division. The normal basic training period of three months isto indoctrination, use of3 rifle, and drill. Instruction in Arabic in reading, writing, and arithmetic is given to the majority ofinasmuch as most are Illiterate and lack any basic education Following training-unit serv-
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Ice (the minimum term of service under Iraqihe recruit is eligible toischarge.who intend to buy their discharges usually are lackadaisical about training, and their attitudes Infect the other recruits and the instructors.
if the recruit elects to remain in the Army, he is assigned to an arm or service and transferred to either an active unit In the Seld orraining regiment or depot for more advanced training In his branch. The advanced training unitsArmor, Engineer, Signals, and Transport) are grouped for administrative purposes under theivision. The courses given by these trainingvary In length according to branch.
Upon joining active field units, all enlisted men are. In principle, subjectontinuation oforganized on an annual basis, with Individual training emphasized during winter and early spring, followed by platoon and company training in April and May, and brigade and dlvlsiona]during the fall.
Volunteer personnel assigned to certain branches requiring specialization and technical knowledge are considered to be in training status for much longer than the normal period for Infantrymen; for example,raining period" of technical school graduates Is four years. Training of such volunteers and courses for noncommissionedare conducted by the depots and branchschools.
The quality of Individual training varies with the quality of the unit and its commander; it ranges from poor to fair by United States standards and, In general, takes much longer. IndividualIn the specialist battalions and depots isigher quality, due to the assignmentetter selection of personnel, than In the Infantry
Officer candidates are trained at the RoyalCollege, near Baghdad, where theyhree-year course. During the first year, the cadet receives training in small arms, drill, small-unit tactics, physical education, equitation, andfreshman-year college subjects. The second-year curriculumontinuation of first-yearplus tactical Instruction to Include company level. During the first six months of the third year, cadets continue advanced general Instruction. At the end of that time they are allowed to select their branch of service, within the limits ofvacancies, and for their last six months' schooling attend specialized courses at theirbranch schools. The College, modeled on Sandhurst,igh standard, by Middle East standards.
Advanced specialized training for officers Is ad-tered in the various branch schools. Staff
training is carried out at the Iraqi Staff College and.imited extent, at the British StaffIn Camberley. England. The course at the Iraqi Staff College, which lasts two years, Includes military history and strategy, military geography, armaments and organization, tactics, staff work, English, and equitation; all courses are modeled on British lines. In the past, teaching at the Staff College has often been in advance of theof the Army and the thinking of the Oeneral Staff.
Officers are also sent to attend courses in various service schools in the United Kingdom; attendance at schools In the United States and elsewhere is subject to approval by the British War Office,to the terms of0 alliance between the United Kingdom and Iraq.
nit, combined, and maneuvers
Unit and combined training and maneuvers in the Iraqi Army are under the supervision of the new Training Plans Section directly responsible to the Chief of the General Staff and in coordination with the War Plans Section.
Field maneuvers were the basis of Iraqi Army unit training under the supervision of the British Advisory Military Mission. These maneuvers wen-held on tho three main types of terrain In Iraq and emphasized the two missions of the Iraqi Army, defensive action in repelling or delaying an invader, and offensive action in putting down tribal and other disturbances. The new Training Plansis continuing to stress annual maneuvers,of brigade-group strength, with exercises in combined operationsower level. Extensive exercises took place1hose held during the fall2 Involved two mountainin defense of the Rawlnduz and Panjwlm areasefense of the desert approaches south of Basraompletely motorized force. Thetakenhole, constituted atest of defensive plans for both divisions and showed progress in staff and command training.
Emphasis was placed upon organization and trainingedium tank squadronpounder artillery regiment underith satisfactory results. Some training In alr-ground cooperation wasout independently and during maneuvers.
eserve
Legal provisions for the periodic refresherof reserves are not carried out. due toof funds.
6 Reserve Law provides for six months' training at the Royal Military College for allschool and college graduates selected for commissions in the Reserve. This training, al-
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though provided for in the law, has been neglected. Plans for the summer3 Include the setting upummer camp at Shaglawah (formerlynder the direction of the Militaryto provide four months' reserve officers'to college students.
chools and Installations
a SystemThe educational system of the Iraqi Amy owes its achievements in great part to the British Military Mission. Most of the schools are modeled after those of tbe British Army, as many senior Iraqi officers have been trained in British schools, either In the United Kingdom or in India.
The schools are under the direction of theof Military Operations in the Ministry of Defense. The most Important Installations are the Royal Military College, the Staff College, the Minor Tactical School, and the Mountain Warfare School.
b. locatiok AND character of schoolsof installations are shown In.
. AH MY SCHOOLS
SUB: College (KuUivortam)
Royal Military(AI KW'iya al A'tanya oi
Minor Tactic* School al Tm'kU al Smmkrm).
Mountain Warfare School (AfaeVwof eial Jacob's*).
Small Arms School {Madratat al Ailiha al Khafl/a) ArmoredRhtlng Vehicle School (Madrid ol Ajalat al Madeira'a).
Engineer School (Afeebwaal al HanfiiQ
Koyai ArUlkry School (MadraM alpo al ' echanical Transport School (Marfraaal ai A'aeb-
ytUMadnual al SfuiKahara).
Military Technical School (Madnual al Sanaa' al ArtaWp*).
Artillery Training RegimentUfra ol Todrib al Mad/a'tam).
Engineer Training Depot TaoVio el HaWaaa).
Signal* Training Depot IMmlavda' Todrib al Mukkmbmrm).
Ferrwrt School (AfaaVaaal ml AVefca)
Technical courses
lluitamlyafar Rustatntyah (Baghdad)
Mosau
Sa-arah Toil (near Al'Ama-dlyah, formerly 'Aruadiya).
Baghdad
Aba Ghurayb
Baghdad.
Baghdad
Baghdad.
Baghdad.
SataV...
Baahdad
Baghdad.
Baghdad
Traina eeleelcd officer* who ham served ataara with rank ofo Ltr course in advanced atari work.
2ombatant and noncombatant. Officer candidate course* modeled oa Sand-burn. Special TooghnteBi-gonee, and Reserveourae* given at the achooi.
Company officer* and nooeocn* arc taught modern Infantry tactic* Course*eeks and are prerequisite for promotion.
Summer branch of Minor Tactics School. Re-placea mounuuo warfare courses In India
Training in all Infantry weapon*.
Armored couraca. including training In driving and maintenance, signal*, gunnery, and heavy recovery involving tank*, armored can,a
Train* batteryxecutive olticei*,
AtflJ
Drivers and automotive maintenance men are
trained by this school a* needed. Signal and regimentalraining and
refresher course*. nd re-
oncom course*nd other >pecialised
ar* trained by thM Khool a* needed. Artillery fundamental" for picked recruits.
Engineer fundamentals for picked recruits.
Signals fundamental* for cnblemen and wlrc-tea* operate* reeruiu.
Provides apart fanWm and train* aenior non-com* in siwcial couraca.
Various teehnieal coursea are operated a* needed from Urn* lo time; musician*,carpenters, aaddlera,re trained.
*chooU' name* in Arabicha English UUee, The Btudeot personnel capacities are known onlyf the school, listed: Slbfl Collage, SO, KoysJ Military College,inor Tacticsrmored Fighting Vehicle School, flfi; aad Signal School.
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J. Logisticsrocurement a. ForeignMost of the equipment used by the Iraqi Army must be Imported. SinceAE's are followed, the United Kingdom has been Iraq's chief source ol weapons and equipment, although an Increasing amount of engineer and signal equipment and general-purpose truckIs being purchased from the United States-Procurement procedures followed by the Iraqi Army are quite involved. Although funds are made available to the Ministry of Defense through the annual budget, additional approval must be obtained from the Council of Ministers for allInvolving expenditures in excessinarsfter this permission has been granted, the Director of Contracts will request bids and place the order. Next, the Director Oeneral of "Imports issues an import license. The Military Accountant Oeneral then requests aallocation from the National Bank ofovernment-owned bank, and arranges for the letter of credit. The Ministry of Defense, like all other Government departments, is subject to the same foreign-exchange and import-licensingas those prescribed for private Individuals. The Army must also pay customs duties and taxes to the Collector of Customs and Excise. Theof Defense makes every effort to deal directly with manufacturers, bypassing local agents on ail but routine purchases of spare parts. Thefor purchasesalue lessinars is identical to that prescribed for the largerexcept that permission from the Council of Ministers Is not required. These steps are followed in most Instances. An outstanding exception was the acquisition in1 ofhurchillecause of its great importance, this purchase was arranged almost exclusively on the highest level.
b. LocalThe Iraqi Army has no significant facilities for the development, design,or testing of major items of materiel; in recent years, however, the Army has been attempting to lessen dependence upon foreign procurement by Increasing local production. An Army sockonly recently established In Baghdad, Is now0 socks per month for the Army and Police. Another new Army factory in Baghdad islankets per month. Iraqi wool Is used for bothhird Army factory, also located in Baghdad, is producing field shoes for the Iraqi Army; these shoes reportedly arc of poor quality and do not meet Army requirements. Iraq has two small government-owned arsenalsofery limited quantity of rifles and small armshird plant Is projected for the manufacture of mortar and artillery ammunition. The necessary equipment for this plant is reported to be on hand, but funds for the installation and construction of thefacility have not yet been made available. Practically all raw materials must be imported. In the case of rations, the Army relies upon localto supply the various units with rations at the times and places specified; such places,do not usually go beyond the forwardarea of the division. If contractors fail to supply the various units with rations, or If the Army needs extra rations, local purchasingare selected to purchase needed rations.
c. Techxical serviceOrdnance Service of the Iraqi Army is charged with providing clothing, equipage (ordinary United States Quartermastereapons, and with Issuing ammunition. The Ordnance Service does not control the arsenals of the Iraqi Army; the arsenals are directly controlled by the Office of the Director of Military Operations. The Ordnance Service's responsibility is restricted to storage and Issue of ammunition.
The Engineers are charged with the provision of demolition and engineer vehicles and equipment. The Signal Serviceimilar responsibility for signal equipment.
The Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) and the Mechanical Transport Service Jointly share the responsibility for the procurement of vehicles other than special-purpose vehicles used by the Engineers and the Signal Service. REME has the responsibility for technical inspections,of purchased vehicles, and all repairs. Mechanical Transport issues the vehicles according to the allocations established by the office of the Director of Military Operations. The Mechanical Transport Service Is further charged with theof all liquid fuels and lubricants forpurposes.
eacptunc storage and issue a. SystemStorage and supply reserves in the Iraqi Army are virtually nonexistent, oxcept for the storage of ammunition, which is the only Item of supply requiring storage for any length of time. The shortages and the demand for all other Items of supply are so great that issues are made Immediately upon procurement to using units. The officer In commandivisionalcenter Is charged with organizing andthe division supply program. This officer is known as the Supplies Officerfficer. Asare heeded by brigades they arc usually issuedaily strength sheet showing thoof men, animals, and vehicles that depend on theranch then issues these supplies to the brigadesours before the date assigned for consumption.
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Engineer Bate Store DepotDepot, located in Baghdad, are Issued, asequipment and stores to the engineerot which may draw directly on the Depot.of the simplicity ot the equipment used,works fairly well. If more complexwere to be used, however, the presentbreak down completely.
The Signal Supply DepotLocatedto the buildings housing the Ministry ofin Baghdad, this depot is the central storage point for all signal supplies and is distinct from the Signal School Depot Wing, where signal supplies are kept for training purposes.
The Central Ordnance DepotThisis located In Baghdad, but there are also Divisional Ordnance Depots located at theheadquarters towns. Requests for stores by all units are made directly to Divisionwithout being passed through BrigadeDivisional Ordnance Depots in turntheir stocks from the Central Ordnance Depot.
Rations and forage depotsTheseare located in all garrison towns and, during field operations, mobile depots are used.are supplied through local contractors who make delivery either to supply depots or directly to the units.
REME Bate WorkshopsThese two Workshops are located In Baghdad and provide the highest echelon of maintenance for all items of equipment in the Iraqi Army. The major effort Is devoted to vehicles and armaments.
ar supply and movement
The supply services of the Iraqi Army areon tbe British system; owing to the lack of equipment and skilled technicians, however, thesupply system bears little rcsernblance to the model. During the Palestine War, supplyajor bottleneck for the Iraqi Army. Exceptmall amount of rations purchased on the scene, all fuel, motor vehicles and parts, ammunition, weapons, and other supplies had to beiles over the desert from Baghdad to the front. Existing motor transport was far from adequate to meet demands, so many civilian vehicles were pressed into service. Tbe resulting hodgepodge more nearlyypsy caravan than acolumn. Since the Palestine War, Iraq has been trying to Improve the capabilities of hertransport with purchases of recent British and American trucks. There areotorcompanies in the Iraqi Army, each with aboutargo-type trucks. Three of these companies
are located In tho Baghdad and Plains Division area. The mountain Division has one motorcompany and two animal transportthe two animal transport companies eachules. Rail transportation is limited in scope toouth movements In the riverAir transportation is of insignificant value, owing to the lack of both large personnel-carrying aircraft and suitable airfields. The supply and movement problem remains acute. Any large-scale movement or operation would still require extensive use of civilian vehicles and pack animals.aintenance
The system of recovery and repair of vehicles and equipment is patterned after that of the British Army. First echelon or organizationalIs performed by the men handling thein the course of their duties, with theof REME Light Aid detachments. As in the British Army, these Light Aid detachments are part of the unit establishmenttE). Fieldis performed by larger REME Light Aidwhich are located with each division. Heavier repairs are made in the REME base shops located in Baghdad. The Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers arc charged with the repair and service of all equipment in the Army, such as repair of tentage, furniture, vehicles, and weapons. This service has recently been introduced in the Iraqi Armyualified British Army officer. The efficiency of the Recovery and Repair System in the Iraqi Army is limited by the Iraqi lack of technical aptitude and ability.urtherIs the large number of different types and often poor condition of vehicles and equipment. Spare parts are to short supply and proper service and overhauling of vehicles are too often neglected. The system, however, is gradually improving owing to the efforts of the British officer sponsoring REME.
vacuation
Evacuation of equipment is handled by theand Repair System.
Personnel evacuation ls handled by the Medical Corps. In time of war. It Is expected that aMedical Officer and two Medical Orderlies would be attached to units in the field. Casualties would be evacuated by stretcher bearers from the ranks. Field ambulances then would take the wounded backasualty clearing station, usually locatedoadood distance In the rear. No hospital ships, trains, or planes are known to exist, although Improvisations could be made. Duty In the Medical Service is unpopular with both Iraqi officers and men. and consequently the efficiency of the Service Is Impaired.
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Ordnance materiel in the Iraqi Army isof British origin. Except in motor(where it is planned to standardize on United States vehicles) and,imited extent, in armored combat vehicles (where some United States World War ii. vehicles in poor condition are oneapons and equipment are British. Maintenance of combat and transportationIs considered poor, except that given to the recently acquired Churchill tanks; thisappears to be adequate. Iraq has no guided missiles or self-propelled artillery.
Iraq receives no materiel under MDAP.
a. intaktby weapons
RevolversTwo British revolvers, thenfield and5 Webley, are found In the Iraqi Armyof these weapons appear to be adequate for normal requirements.
Submachine gunThem. Sten is the submachine gun used in the Iraqi Army. Reliability and ease of handling andrenderesirable weapon.mall number of these submachine guns is held by the Army.
3 Lee-Enfield rifle is the standard infantry weaponeveral different marks of this rifle have been Issued to troops. This weapon isatisfactory bolt-action rifle.
Machine gunsThree different British weapons are classified as standard machine guns:3 Bren light machinemall nurrl-ber of Lewis3 light machine guns; and Vickers3 medium machinehe Army is fairly well equipped with these effective World War ii weapons.weapons on hand include some French Hotch-kiss heavy machine guns and some Italian machine guns of unknown caliber. Information on theof these machine guns is not available.
Infantry antitank weaponAntitank defense is provided by the Projector, Infantry,This British weapon Is obsolete in theArmy and of doubtful value owing to cumber-someness, danger to operating personnel, relative inaccuracy, and short range.
British No.and and rifle grenade Is the standard weapon in thisbut no Information concerning adequacy of supply is available. This fragmentation grenade, similar to the United States Mark ii grenade, has an effective radius ofards.
ortarsIraqi equipment in thisis comprised of three standardnch,nch, andoldings or these effective World War II weapons are deemed adequate for normal
Iraqi Army artillery isof British originecentof artillery pieces have renderedrelatively well equipped In thishas no coast artillery or field rocket launchers.
Antitank artilleryAntitank artillery defense is providedew dozenm)m)AT guns. Both are effective against World War II-type armor.
Antiaircraft artilleryIn this category the Army is equippedimited numbermm. AA gunsnch guns. Neither is considered effective against modernfast-flying aircraft.
Field artilleryThe Iraqi Army hasunnch packnchr.ch gun-howitzers,nch howitzers. With the exception ofpounder andnch pack howitzer, these artillery pieces are available In only very limited numbers.nch howitzer Is considered obsolete and eventually will be replacednch gun-howitzers. Owing primarily to assistance given by British Army officers, the Iraqi Army may befairly proficient In the use and maintenance of these weapons.
Combat vehicle artilleryTheMark VH tanks of the Iraqi Army eachmm gun as their principal armament. Humber armored cars and Daimler armored cars are both armedieces.
control devicesOnly thecontrol devices used on British weaponsby the Iraqi Army. It is not knownany radar equipment.
combat vehicles
TanksTank support in the Iraqi Army is providedmall number of Churchill medium tanks armedmm. gunshis World War II tank may beadequate for Infantry support roles.
Armored and scout carsA smallof British and United States vehicles in this category are held by the Iraqi Armyncluded are Daimler scout cars in good condition; Humber armored cars, Mark IV,uns in good condition; Daimler armored cars, each withun and
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ni Besa machine gun; Humber armored can withmm. Besa andm. Besa machine gun; Universal Bren gun carriers; and pre-World War II Chevrolet armored cars In poor condition armed with Vlckers3 machine guns.
e. Transportation vehiclesTransportation vehicles in the Iraqi Army are extremelyboth In make and type. In all.ifferent makes from the United States, the Unitedand Canada provide motor transportation for the Army, creating great problems In maintenance and sparerogram of standardization on United States vehicles has been undertaken, and the sale of all vehicles currently held by the Army, except Ford, Chevrolet, Dodge, and Willys, has been authorized. Eventually, transportation will be limited to Dodges and Willys. Of the vehicles on band and In use. the United States vehicles are of most recent acquisition and are considered to be in good condition. Serviceability of the olderand Canadian vehicles ranges from poor to fair.
In addition to conventional trucks, the Iraqi Armymall number of tank transporterand some tractors which are used to tow the heavier artillery pieces.
Animal transportation is usedonsiderable extent; mules are used as pack animals,in the mountainous regions.
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a GeneralThe Iraqi Army possesses ample quantities of signal equipment, most of it obsolete types from British surplus stocks.
Wire telephony is the principal medium ofIn the Army, but radio Is assuming an Increasing Importance as more personnel are trained and more radio nets are established.
Type F,ndthe Type D, Mark V, are the two mostused telephones In the Army. Bothsets designed for operation forwardheadquarters.
most widely usedinstrument, the British Fullerphone, Isinstrument of high sensitivity for useareas. For all practical purposes, It Isfrom Interception.
Iraqi Signal Corpson theables,single-conductor or twisted-pair cables.
The principal radio equipmentsby the Iraqi Signal Corps arc thendadio Sets (Figurepurchases of the No.et have beenthe equipment stored at the Signal Supply
Depot Complete technical information may be obtained from various British signal equipment handbooks.
uartermaster
a. UnipormsIraqi Army uniforms areof British style and manufacture.the Iraqi Army has built several smallto produce its own shoes, socks, sweaters, and blankets.
(I) Officers (a) service dressThe winter service dress uniform consists of an olive drab, single-breasted coat with turned-down collar and patch pockets with squared flaps which are fastened with gilt buttons embossedrown. The coat is buttoned by four gilt buttons. Wide cloth belts are worn fastenedlide-style buckleouble-pointed tongue. Trousers are usually cufflcss andip pocket on the right side. Khaki shirts and ties are worn. The British-type garrison cap is worn, usually with piping, and with the branch lnslgne displayedatch on the front of the cap. Mounted officers may wear breeches and boots or leg wraps. Armored officers mayeret.
The summer service dress uniform Istyle similar to that of the winter uniform, but is made of light grey cotton. The coat has scalloped breast pockets and gilt buttons. Long trousers or shorts and knee-length socks are worn with low quarteright colored cotton shirt and tie are worn with theloth or Sam Browne belt Is worn with the uniform.
s the British-type olive drab battle dress. The Jacket is of waist length, single breasted,ly front, anduckle at the right side at the waist It has two patch pocketshaped flaps. Pockets may or may not be pleated, and may or may not be secured with visible buttons. The collar of the Jacket Is high and is worn open,hirt and tie beneath. The trousers have slit pockets at the side and two different types of patch pockets in front One of the patch pockets is pleated and oneuttoned flap. Socks and shoes are also worn. The web belt is sometimes worn over the Jacket.
The summer field coat is similar to the summer dress uniform, except that It has an open-type high collar,hirt and tie may be worn with It The pith helmet may be substituted for thecap.
nlisted personnelTheattle Jacket or coat, wornhirt and tie. and trousers and shoes similar to those worn by officers. The headdressarrison cap
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The summer uniform is composed of acotton short-sleeved shirt withhaped flapped breast pockets secured by an ordinarycotton trousers or shorts, wrapped leggings, and shoes. Pith helmets with neck shields or steel helmets are worn as headdress.
uniformsIraqi tribaltwo typically Arabic items of clothing:oroose, sleeved cloakacademic robe, and the kefjiya or headcloth.
River Force personnel wear regular Armybut each officeraval-type cap and shoulder insignia for ceremonial use.
Officers of thewear uniforms similar to those of thethat the garrison caparka dark-colored patch at the front uponpolice inslgne is pinned. Ties arethe trousers have cuffs. The uniformtwo gilt buttons on each sleeve, and theare scalloped. Officers' grade insigniato those of the Army. EnlistedV-shapcd chevrons. High-buttoned,coats, with grade insignia on patchesfront of the collar, are also worn. Abelt Is worn with this uniform. duty in the desert wear light-coloredthe high-buttoned, high-collared coatsmetallic Insignia affixed toloops, and ankle-length skirts silt aboutof the way up tho side. Wide leatherby crossed leather shoulder straps,standard.
b.,
radeof officers is indicated by metallic insignia, usually gilt, placed on the shoulder loops of the coat. The insignia, which follow somewhat the British style, are composed of threeeven pointedrown, and crossed swords. The shoulder loop buttons are gilt
Enlisted men wear black strips which extendacross the outer half of tho sleeve midway between the shoulder and the elbow. The unitmajorrown with crossed laurel branches just above the cuff of the sleeve.
Officer and enlisted personnel grades with United States equivalents and their respective gradeare:
Mushlr. Fieldrossed swords surmounted by two starsrown.
Amid.rossed swords surmounted byrown.
Lieutenantrossedrown.
Amir al-Uwa, Majorrossedtar. Zalm.hree stars arrangedriangle
surmountedrown. Aqid. Colonel-Two stars surmountedrown. Muqaddam, Lieutenantne star surmounted
rown. Rals-Awwal. Major-Crown. Rata, Captain-Threw stars. Muiaxlm-Awwal, firstwo Stars Mulatlm Than I. Secondne star. Nalb Habit, Warrant Officer-Unknown. Rail Urafa-Wlhdah, Unit Sergeantrown and
crowd laurel branches, ftala Ursfa. Sergeantour diagonal stripes Arif. Sergeant-Three diagonal stripes. Nalb Arif,wo diagonal stripes. Jundl Awwal. Private Firat Class-One diagonal
stripe.
ranc/iBranches of service areby gilt metallic devices of distinctive design which are worn by officers on the lapels of the dress uniform and on the front of the garrison cap. They are as follows:
lain upright bullet.
lrclo aurmountedlame.
Tanks-Side viewank.
Royal Bodyguardreased flags.
rossed swords.
rosacd draped flags, crossed rifle
and sword, and artillery Insignia. Major Qenerals andeadquarters Insignia
encircled by crossed laurel branches. Laborrossed pick and shovel. Firerossed pikes, crossed pick and shovel.
and hose nosxle with Arabic Inscription on scroll
below.
rossed laurel branches
Medical androssed laurel branches, crutch, and spiral snake.
ircle with shield Inside inscribed with crotaid rifle and sword,annon. Circle la topped with the artillery InsigniaIs partially encircled at the bottom by crossed laurel branches, with Arabic InscrlpUoncroll below.
Mechanical Transport-Wheel, wing, andcroll.
Signalircle with horizontal lightningUpped by arrow heads
rtillery Insignia with crossed pick and shovel.
Military Technicalalipers, square, wood rasp, and micrometer calipers surmountedrown and an Arabic InscrlpUoncroti.
Royal Militaryrown and ribbon with an Arabic InscrlpUon.
Band-Harp borderedibbon and surmountedrown.
In addition to the metallic devices, officers of field and staff grade wear colored collar patches to indicate branch. Piping on the garrison cap is widely used at all grades to indicate branch. Red indicates Staff; grey. Cavalry; deep blue, Artillery; dark green. Infantry; light blue. Engineers and Signal Corps; light green, Ordnance; brown,
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Molor Transport; maroon, Medical and Pharmacy; and black Veterinary.
Military Policelack arm banded Arabic inscription. An Army Provost Marshallack arm band with white Arabic
insigniaEnlistedwear gilt insignia symbolic oi their tradeon the upper sleeve In the sameas the grade stripes, as follows:
liers, hammer and wood rasp crowd, aod
French carveliers, crowed hammer and cawrotsed hammer and wood rasp with plleri
and rifle at the aideone's bit BltckjmlUi- Horseshoerumugle
insigniaOfficers who areof the Staff College at Baghdad wear ainch red band below the grade insignia onloops.
Brigadiers wear red lapel patchesilt-tipped red cord placed vertically upon it. Major generals and aboveilt laurel branch placed vertically on the red lapel patches.
c Awards akd decorationsThere arc six awards and medals:ing Faisal the Firstivil order occasionally awarded to military(three) Al-Rafldianilitary order (five) Gallantry Medal, awarded to officers and enlistedervice medal, granted to officers and men who have participated in active military operations;ar medal, given to officers who served in the Army during the time Iraq was at war with the Axis;ictory Medal, granted to officers who were in the Iraqi Army whensurrendered
equipmentIndividualis generally of British origin andIt consistsifle and bayonet (pistolforne or two cartridgecanteen, steel helmet, pack, kit bag. andItems carried which may be ofweater and blanket.
equipmentLittlebi available on cooking equipment,laundry and bath units, and tentage.
Each Infantry battalionules andorses, aregiment hasules, andremaining cavalry regiment, which isthe Royal Bodyguard Brigade, has about Remounts for the Army arethetud farm Is operated by the Army near Baghdad. Forage for animals Is obtained locally.
Cavalry troops are equippedaddleto the United States McClcllan saddle except that It has no spilt at the top, Other equipment Includes bridle, bit, cinches, saddle blanket, straight sword, rifle pouch, and low boots fastened by several straps. The pack saddle, which isto the United States item, consistsetal frame covered with padding and secured by cinches and breeching.
ngineer
The Iraqi Army Engineerson the basis of British tables ofand equipment. Most engineerof British origin, some Is of United Statesone model of antitank mine is ofThe quantities of equipmentare sufficient for only training purposes.
and demolitionof plastic explosives is held available fordemolishing strategic points, particularlydefiles and bridges.
warfare equipmentThe Iraqiuse an antitank mine of their ownsimilar to the obsolete United. They also use the British Markmine. Unidentified types ofmines apparently are also In use.not available on quantities of either antitankmines.
and stream-crossing equipment
This type of equipment is limited tossault boats,ets of folding-boat equipment,footeet of ponton bridge,eet of Bailey bridge. The folding-boat equipment and the Bailey bridging include transportation.
construction equipmentof equipment assigned to the engineerstractors, bulldozers, rollers, andThe quantity and operating conditionequipment In general are unknown.recently received the following tractorsUnited States:., and twoequipped with bulldozer blades. TheWorks Department also has similarconstruction equipment purchased fromStates which probably would berequired by the Army.
enoinikr equipmentcategory of mechanical equipment,nited numbers of air compressors,workshops, and power saws. Availableand purification equipment includesfabric storage tanks, but there is no informa-
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regarding any equipment or materiel lor the purification ol water. In camouflage equipment, nets of British origin are available in sufficient quantities for artillery and antitank weapons and some vehicles. Electrical equipment consists of five generator sets, each estimated to bello-watt capacity. In the category of fireflghting equipment, the Army Fire Brigade in Baghdad has pump-type fire trucks in serviceable condition.on other fireflghting equipment is
Topographic and infrared equipment probably is lacking to the Iraqi engineers.
hemical
a. GsxaaALStocks of chemical materiel of the Iraqi Army are limited in both type andThis situation may be attributed to the fact that the Iraqis probably contemplate neitheremployment of chemical agents norfor chemical defensive preparations. This conclusion is based upon two facts:here Is no evidence of efforts to produce or to stockpile large quantities of offensive or defensive chemicalandnstruction In the offensive andaspects of chemical warfare is not Included in current training programs.
The only items of chemical materiel In stock or contemplated for purchase by the Iraqi War Office consistariety of .British weapons and
b. Dirsrrsivx matzsislIndividualequipment consists of an unknown quantity of civilian-type gas masks with canisters (nowwhich were purchased from the British during World War II. No other defensive materiel is known to be in stock.
c OrrsNsrvi niatkbixlThisumber of weapons and munitions for smoke dissemination.
Weapons arench bomb thrower andnch smoke discharger. These are tank-mounted mortars designed toequirement byunits to produce local smoke. They are used to provide instantaneous cover for Individual armored vehicles from enemy antitank fire and to produce minor tactical screens In support ofor other tanks.
nch smoke dischargermokeenerator, filled with hesachlorethaneistanceards. One(In some cases two) Is mounted on either side of the tank. This weapon is loaded from the outside and is slow increen.
nch bomb throwernch mortar, which can be loaded from inside the
vehicle andangeardsormal propellant cartridge, and upardsgrain cartridge. It fires either ansmoke-emission-type shell filled with HCEursting-type white phosphorus-filled shell. It cannot be traversed or elevated independently of the turret, due to the type of mounting. Thus rapidity and accuracy withcreen can be placed are limited; even with the whiteshell the mortar can set up an immediate screen onlymall arc of front
Munitions for use by the infantry, either in stock or on order from the British sources, are smoke shells fornch andnch mortars.
nch mortar smoke shell is an emission-type filled with HCE which may or may not be fittedime delay to eliminate the smoke trail. The delay element is Ignited by the pro pellant-cartridge. The shell is considered aeffective smoke munition, but the delayitselfaint smoketrall. Late models have been designed to eliminate this deficiency.
Two types of shells have been provided fornch infantry mortar. The first is the cast-iron cylindrical shell of the airburst-base-ejection type, filled with HCE. The secondear-shaped white phosphorus round fitted with an Impact fuze and burster container. Because of the lowpoint ot white phosphorus, it sometimes gives trouble in tropical climates by liquefying, exuding from the shell, and igniting itself.
Chemical rounds for artillery pieces planned for use by tbe Iraqis consist of alrbuist-base-ejectlon-type shells filled with HCE and instantaneous-burst-type shells filled with white phosphorus. Either or both types are In stock or on order forpoundernch guns,nchnch howitzers, andnch Mortar Mk I. These are considered adequate in performance for artillery smoke needs.
Medical supplies in the Iraqi Army are stored centrally and issued from the Base Medical Stores depot Information is not available concerning types and quantities of equipment and supplies for use by medical service units. Four-Utterof British make and new four-litterJeep ambulances are employed by the hospitals and field ambulance units. There are no hospital trains, ships, or aircraft in the Iraqi Army.
data on materiel
The following Figures, showing characteristics of materiel, Include information on small arms, mortars, artillery, combat vehicle artillery, and armored combat vehicles.
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M. Quau-military and other ground forces
The principal quasi-military organization in Iraq and, In effect, the only group worthy oftn this category, la the Iraqi Police Force. This organization contains traffic, as well as garrison and mobile, forces. The Police are under the Minister of Interior and number0 officers and men. This total Includesypes of police. The Forcehole Is notan effective military instrument.
Iraqi Police Force
The role of the Iraqi Police Force Is to maintain law and order and internal security. Theof the Police Force is vested in the Director General of Police, who is answerable directly to the Minister of Interior. The Director General is aidedtaff equivalentilitary general staff,of three Assistant Directors General for operations, administration, and logistics. Included within the organizationroup of officers who constitute tho Inspectorate or inspector general corps of the police. The function of theIs inspection of all police activities by areas and by activities. The departments, known asof the Police are organized to supervise and execute special police functions as indicated in. Each of therovinces (Liuxu) In the nation has police forces of various types. These forces are directed operationally by the Governor (Mutasarif) of the Ltwa, who is responsible for The Ltwa police forces are controlledby the Director General of Police in Baghdad. Owing to better pay scales, policepersonnel are considered to be of somewhat higher quality than their counterpart in the Army; police officers, however, have been of poorer quality than the Armyecruiting for the police force isolunteer basis.
The normal training periodecruit lasts six months and includes rifle marksmanship, close-order drill, military courtesy, and other basicsubjects. The Police School in Baghdad is dividedecondary, anigh-college section. The normal course offor an aspirant for commissionecondof Police is three years, followed by one year of practical workolice unit, the last yearrobationary period. Two othercourses are conducted, one for sergeants who aspire to become inspectorsecondary course of one year's duration) and the other for inspectors who desire to become officersigh-college course of one year'special courses are also given in the Police School in the technical phases of police work. There are no foreign studentsattending the school, although Syrians and Jordanians have been admitted to this phase of police schooling in past years
However, corrupUon and bribery affect all levela In the police force, whereas In the Army only officers areosition to enjoy sucho information la available concerning the course* of instruction given by the intermediate section of the Police School.
No definite figures are available as to theof weapons available to the garrison andpolice. Individual policemen are sometimes armed with British rifles or revolvers. Traffic policemen occasionally carry revolvers. There are some tear gas supplies In cities throughout Iraq but most antldemonstratlon equipment Is In Baghdad.
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