NLE MR Cese WoDocument No
MEMORANDUM FOR: SPECIAL ASSISTANT TO THERadio Broadcasting by Radio
3
ri .qt.nri-tr pn international radio
entioned to
an the
2.
telephone ana to which you tola me you saw no objection. Thereummary of the study onhich may suffice for your purposes.
0
HI RADIO FREE ASIA
Tha ProbleB:
To determine the future courae of international radio broadcasting by Radio Free Asiaart of the Camnittaeree Asia (CFA).
Background:
CFA has been broadcasting since1 from San Francisco, relayed via leased facilities of RCA Ccemunications Company in. CFA preaently broadcasts in three Chinese dlaleete and in English. Programs constat of selected news, commentariea, special featureo and music. Programs are broadcast fouray, sixeek and are targeted at the Southeast Aaia Overseas Chinese and the China mainland. The programs are principally anti-Communist Dropaganda, except for newH and music.
Discussion:
Programs Aro Hotresent broadcasts areignal which cannot regularly bo heard anywhere in Asia, Although the broadcasts are not heard, they haveeal purpose in that the production of them has enabled RFA to build an especially efficient staff, about half of it Chinese. However, CFA has proposed for some time that it be equipped with facilities whichtronger signal, and is now urging that this be done or the broadcasts be terminated. It is clear that further expenditures for programs that are not heard can no longer be Justified aimply in terms of training.
- Infter months offrom the Department ef State to proceedmall expansion programnear. shortwavethat Asian sponsorship for the station be obtained and the broadcastsmainland China and the Chinese con-aunltiea in Southeast Asia. It was State's hat other (the non-Chinese) audiences in South-AslawBTB"ceing aaequateiy covered by indigenous and international broadcasts. HI
Following this decision CFA was asked to explore the problem of sponsorship, CFA now advises that it is not feasible to attempt Asianpecifically Chinesetation in the Philippines. Sponsorship appears to be impractical for the followingt would entail political dangers in the Philippines, where Chinese are disliked and are convenient political whippingt would entail serious danger of loss of control to tho sponsors, if thay are sponsors in fact rather than in namet would increase the opportunities for Chinese (KMT or Communist) penetration) (u) if the sponsors merely lend their names, it ls inevitable that the American (even thoughharacter of the operation will become well known, exposing the U. S. to ridicule (for anattempt at deception) and intensifying Asian suspicions ofn the affairs of free nations.
paneionT7
nd China
in broadcaata tha targetn
orn Una withpproval of ak.w, short-wave trenemitter/T
r*Wn U
I Tha coverage
area anUcipatad by CPA engineering staff ia shown on tha attached aapT'
^Valuation of CPAn view of the time that has elapsed and tbe ovonta, described hereafter, that have occurred since laste-assessment of international broadcasts to Mainland China and Overseas Chlneae in Southeast la row required,
A) The Mainlandarget
ZYk called upon BPA to limit broadcaata to tha China mainland
to the following target troupe, believed to be tha only
assured) short-ware radio broadcast monitors; (b) com-munlcatlona personnel) (c) key military and other officials whose duties require or permit occasional listening to all typea of broadcasts,and (d) the officialdom reached indirectly via the foregoing,"
aeons of group-
Ustaning cenUrs, nation-wide radio"monoTBfing networks (whichradio dictation-speed broadcaata with reception units which re- and dlaaeainate the information by newspapers, billboards, and ofnd wired loudapeaksrs, the People's Republic of Chinahaa been able to enlarge the audience for ita own programsresort to aleeabla Increase in home-owned radio recelrers, of these radio receivers la in fact eatlmabader year with replacement parts perhaps limiting evenof those eats which are effective. The Chine ne Coamunlstabean able to minimise the maabers of ita population whoin their poaaession facilities for Listening to Westernthe same time,ariety of moans includinglicensing of seta bnt moat often by fear campaigna, tha PRCable to make listening to Westernary riskythe Communists cannot totally foreclose on the opportunitylistening ia, however, indicated by the growing"monitors" and military personnel who use radio for Sine* many of these groups use headphones forfor clandestine lieUning doee amlat_to ice* extent,
It cannot ba deterninad that there is no listening audience on the Mainland of China or that the listening audience has necessarily decreased since July of last year. However, the In-pending activations of the two new. transmitters on Okinawa and the Philippines and the anticipated increased power of Formosan broadcasts to the Mainland indicate that the additional power. RFA transmitter located in Manila ia not needed. It is further quite clear that there is little which RFA can say to thend particularly aa an Americanhich cannot be said by VOA or by Formosa. The line which Stalin's death makes moat applicable to the PRCthat Malenkov has succeededosition of influence overan unletto which not he, bat Mac alone, ia entitledcan aa wall be used by VOA as by RFA. Better in fact; for if there ls any hope for Mao's defection, it is more likely to cone when VGA, expressing. policy, makes the reward seem great enough.
B) The Overseas- Chinesehere ls no doubt that the Overseas Chinese constitutesignificant target of pnychological warfare. They own much of the wealth of Southeast Asia and theyatent but potent political power in their ability to forward or retard the progress of Ccemronlst infiltration in Southeast Asia. They are in somenique target. They share the prejudice accorded minority groups in moat countries. They are largely of the same economicmall businessmen and skilled laborers. Thay cone from one of three or four southern provinces of China. Theyommon interest in affairs on the Mainland of China. Theirto the development of Southeast Asia is far out of proportion to their numbers,
Of all of tha targets of Southeast Asia accessible by radio, they may be aald to be one of the most logical. roup ofillion, they can be reached by programsinimum of dialects. They are likely to be able to afford radios. ace-oonscloua group, andinority, they lend themselves to community radio listening devices. (The International Broadcasting Service of tha De-partaent of State aatlmatea, for example, that in Singaporef the registered radio aoti,0 asre pooseised by Chinese and that the number ia increasing yearly.) In Manila, they And the Qabassy at Bangkok appears satisfied that theof Chlneee in Thailand have access to radio.
TheseRFA'e proposal of last wummer
for the establiBhmant"of an international broadcasting programSt ed to Overseaa Chlneee and, peripherally, the remaining audience JUMIMSYn (largely officialdom) on the China mainland. The development of an IE) effective program waa predicated on the assumption that, bya continuous programtrong competitive signal, we couldabit among the Overseas Chinese of listening to the RFA programs. The relative paucity of programs directed specifically at Overseas Chinese audiencea, either internationally or nationally, made the aeaumption aeem reasonable.
h.
major consideration at that time also was that the Oversees Chinese, while cautiously moving away from support of theregime, hsd not indicated any sisaable growing loyalty to tha Nationalist 0over rasant on Formosa, the otherwise logical source of psychological warfare broadcasts to this target.
Many of the considerations which originally led
Jan RFA Overseas Chinese program are atill valid. As Appendicesnd III show, there are few continuous broadcasts of interest SACbllll>ltYn to Overseas Chinese, although more internationally thanI
C) Capabilities for -teachingut the situation has im-proved in the past year, 7UA ia nowours per day specifically to the Overseas Chinese. The Thai broadcasting(government-owned) which has not heretofore carried Chinese programs is nowours per day to the Chinese* Radio Rediffuslon in Hong Kong has been increasingly cooperative with the USIS In carrying VOA programs for local (Chlneae) audiences. Radio Malaya roaches Malayan Chineseillion in all) with Chinese programs In seven dialects forinutes to one-half hour each per day. Radio Singapore, whichew Chinese programs, along with many entertainment and music programs, has become the most popular radio of Chlneae audiences in Thailand.
The moat significant new developments to be taken intoare, however, twoechnical nature and one ofOAew months will have the facilities for reaching both Mainland China and the Overseaa Chinesetrong signal. The three, transmitters in Ceylon and the. transmitters on Okinawa and the Philippines will make possible,ully effective VOA Chinese program. This development is coupled withby VQA that successful programs, though perhaps airedarast be developed locally. Tha Hong Kong and Manila offices of VOA already have done considerable work in local taping of programs and this practice is being extended to other areas having Overseas Chinesehe Nationalist Government of China will shortly have additional transmitting facilitiesof emitting strong signals to Mainland China and, if desired, to the Overseas Chinese. he Kuomintang Overseaaew months ago demonstrated the progress of the Nationalist Government In securing the loyalty of significant groups of Overseas Chinese. rowing disillusionment with ths PRC among Overseas Chinese, enlarged by the reports of therackets, tha three anti-movement and similar Communist exercises, has made the need for an "in-between" means (such as RFA) of reaching the Overseas Chinese less necessary. We can ass me that State Deparueent policy toward the Far East will take an Increasingly favorable outlook toward Formosa-sponsoredactivities.
In thla connection. Radio Free China (Formosa) haa approached the local representative of CFA on Formosa asking for assistance
;or iwrw. fli. its rcdio programs, particularly in the psycho-
rs
ocjwmticn Kith rteoiu
logical
oko possible CFA-infl- cnced hrctdcssts to South Chinatrorv; signal and, Ifersces Chinese. Such broadcasts could be mace withett OfA attribution andwithout CPA picking up aeUT label which would prejudice its oneroticn* in other Asian countries, it would sake possible th* fcroaoco: tlnr of annstlve darkor- blackogrBm into the Halolsnc which cannot to acne un^er CPAA attribution, (For example, phraEes such as "Down withive Chou En-Lai" coulu be broadcast froai xladio Froa China on the Bene fre.tency as Radio ?eipinf. dcring pauses by the fVln.nf conu"en.atcr. iistiio Free China's signal intoChinaoit-lo he ttrtn; eiiotfch tc overricoiiifc. Iwi^lna-tlvel; devplo,?vc brc*det.eta on the tame frequency cclIc prcotco ot ere*uits,)
D) Veins of Internet Icnajo Freehery factor in ra-avaluation oi th.uts of iuVA as an iBt-rearicnclrrtrunsnt lies in ihe medium itself and in its>ctivitieshole.
have reviewed ver>il of the evaluatiijit re-rorta of the oast yearS officers in* sent. Inula, andi0 Ursine theof field officers (whose views vauali?trikingly fron the view of the heme office of VCAJ on the success of naic ac-tl titles in thair area and on the prominence which radio ahculu slay in th* totalal warfare effort.
The consenouo of the fide officers is perhar* most clearly shewn in the Appendix IV taken ir-r, the re. ort onnfaronce of iXbxic affairscelu infevwaibsr. This report clearly aerccostrutes the acvantoftem of local over interna ii<.nsl radios
The Hetbossj evolution* stress over andin the necessity for devalcDingtvdalted and epaclflo
Ur;et, s aim con be reached tost in rsuio by the local taping of racic programs, khich VfcA isn aneint basin* outcii'icollyvca ;iroirarapecific Ur et, tho less reason to aiffvae it viacnalto other, dliierint tar: e; yxupa ancoon to develoolocal radio as an qx-Uc. forurrose or toen ever. Utter method of ccKMinitatins the Jesiroo icic-a.
34lb)llM5Yrs
(0
E) Valne of national Radio -p
sKould Influence indigenous broadcasting, aja, forwould be glad to use appropriate aatorial which CPA could provide through Its several offices in Asia, and pointed specifically to ita use ofape recordings of the recant Buddhist World Fellowship Conference In Japan, which evoked favorable response froa Radio Malaya's Buddhist audience. Bursa willew station on tho air soon and it Is reported it oan be persuaded to cooperate with CPA. Radio Pakistan has indicated Interest in getting programing assistance frca American radio experts. In Japan and the Philippines, there ara opportunities for. radio advertisers to cooperate on public service programe, Japan alono, withillionin itself offers an opportunity for national radio effort whloh could absorb the energiesizeable CFA staff. Throughout Asia, the need for training programs in support of national radio isOA has been forced to establish schools to train technicians for its Ceylon transmissions.
P)ture of Jiadio InJA contends that, whateverin Aaia today, radioedium in thatstates that the colonial powers did little to stimulate theradio In India, Burma and Indonesia. It cites evidences ofof the present governments of those countries toradio and to use it for its national psychologicalalso points to USSR and PRC broadcasts to Southeast Asia asof Cormunlet belief In the future of radio there. Itthatride this wave of the future, andinternational broadcasts are one effective way of doing so.
However, even If it could be determined positively that radio will developowerful medium in Asls, it doss not follow that the most profitable way to capitalize onevelopment is to Inveat lo additional international broadcasting facilities. Rather, the most promising courss of action would appear to lie within the individual oountrles. By working with and gaining acceptance bybroadcasters now, and "growing up" with than, the "voice" of. will be^come more effective aa (and if) radio in Asia realises the bright future which RFA predicts for It,
G) Othern addition to thefactors ahould be welshed In thismil
aring last August and September, f
KA was the
"going" CFA operation, CFA senior represeriTatives had been in the field only two or three months and were still laying the groundwork for their activities. Now, the situation isdifferent, CPA's field projects are already paying off, particularly in Hong Kong and Burma. For example, CFA ie now responsible for five bookstores, has produced one movie which has received enthusiastic response from large Buddhist audiences in Ceylon and Burma, has caused establishment in Burmacentral authoritative Buddhist organization for the purpose of spreading anti-Communist teachings throughout Bursa, etc.
With the recent opening of offices in Ceylon andand the Imminent establishment of offices inSaigon, the promise of CFA-asfjunconventional, but aTMter than ever.
there is no longer the need ror RFA aa the "one thing" CFA can point to with pride.
lso during last August and September the morale of the staff of CFA was at its nadir, due to factors connected with the presidency of Alan Valentine. Affirmative action with respect to RFA was felt to be necessary in order to hold the entire CFA staff together. This situation has been remedied.
-2SVrs
(CI
ti) Finally, CFA's principal objective ia to bring into being, stimulate and assist Asian groups in the formation of self-sustaining and dynamic "democratic cells" which themselves will oppose communism and strengthen the political, social and cultural structures of their own nations. The success of CFA field representatives in the past six months in getting this concept across has been an important factor in winning Asian acceptance of CFA. But RFA is not and can not be animated by that concept. It is probable that the greater RFA's success inn Asia, the more difficult it willfor CFA field representatives to maintain or expand Asian acceptance of CFA as an. organisationprimarily in helping Asians to help themselves.
Summary
RFA's international broadcasts to Mainland China and the Chlneae in Southeast Asia are not now reaching the target areas. Either sufficiently powerful transmitting facilities should be provided or the broadcasta ahould caaae. If sufficient power is provided, the broadcasts could be made in tbe name of RFA or they could be made in the nameponaorlng group, jf
[II
Furthermore, and most Important, the reasons for having the broadcasts appear to be less compelling than the reasons for terminating then, which exei
Present and planned free world radio transmissions to Mainland China are adequate in terms of the audience to be reached.
Increasing radio coverage, both indigenous and International, is being given to the Chinese in the free countries of Southeast Asia,
It is the opinion of almnnt all State Lanarnannt nnhUn affairs-officers in tha target
Q that inter-
national radio is, comparatiTely, an ineffective medium in Southeast Asia,
hi To the extent that radio in Southeast Asia ls, or becomes, an medium, it can best be utilised on the indigenous, rather than interj
conflict with those of CFA, and it isummer,ymbol of activity and hope.
concepts and nodus operandi needed by CFA, as it waa last
MMaVHWl 10
J
APPENDIX I
BROADCASTING
Tbe attached iiumarloa "A"erived frca tha moat recent PSX3 Progress Schedule of Foreign Broadcasting stations (dated* contain schedules of international broadcasts targeted at those areas of interest toh* Far East, India, Ceylon, and Pakistan, Other international broadcaoters, vhoae schedules sr* not given, include Australia, Ceylon, the French in Indo China, the 7iet Mlnh, the UN Radio in Japan (run by ths Far East Command and directed at North Korea and Korthhe North Korean government, and even Indonesia. The power of tha signals from theae broadcasters varies, and certain of them have limited targets: but it would appear that persons in the Far East equipped with short-wave receiving sotsariety of programs from which to choose if they are willing to turn the dial often enough, Th* content, however, would consist largoly of varying Interpretations of news and occasional music.
It is difficult toeasonable comparative analysis of Communist and non-Communist international broadcasting. Inasmuch as target audiences vary considerably. It appears that th* Communists utilise their facilities as much for communicating the "party Una" to their own adherents as to propagandising the non-believer, VOA has, ofpecial need for internationalwhich the Communists do noto break through the IroD Curtain,
A comparison of international broadcasts, even if possible on anybasis, still would not offer sufficient evidence as to which side is winning the radio war, since tha use of local radio is not taken into consideration.
And with respect to the total psychological effort, radio lo only one medium, and not the most affective, of many*
7CA BROADCASTS TO THE FAR EAST AND NEAROF
Sources: IBS Memorandum dated2 preparedT, Howard Hotchner, Network Service Manager, entitled "Dally IBS
VOA Listening and Inpact on Ccwmunist-dcmlnated China and Among Overseas Chinese"
FAR EAST
Mandarin
Cantonese
Swatcw
Amoy
Total Hour3 per Day_
Hours per Da?
Mainland China
0
:3C
:30
Overseas Chinese
oo oo
OO
Cantonese
Swatcw
Amoy
Chinese
0
Bums so
Japanese
Korean
Malayan
Thai
Vietnam
Far Eaat
represents
re-broadcast
Total Russian of European Russian program
English
a* plus one weeklyinute program to,
English
Indian
t Africa
English
Pakistan
m
BC BROADCASTS TO FAR EAST AND NEAR EAST
Target
Chinese
China
30
DAT
Relayed by Radio Singapore
In addition to Tamil, Sinhalese, Marathi, and Bengali programs ofinutes eacheek.
In addition, BBCeneral overseas servlco which is beamed to Southeast Asia, India and other areas of tho Par Saat most of the day In English.
"C"
MOSCOW BROADCASTS TO THE FAR
AND HEAR EAST
Hrs. Per Say
(soma
Japanese repeated by Radio Pyongyang)
Korean repeated by Radio Pyongyang)
Chinese
Og
& Pakistan
ilS
Hindustani
and Near East
Far East
ATTAGifcSNT "IV
HXfta TC- PAS EAST6IKAR EAST
Japan
Korea
Japan and Sores
Japan (by Radio Free Japan)
Indonesia
Vietnati
Tha il end
Overseas Chinese
(Dictation-Dpeed news}
Hong Song and Hocao
{by Kwan&tuim ervice)
Burns
Kcngolia
Formosa
No. lire. ?er Zay
LlOO
H30
lit00 (fron China)
liOO
ih5
liOO
"lib
ib5 ill iU5
61CC
:3C
(apcros.)
J&paneso
Korean
English
Japanese
Indonesian
Tonkinese
Ihai
fiakka
Anoy
Cantcnasa
Chaochohncarin oantonose
"urae se Mongolian
MAELATS OF BBC PROGRAMS VTA BRITISH FAR EAST 3RQaICASTT?in SERVICE
Program A: Program Bi
Indonesia Japan Indo-Cbina Indo-China
No.Hrs. Per Day
.15
O
English
Indonesian Japanese Vietnamese French
Mandarin, Cantonese, Thai, Hindi, Urdu, Tamil, Bengali
Ci
approx.)English
APPENDIX II
RADIO RECEIVERS
eport on radio receivers in the Far East, taken from tha only sources on this subject apparentlyorld-Wideof Radio Receiver Sets, Reportctobernd Geographical Distribution of Radio Sets and characteristics of Radio Owners, ReportCO,ublications of the Program Evaluation Branch, International Broadcaating Division, Department of State. ather thorough review of USIS evaluation reports for the past year revealswhich would change this estimate only for the Philippines,ecent survey has estimated there are ateceivers. (Sourcei VOA Evaluation Summary for USIS has in fact undertaken the distribution in the past year ofets in the Philippines for group listening purposes. . Embassy in Thailand, reporting on the Overseas Chinese radio audience, estimated that the great majority ofChinese there had aoceas to, if they did notadio set, (Source:2 from Bangkok.) An increase in theof sets in Malaya, aa well as official use of rediffusion speakers, is indicated by the fact thatounds worth of receivers0 sets) was Imported into the Federation and Singapore in ths pastonths. Some of these were no doubt for export. (Source: VOA Evaluation Summary for
The figures on radio reception indicate that in most areas of the Far East radio iserquisite of wealth. However, the use of rediffusion speakers(particularly by businesses and organized groups, in areas where there are privately-owned stations, and by the government in areas of government monopoly of radio, suggests that radio listeninguch larger than the figures suggest and that the potential for radio in the ?ar East is even greater, Japan constitutes evenadio audience of someillion people.
Radio reception on the Mainland is covered in the basic report to which this is attached. The most recent summary of available information on this subject appearsraft OSl/ORR2 entitled "Foreign Radio Broadcasting Reception Potential in Communist China,'* which was used inof the basic report.
Source! Worldwide iiiatributlon of ftadlo Receiver Seta, ReportGeographical
Distribution of Radio Sets and Characteristics of Radio Owners, Report No1 -Program Evaluation branch. International Broadcasting. Department of Stat*.
LOCAL RADIO
Broadcasting facilities in each country of the Par East are described
belotfi
Thailand
Theretations! bothone run by the Publicity Depar townt of the government, one by the Poet and Telegraph Department, They censor acrlpta and refuse to permit outright antl-Ccmmunist propaganda but have been cooperative with USIS with respect to the utilisation of other materials. From December1 to? USIS placedours of broadcaster month on these stations.' Three were hour-long programs based on American history and literature. Others included dlacussions,question and answer programs, and news.
In2 the Thai stationsours of Chinese programs per week, for which USI3 may have been responsible. (Sourcesi USIE Semi-annual Evaluation Report for DecemberHIS Station and Program2 from Bangkok.)
Hong Kong
There are two local stations, the privately-owned Radio Rediffusion and the BBC-affiliate, Radio Hong Kong. Each broadcasts to an audienceassuming ten listeners peradio Rediffusionystem of wired speakers in hones and businesses. Radio Hong Kong by medium wave. The
audience of both ishinese. (Source:f 2
from Hong Kong: "VOA and the Overseas Chinese Radio Audience"in Hong Kong.")
In tbe last six nonths1 USIS in Hong Kongours of broadcasting time on Radio Rediffusion and 3k6 hours In the first six months In the same period the number of hours of USIS material broadcast over Radio Hong Kong, was2 and lii. Although both radios continue to aolioit 3SIS programs, British policy in Hong Kong has affected this outlet as it has affected all psychological warfare activities there, VOA Is not permitted to broadcast, news over Radio Hong Kong, which carries only BBC news. 7rom HongSTE Semi-annual Evaluation Report.)
Philippines
The Philippines have four broadcasting systems covering the Manila-Laxon area, one govornoent-owned. In addition they have several provincial stations and systems. Many of the stations are university-owned and many haveeligious content. Among these is the Far Eaat Broadcasting Company, American-owned Christian station, which broadcasts not only to the Philippines but
APPENDIX III
The OSIS in the Philippines originates or rebroadcasts on local stations anaverage ofroadcasting hours per month and betweennd2roadcasting hours of VOA transcriptions on Philippine stations. Approximatelyonth of VOA Chinese transcriptions or scripts havebeen played. UST3 has begun to place its productions with provincial stations as well as with those located in Manila. (Sources!anuary3 fromemi-annual Evaluation Report,FBI'sStations of the World")
Japan broadcasting stations serve approximatelyillion listeners by medium wave. The government-owned radio system, the Broadcasting Corporation of Japanublic corporation supported by listening fees, has two national networkstations. Also,rivate, commercial stations are now in operation inrincipal cities. OSIS placed aboutours of packagedproduced in Japan or by VOA on these stations in the last six months2 (amounting totation hours). In addition, the stations re-broadcast by medium wave aboutours of VOA short-wave broadcasts. USIShowever, that the potential for local broadcasting exceeds the results to date and that USIS has been held back only by lack of studio facilities and personnel. In support of this tne USIS reporting officer cites the expansion of one station's programing plans when it became aware of the availability of VOA material. CFA's own initial success with Japanese radiowould confirm USIS's view. 3 of3 fromSIS Semi-annualReport.)
Indoneria
The Indonesian radio system is government-owned. USIS has been able to place onlynd thatn this system. Radio Indonesia has, howeveratter of possible interestequested that USIS arrange for exchange programs with stations in. USIS has felt this outside of its cnarter. There are, incidentally, apparently no Chinese programs on theradio. (Source: D. 8l6 of2 fromSIS Semi-annual Evaluation Report.)
Burma
The Burmese radio is also government-owned and controlled. Theradio in Burma is the Karen insurgent radio, Radio Kawthulay, Theradio here also appears to carry no Chinese programs. During the2 USIS placedrograms ofinutes each on the BurmaService, over and above music transcriptions. USIS was onlyhowever, with facilities for local recordings. 2 fromSIS Semi-annual Reoort for period30,
APPENDIX III
Malaya
The government-owned "Radio Malaya" has three networks, "Red,'1 "Blueandhe first two concentrating on English and Malayan, the last on Chinese programs. The Green Network carries programs daily in Ihe followingakka, Cantonese, Mandarin, Foochow, Amoy, Hainan, and Teochew. (Source: FBI's Program Schedule of Foreign Broadcasting Stations)
We have no reports at hand concerning the ability of USIS to placeon Radio Malaya, CFA's recording of the Tokyo Buddhist Conference was, however. Carried over Radio Malaya and well received.
Pakistan
Radio Pakistan is government-controlled. Although USIS has placod only six hours of non-music programs on Radio Pakistan, this does not indicate lack of cooperation from Pakistan authorities. The most recent evaluation of USIS aotivities in Pakistan states that the Kmbassy has received approval from ths Controller of Broadcastingooperative program of radio shows. Thespecifically indicated that such assistance waa desirable in order to counteract Communism ine agreed to give the- Embassy as muchas possible, including supplying announcers for the- programs. (Sourcei7 of January3 fromubmission of USIS, Pakistan, Semi-annual Evaluation Report.)
India
Indian radio is also government-controlled. Although All-India Radio haa used VOA music transoriptions freely, it declines to broadcast American -spokenrograms. There was soneear ago that this rule might be relaxed in favor of non-political cultural and educational orograns, but, we have no recent report'at hand confirming this development. (Source: D. 2Uul of April2 from NewSIS Semi-annual Evaluation Report,)
on
The government also controls the radio in Ceylon. It is not clear whether the government utilizes USIS programs on ita home services but it does relay some VOA broadcasts in Hindi and Urdu. (Sourcet D. 3li2 December2 from Colombo -USIS Semi-annual Evaluation Report.)
Formosa
Formosaajor government-controlled radio system and severalccsnercial stationsan be assumed, are in fact government-controlled.
b.
USIS has no difficulty placing programs on tho Fomoaan radio although they"Americana" rathar than anti-Communist material, of which there is enough already. .SIS Semi-annual Evaluation Report for)
Indo-China and Korea
These two "war" areas are ordtted from this report.
conclusions
USIS experience to date, confirmed by local CFA reports, indicates that there are vary opportunities for CFA to work with and influence local radio.
APPENDIX TV
of Fourth Annuel ^blic Affairs Conference for Southeast Asia, held in Rangoon,
Excerpt from5 of December2 from AmerabAO Conference
"There foiicwf: scew discussion of VGA. Discussion brought out the view that there should be more local production of radio programs, both for local broadcast and for sending to VOA to be broadcast from New Tork. Most field officers agreed that by far the best means for reaching local populations through radio is standard wave broadcasts. At present, the short-waveare not being heard by onough people because of the shortage of short-wave receivers, and the Manila medium-wave relay was not covering the area adequately It was further brought out that if funds could be made available for increased local production in the local language, this would in effectorm ofor help to local radio stations now in the countries which are struggling with building their audiences and are trying to improve the content of their programs. Moreover, as cooperation with the small stations grows, OSIS could influence ttieir outpnt more. Regional tailoring of the local progr'-ras could also take into account differences in attituoes and targets within the country, and would permit closer aiming at specific targets. It was also pointed out that many groups want to listen only to entertainment, and that thisery expensive operation when done by short wave, and is relatively expensive when done in New York for some Far Eastern country. Much more would be accomplished if USIS woula help furnish on long-wave, privately-ownedropaganda twist*
"There *as some discussion of arranging travel and rotation of local nationals. It wasut that after remaining in. for some years, lort aliens lose their contact with the idiom and accents of their ownt was affirmed that sany inaccurate phrases were still being used by VOA, inducing some which save connotations wi-olly undesirable from the viewpoint of our objectives."
Original document.
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