jecuritainformatioh
secret
M2MORAHDIM FOHi Mr. John Baker
Central Intelligence Agency
In tho Present Doctrinal Draft
2 Draft
accordance with yourm forwarding to youand courtesy copy of the aignlfioant differences betweendraft and the previously circulated draft. Fimdamen tallythat the Doctrinal Program is basically tbe same underand that no operational differenoe exists between them.
in the Doctrinal Program
Statement of the Problem vaa deleted.
ObJeotlveB Themedium and long-range have been taken out. Thementioned in the original draft has been eliminatedwaB presumed to exist in the other two objectives. Whatn the original draft) has now been moved to
(a) and the former short-range aotivitiee have been noved to (b) in this new draft.
o. aslen the originaljAn Initialto guarantee that this program would not attempt to develop or force one American dootrine was desired by the Department of State. The original paragraph (a) becomes paragraph (b) but with allto any proposals eliminated. Original paragraph (b) is the aome as The original paragraph (o) has been eliminated because lt ralsss the question of money.
Someary Basic Tasksn the original). Paragraphbeen revordodjdthout changing the substance. Paragraphof the Department of State, baa been completely rewrittenmajor ehange of aubatonoe. In fact, State added one newwhichajor contribution. Paragraphs
(e) and (f) remain aa in the original draft.
General Guidancen the original). Paragraphbeen eliminated lest the impression be given that there isto this whole program. The original paragrapha (o) andfceocoo (b) and In the third or laat eontence of
security information
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SKRET
the intrortuotory olauea, "Oi^fulneee In furthering tha aim* of thia program" replaces the olauee in the original draft, "Acooptahlllty
6 *ame o
f. dmlnietrotivo Provialone. n tha originaltoond paragraph hae bean added toealing with coordination of tha jirogmn. The two propoeale whloh had eooonpanied the original draft of thle prosrami Propoaulooctrinal Institute to produce the daairad anuljeia of dootriml materiala, and Proposal II, toistribution ceclianioa for greater oOBSDoroial sale of Amerioan books abroad, were oaualng unaurmountable diffioultioe, Thia new paragraph proTidea that those conoral ideaa will be furthor examined and atudled in tha initial coordination of this program. All references to the original propoeale and to tie forcer ideeootrinal lnstltuto have been eliminated from the Progran and the annexes. Tbe problem of requiring conaietont and continuousof dootrinal material is mentioned in the annex, but without tio-in with any proposed solution. Thia aeoond paragraph under Coordination in the Administrative Provlulcna oomndta nobody toexoept further atudy and ooneideratlon aa to bov dootrinal pro-duotlon eon moat effectively be puehod. The evaluation of theProgram roraaina aa it waa written in the original annex,
3. The annoxeB In the original draft werei Annexndnd II. The propouule have been Annexhich le CIA's parUoular problem, haa inwith Mr. Dulles' imorandua of approval added the wordoriginal Annex PA" has been divided into two annexeaiabbreviated definitiona (whloh are expected to bsan integral part of thend Annexhioh ia aa"Analysis of the.
new Annex "C"ewrite of the originalannua the definitions. Thle new annex supposedlyin the original Annex "A" viiioh are aald to bephilosophic, particularly in the originalf theAnnexealing with the naoesaity. s, Dootrinalpresent paragraphs dealing with the neoeeelta', fi.Program do not ralee tho theoretical la sue of the relationshipto action.
uuomary of National Policy ia practically theboth annexes.
a. Caasuniat Use of Dootrinal Warfare. In the new Annexthe prwlouB position of International Intellectuals towards Con-muni mi through Marxian teaohiags haa boon eliminated.
d. Paragraph (g) in the original draft, dealing withbetween Amerioan and Soviet bocka, haa alao beanfrom thia eeetico, and paragraph (h) on "atudy groupe" haa
sEcuniT>NwronM4TioM
SECttI
a. Existing U.ootrlnol Program. Thla oeatlon Is bae-loslly tha ear* aa In tha original draft with tha exception that criti-olami of Stat*'a current information program have been moderated.
Th*on tha superiority of tha American position in thahae been modifiedewording vhlch tend* towe oan counter the Soviet doctrine, and we ahould do morethe understanding oferioan vlsva.
of Boelo Prinoiplea. Reference to thepartioularly totha doctrinal institute) inoctlon has beon modified. The original propoaal statedachinery." The present droit statss "there is need for
the production.. of doctrinal materials. Reforonoe to Proposal II hai alao been elitBinated.
Knemy Reactions. Thia seotion has beeneliminated in the new draft.
4. Thee* are all of the major differenaea between .the present draft and tbe original draft, elieve that there are only two substantial differenaea which are both included in tha present draft of the Program. The first is the new paragraph added by State tc Basle) in the present draft) that the Program is not an attempt to develop any single American doctrine. The seoond substantial change ls the elimination ofnd II, the ineohan-iess for accomplishing the doctrinal proposal and their indirectin the new paragraph underhich insures that these Ideas will be further studied end explored in the coordination of this Program. State's additional paragraph was implicitly part of the panel's appro*oh to tht problem, and ia new only in th* sense that It explicitly includes what has been Implicitly aooepted. Tbeof the proposals may possibly weaken the imediateof the Doctrinal Program, but in view of State's worry and your agonoy'a oonoem with institutes,t isore sensible procedure to provide for further study of these problems rather then trying to obtain1 their approval at thia time.
5* ave considered praatically all of thaa* ohangea as mere rsvordlngs to satisfy aemantlo idiosyncrasies . The new draft is fundamentally the some as the original draft,ould hope that you yill find no trouble in securing your agency's approval of this rewrite.
EDWARD P. LILLI
3
Amendments Propooad by State Department for
U. S, Dootrinal Program,2
1.
No changes whatever are made in the two moat important
2ndnternational Doctrinal Institute, ^
^of African book. -*
ook distribution
2, Introductory oectlcn and Annex "A" have been extensively re-
ySnSt ia"ilAB!!ri"A*'elled Annex "A" (Definitions) and AnnexAnalysis of tho Problem). Roault ia a
shorter text and fewer mandatory requirements on Statej otherwiseatter of phraseology,
ri*inBl textthe amended
draft. Any U. S. doctrinal program efficient to forward substantially the goals aot forth in this paper requires budgetary allocation of new funda, nothift in current emphaaee."
<b) under i. Sum-arlsed
Taxt
The following planning. indicate to the participating departments and agencies what will, bo included in tholr implementing doctrinal plane.
Amonded Text
The following planning. indicate to the participating departments and agencies what could be included in their implementing doctrinal plana.
there waa already an escape olauae in the original draft, preceding the list of epeciflc taekei acilities will te employed, ae feasible, to support and further this dootrinal program,'1
se06et
Security InVmation,
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3
STRATEGY BOARD. C,
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PSYCHOLOGICAL STRATEGY BOARD1
SUBJECT! The U. S. Doctrinal Program,3
The attached revised draft of the U. S. Doctrinal Program ie
circulated for vote slip action at your earliest convenience. This
revised draft was prepared to incorporate the rewording desired by the Deportment of State in the original panel draft, circulated on Mays This revisod draft haa received theconcurrences of the departmental representatives.
Annex "B" will receive special handling and limited distribution in accordance with the wiahea of the member agency principally concerned.
It is requested that the copies of the prior draft of the U. S. Dootrinal Program,aye returned to me for destruction.
U.S. Doctrinalopy No, HO
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(5) weaken objectively the Intellectual appeal of otherwhich may be hostile or inimical toxtrone nationalism in some areas,neutralism in others, or rampant racialism, and to foster among suchasic understanding of the traditions of America and the Free World.
2. Basic Principles
A fundamental characteristic of America and the Free i'orld is the diversity of its doctrines and philosophies. The U. S. Doctrinal Program does not envisage an attempt to channel these diversities into one particularut the Program is an effort toeans to make better known to the specific target groups the traditions and viewpoints of America and tho Frse Uorld,
To be effective,. Doctrinal Program requires the inter-departmental development ofi
(1) long-range plans for the production and distribution of intellectual materials and for the diraotion of activi-
ties aimed separately and concurrently at appealing to intellectuals, including scholars androups.
provocative and stimulating doctrinal materials which criti-cally and effectively analyse Communist doctrines, as well as those objectively setting forth the viewpoints of America and the Free World,
improve distribution mechanisms for permanent literature, not only American, but also foreign materials.
(c) Government control over the production of most overt material will.be kept to the minimum. Control over the production of othermust be flexible and not restrictive.
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Summarized Basic Tasks
Thia U. S. Dootrinal Program, which does not seek to influence the American people,ractical effort to develop and circulate materials which, in their entirety or with minor modifications, can he widely distributed with the expectation that they willavorable effect on individuals interested in doctrinal matters,
The following planning tasks are not listed in order of priority. Thay indicate to the participating departments and agencies what could
be included in their implementing doctrinal plans. ThaBo tasks are only tho minimum aotivities to be undertaken in their implementing plans;
of State {and/or the agency inheriting the lnfonnution
(1) All facilities will be employed, aasupport and further this doctrinala) In activities already in operation, consideration should be given to increasing the doctrinal aapeota of information work!
(^) increased doctrinal materials in VOA broadcasts,
particularly for publicizing and promotingin doctrinal mattera,
(2) increased documentation and basic interpretations in periodicals, especially native language journals on doctrinal subjects.
i'i) continued efforts should be made to improve the functioning of Franklin Publications,nd to increase the inclusion of dootrinal materials in its output,
increased attention to dootrinal subjects in oca-
domic conventions, studont conferences, study
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cultural workshops,ponsored by the information program in selecting individuals in ths Exchange of Persons Program, special attention should be given to those who could he expeoted to have influence in thefielditers, teachers, labor leaders, etc.).
(b) The following additional stsps ahould be undsrtaken:
escapees from the Iron Curtain should be encouraged to provide materials suitable for doctrinal purposes
review of present media guarantee programs and consideration of an improved book distribution plan.
abroad should be informed of the doctrinal
program and instructed to assist its
through making qualified personnelwhen possible and appropriate, for public discussions of doctrinal subjeots and for liaison on doctrinal matters with local institutions; and
through regular reports and analysee ofdevelopments in foreign countries.
cultural and commercial attaches should seek means of fostering increased markets abroad for American publicationsoctrinal nature.
(d) Central InU^ifloneo. Agency
The Agency will give high and continuing priority to allsupporting the objectives of this program. (CIA's basic
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are presontedeparata Annex "B" of limited(a) pepar^nent of Defense.
(1) All facilities will be employed, as feasible, to support and further this dootrinal
Doctrinal background will be glvon in all servico sohools for officers and enlisted personnel. and units will be provided doctrinal materials through UE activity.
Troop recreational libraries, armed forces editions and soldiers' publications, from the comic to the tens, will include doctrinal matters.
Each service will incorporate doctrinal aspects into its strategic and tactical planning in thewarfaro field. Corollary militaryscape and evasion, and protective indoctrination in case of capture, will employ doctrinal materials,
American POW camps, in recreational, informational and educational work, will Incorporate doctrinal materials.
(j) Planning for occupied areas will recognize and take steps to incorporate dootrinal aspects into its plan-ning and training.
Armed forces network will include doctrinalto stimulate its major, and itsaudiences to read doctrinal books.
materials will be made available tofor such use as they consider appropriate.
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Speeches and addresses by service end departmental officials will exploit doctrinal aspects.
(J) Technical military magazines will be encouraged to carry materialoctrinal character.
The Research and Development Board, or its poasibls successor, will study the development of operational equipment specifically required for doctrinal
(f) Other Departmanta and Agencies
(1) Policy and information planners in the other federal agencies
uill be advised of the U. S. Doctrinal Program and ita
relationship to their primarily domestic
-*.
policy recommendations and regularly published brochures and reports.
A. Genural Guidance
New and stimulating ideas, even contradictory ideas, have self-generative poworo and are desired.
Dootrinal production ls not limited to political andanalyses. All fluids of intellectual and cultural interests,frcmand artiitic creations to aociology and scientific methodology, come within the gaauVof the doctrinal progrem.
Tbe American Doctrinal Program is not limited to American ma-teriala. Foreign production and activity, consistent with our doctrinal objectives, will be fostered, promoted and distributed. Usefulness in furthering the aims of this Program and not strict Amorican ideas, will be the criteria of seleotlng non-American materials.
5. Administrative Provisions
(a) Coordination of tha Uf S. Dootrinal Program
p
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immediately, pending the establishment of thefor the Amorlcon psychological effort,of PSB will be responsible for the Initialof the member agencies' implementation ofProgram. When the pending reorganizationand psychological aotivities haa beenhe willetailed recommendation toor ita responsible eucceesor, for the permanentand implementation of this Doctrinal In tha initial coordination of this DoctrinalActing Direotor ulll examine and explore with reapon-
slble officials in the member agencies the feasibilityapodal undertakings which would contribute to the
more rapid and adequate implementation of thia Doctrinal Program. Cne undertaking wouldonsistent, continuing and cooperative production of scholarly and objective enti-Ccomunist doctrinal materials. econd would be thenecessary to adequately distribute those materials to the Program's target. hird undertaking would be the listing of Communist vulnerabilities and suggested doctrinal themes. The results of those explorations which would be of an inter-departmental character and would not be included in any member agency's implementation plana would befor Board decision by the Acting Director, (b) Evaluation of the. Doctrinal Program
The Offloe of Evaluation and Review, during the first year of the dootrinal effort, will undertake the analysis^ of methodology required to make an adequate evaluation and review of the U. S,
An over-all evaluation and review will be madeearly basis, with tha expectation that if the Office of Evaluation and Review notices significant
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)
(Annex
In order to understand the Doctrinal Program and to indicate the limits within which it irill operate, it Is considered proper to give horein, without attempting to Justify the general aocuracy or completeness, certain basic definitions!
Program (jn general, and not Justi lanned and systematic attackostileconducted concurrentlyositive advocacy of the basicof one's own system. In the main, the Doctrinal Programpecifically defined group, rather than at the mass.
Syncera (in general, and not posj-snsed byi
An inter-related body of idoas, whether oonsciou3ly organiaed^or not, which reflects the manner or content of thinking characteristic of individuals or classes.articular type of social belief and structure, andody of principles for human aspirations.
for the U. S. Doctrinal Program: The membership ofgroup will vary from country to country and from region togeneral, the U. S. Doctrinal Program will be aimed atthose persons who vould be interested in doctrinal matterswould be active^in, and have an influence upon, political andincluding scholarly, octlvitios in their respectiveregions. This target may occur in all professions and socialteacherB, laborers, farm or business leadors, military men,characteristic of the target is that it is interested in, or canby, doctrinal materials.
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Analysis of thoAnnox /'CJ1,' Necessity. S. Doctrinal Program
tha development of world Coanunlsm, Ideology has playedpart. In addition to the power of the Soviet base itself,Armed Forces, the organization of the Communist power, and thopotential of the Soviot Union which constitute components of thethreat to America and the Free World, Cctaaunlst ideology has been
a vital and dangirous force. It has beeneidvously by theto advance tfcalx int.weats. Some oppaivtinitias to robot thia Ideology havo boon uued, bat many have been negJootod.
t>yi West has strengthened its military and economic
resources in oeoting the Soviet challenge, insufficient attention hae been
accorded to the need for combating Communism on the intellectual plane,
tho sphere of idsaa. As described below (Sectionhe Ccranunista have for the past thrity-flve years been engagedassive, ccaipr6henBive, world-
a
wide campaign of ideological Indoctrination, designed to furtherCommunism, This campaign has been fJondu^tud on many levels, with appeals designod for all groups. Of those, the intellectuals of-each country of tho world havearticularly important target because of the influence vhich such individuals exert,f lt/liroctiy, on political affairs,
(c) The panel believes that it is possible for America and the West to do much more than his been accomplished in the pant towardI st efforts to appeal toctual a, Ways can be found ofthe production, as well as the circulation abroad, of permanent literature and othor doctrinal materials which would be effective through their influence on intellectuals and opinion-forming groups, in damaging Caramon!em and in furthering understanding and sympathy for tho traditions and viewpoints of America and tho Free World. One of the most important moans for accomplishing this purpose is books,
SECURITY.
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of countries in the free world,by far the most powerful means of influencing the attitudes of intellectuals. TheLibrarian and other activities sponsored by the State Department have done something in this field, but in general wa have not done enough to promote the publication and circulation of booka favorable to the free world and damaging to the Comnuniat Party line. The technique of the Cco-muni ota has not boon to promote free distribution of books, which carries the inference of propaganda but to subsidize ths circulation of thoir books through regular commercial trade of ovory country in which they oan obtain
a foothold.
In this they have been highly successful. In recent years, the largest selling book in thethe possible exception of thehaa been thetorv of the Conmunlst Party which is the toatament of the Communists. Its circulation0 copies. This book ie on aale in. book atores for ol.OO on fine paper, beautifully printed. The latuat attempt to reply to this basic testament ia Dr. Stefan T.entury of Conflict in which an effort ia made to record the true story of tho Party history. This book sells for There is no organized promotion of ita sole at ho:no or abroad; and, like othor booka of similar significance, it will undoubtedly sell no moreopies in the United States and throughout the world.
2. Summary of, Nationaloil cableational Doctrinal Prograr: (a) NSC objectives, while not explioltiyoctrinalprovide ample juatification for the use of doctrinal activityoans of accompliehlng basic American objectivesis USSR end ita
So tell*tea.
2
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HSC papers,2, provide tha major basis for national polloy, while supplementary objeotlves towards Satellite countries are indicated in2 Currant national policy provides for the reduction of Soviet power, including that of Its Satellites,tatus wliioh will nothreat to the socurlty of. or the Free World. All methods "short of war" are Implicitly included as means of accomplishing thla major objective. The most recent statement of American objectives regarding Communism provides. should develop,orld-wide basis, positive appeals itfiich would be superior tc Ccer-unism. . should do everything possible to exploit tho difficulties which arise between the Soviet leaders and other Communist states and those people whom they are oppressing. While those HSC papers do not explicitlyoctrinal program, it is clear tliatrogram in onessisting in the aocoiapliehment of such objectives, since it can contribute to the reduction of Communist appeals and influence on intellectual groups, both id thin and without the Communist orbit, and thereby contribute to the reduction of Soviet power.
3. Communist Use of Doctrinal Warfaro
(a) The Soviet regime, while limited to Russia for its politioalhad always been regarded by its leaders as the base for anmovement; *Yom the beginnings of tho Soviet state, theof closely connected international ondros of local nationalwas visualized. eans of controlling the Ideological outlook of these widely scattered, and, at times, antagonized local organizations, tho written interpretations of Marx, Lenin end Stalin were of great These re-interpretatlona rrovided the philosophic or doctrinal basis for properly orientating and training local national Communists. They Wore the equivalent of uniform textbooka for training and indoctrinating neophytes. They also provided source materials or documentation for inducing
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non-Communist Marxieta to look with favor uponSoviet interpretation and become pro-Soviet in viewpoint, if not in action.
(b) From thes the Soviet leaders have maintained twolines in the distribution of their printed material. Ths Foreign Languages Publishing House or the International Bookezhdunaro-dnaya Knlpa) was established in Moscow to produce Communist texts in the major languages of those areas where the Communists hoped to be influential. In the past thirty-five years, the Sowiets claim to haveorks of Marx, Lenin and Stalin. At the some time, national Communist Parties under Soviet influence established their own publishing companies to produce locally the same basic materials which would provide ths local ideological foundation for Soviet Communism. Production is only
part of doctrinal warfare. Ths proper distribution to the potential adherents is an equally important aspect. The local Communist Party is mainly responsible for the distribution of Communist materials, either directly to peoples known to be interested in Communifflii or to intellectual centers, where it will be available to professors and scholars who have been trained to study all aspects of an intellectual subjeot. Hence it was that the Communists quite early in their ideological effort aimed at tha intelligentsia as the group most likely to be interested inoctrinal or philosophical basis for Communism. Hence they concentrated on libraries, universities and research groups as locations where their published material might be most extensively used and thereby be most influential in predisposing intellectuals towards acceptingideology.
SECU
(c) The material for estimating the current doctrinal warfare effort of the Soviets is most difficult to isolate. The OIR series, Analysis of Ccrnunists excellent in its coverage of tha Soviet publication efforts, but only six countries have been covered. Evidence of theof doctrinal warfare to the Kremlin is Stalin's statement in his article, "Economic Problems" ir. Bolshevik:
k
of IA pages
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I think that tha comrades are not taking into account the full significancearxist textbook on political economy. Ths textbook le needed not only for our Soviet youth; it is particularly needed for the Communists of all countries and for people who syropatMza with the Ccsnminiats ..
They want to know all this and many other things not simply out of curiosity but in order to learn from us and to use our experience for thBir own countries. That is why the appearanceood Marxist textbook on political economy is not only of interna! political significance but also of major international
(d) ecent OXR article gives significant figures on Soviet book production in ths past thirty-five years. Soviet figures do not permit breakdown of their totalillion books into the copies par foreign language, but it is known-that Stalin's Problems of Leninism was published inanguages, Stalin's On the Draft Constitution, inanguages, and Stalin's Short History inanguagss, while hie report tohof the Party appeared inanguages. {IR. The Soviets have given evidence that they appreciate that in every civilized society, the printed book has been one of the carriers of the majorand ideals on which the civilization resta. Publications of thia type ere devoted to ths task of instilling the conviction that Communism alone possesses the key to the world's problems. By developing Marxian interpretations, by-referencesetter future world, and byonsistent emphasia^on the unquestionable truth of the Communist position, the Soviet rulers have carefully distributed their books so that they receive intensive attention from students and intellectuals. Communist booksocumentary character, while available anti-Communist books often seem to
be more diatribes. Communist publications thereby influence intellectuals
with their relative monopoly in the publications field on doctrinal subjects.
(e) The Communists do not rely solely on the distribution of books. They also develop the technique of "study groups" to foster the detailed and intensive study and analysis of their books. Communist training pro-
ages
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gruaa provide that meisbora, particularly the intellectuals, must partlclpata in regular "study group" diacuesions. These "study groups" are not mass gatherings. They aro composedew carefully selected Individuals who ore guided along the road of the Lenin-Stalinist linerained group leader. Using the Communist texta which each member must read, analyze and comment upon, the group leader guides the ceatera to the right answers to all possible non-Conaunist objectiona to their system. The "atudy group" system in most important for training the intellectuals to become profloient in handling Communist doctrine, theory and dogma.
(f) The "study group"^ijwlqotrlnation islosely with Com-munist book stores in tho Freeto insure the proper dioj^ibu.tlon^of Communist books. There are llsta by countries of the knovn Communist book stores and centers which act as local distributors for Communist literature, but our intelligence does not provide any real analysis of their salesand of the arrangements between the Moscow publishers, the various national wholesalers and the local Communist book stores. ecent report from Israel (Tel Aviv Despatchndicated that thePublishing House in Moscow determines what books and in whatwholesalers must take Communist publicatione. Whon wholesalers or retailers request certain titlee which they know they can profitably eeli,
si
they are only given those titles on condition that they also take andlees salable Communist literature. Similarly, the price variations and the particularly profitably discounts to dealers give an Indication of those books which the Soviets really wished to be distributed in Israel. Full-sized books, particularly the writings of Stalin and Lenin, are priced at ridiculously low figures while scientific books or booksurrent demand are priced extremely high. It hardly seems that such maneuvers are strictly accidental, particularly when funding or exchange arrangements are provided by the local Soviet diplomatic office in proportion to the successful
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of those Ccwmunist publications which they wish distributed in aarea,
A, Existing U, S. Doctrinal program
(a) Even though one of the primary themes in American informational and psychological operations has been to make America better known and batter understood before the vorld, dootrinal activity hasmall part of thia general effort. Starting vith Office of War Information'shere liasontinual effort to provide American books about American life in overseas libraries and likewise to foster theirsale and distribution. Most of theea books, however, merely explain hou we arrived at the conditions under which we live, or how we do things. There were and are Idstories of of our political, economic and even labor developments. There are explanations of the American system and
even theory of government, but apart from the strictly literary booka, novels,he majority of serious books areknow-how" type. While booka portraying the underlying philosophies of American life and Americanand American economics have been included in our book distribution programs, it shouldair estimate to indicate that, on an average,ewundred titles distributed by ICS are properly of acharacter.
(b) Although the "know-how" book may be more representative of the American outlook than ore uorkaoctrinal or theoretical character, books of the latter type do exist and are now being produced in this The panel believes that, through appropriate Governmental aseiatanca, much more could be accomplished in expanding the overseas distribution of such booka and in encouraging the preparation of more viorks of this kind.
(o) In thisajor overt doctrinal effort can be fostered by Governnont interost and assistance. This does not require the establish-
ment of any totally new program, but indicate^
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alreadyufficient number of the writings of leading Americans in one-volume editions, as well aa one-volume editions of the basicof American history. Greater attention might be given to the produc-
even the apparent inconsistencies in Amorioan approaches, to government, economic problems, labor and sociological problems. These studies, rather than manuals on irrigation, soil conservation, machine handling,re the type of books which the intellectuals would find most satisfactory and wouldore friendly and influential reaction towards. Moreover, attention should be given, not only to the assembly and production of appropriate materials, but also to theof channels, media and services through which such materials can bo made available to the audience for whioh they are designed,
(d) In addition to the book program, the radio and news operation from its beginnings under Office, of War Information until the present has used the doctrinal approach as one method of attracting increased audiences and of influencing basic thought. The emphasis on doctrine may6ut certainly at the present time, the Voice of America (VGA) is including doctrinal aspects in lbs work, VOA haspeoialideological unit which prepares mastor scripts showing how current news canoctrinally interpreted to the embarrastmont of Communist doctrine. These master scripts aro circulated to all the output desks and VOA directives urge the desks :to give more and more attention to doctrinal items. However, basic doctrinal materials cen onlymall partOA program. Similarly, radio has the definite disadvantage that, being an ephemaral'medium, it can hardly do more than stimulate interest by an unconvinced personew idea or give an already convinceda jibe which he may find useful. However, because the spoken word
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vory rapidly,completed and cannot ba completely recalled for extended and analytical study, it makes relatively little impression overseas on intellectual groups. Tbis limitation is characteristic of radioedium of information, nevertheless, it is believed that consideration should be given to having VOA increase its doctrinal emphases. For example, VOA could attempt to develop audience interest in permanent literature whichtrong doctrinal argument against Communism. roadcastoctrinal character could quote to the listener those passages of an important Communist tract which are contradictory. It might also refer the listeners, especially in broadcasts to peripheral areas,ood locally available doctrinalof ths particular issue under discussion. More importantly, the radio, by very carefully excerpting of new doctrinal publications, might stimulate itB audiences to want to read the new book and might thereby develop demand
within the doctrinal field, the VOA can and should do more than it is now doing for the Doctrinal Program,
(e) imilar generalization should be made for IIA'a International Press Service (IPS). Following the example of HICOG's Per Monat and Ost-problupe, IPS has developed an English language periodical entitled, Problems of Communism, which is definitely an important facot. s, Doctrinal Program, Prepared in iiashington, and ai-aed at the same general
information "secret ,
target audience as is proposed in this Dootrinal Program, Problems ofattempts to cover all aspects of Communist doctrine. It isarticles by named intellectual leaders, and it is now increasing the number of non- American contributors to havs greater audience appeal. Recent issues have been delayed by the department's directives regarding security clearances on all contributors and by the limitation on thefrom Communist sources. The periodical is increasing itsto what is believed to be the practical capacity for an English language journal.' Problems of Conimur.lsi: clearly has cade an irapaot.on its target.
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{!') It can .bo visualized that In the coordination of this U. S. Doctrinal Program, greater use of Problems,of Communism and similarcan be made. Foreign language editions should be seriouslyso that doctrinal material would be available to the larger audience not now controlling the English language. Problems of Communism and similar doctrinal periodicals should definitely be published on scheduled dates so that the audienoe may expect issuesarticular time and habituate their anticipation of its reception. IBS so planned Problems of Comnunlsm, but administrative and cleerance difficulty lias caused inordinate delays. There waa also the question as to whether Problems of Communism might best be publishedovernment publication, whon its distribution is directly controlled by the overseas missions or whether it should be publishedrivate or academic effort with some distribution through diplomatic mis-slona, but mainly by direct mailing from the publisher, or academio^center. Therelso needore uniform, consistent effort by all overseas missions so that the greatest distribution in ell areas is accomplished. It is hard to conceiveopies can be distributed in Finland, andn London; oran be distributed in India, and relatively few in France and in other important pro-Western areas. 5. Feasibility of Increased Doctrinal Progran
(a) The Conmunzsts, through permanent literature and documentaryhave prediepoood some educated groups to accept portions ofphilosophy as the logical explanation for world conditions. That Ccoimunist effort has provided an intellectual justification for thepropaganda approach to the masses on day-to-day problems. Communism, however, is an illogical, unrealistic system idiich avoids facts aboutand is vulnerable to attacks on tho dootrinal level. Furthermore, Communist society and institutions are also vulnerable to attack, not only per se. but on the basis of ideology. American doctrinal materials, based
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on logic, scienca and objectivity, should be acceptable to the intellectual groups.
Soviet leaders have had success in the doctrinal fieldhave continually supplied the basic materials, books andperiodicals, whereby influential thought patterns were mouldedCommunist goals. On the other hand, America has not concentratedthat tho merits of our basic views and our criticisms ofan ideology are permanently available in those places where theythe most good. This doctrinal program is not an effort to convince
the txarld of the exclusive validity of_the American system; ito make ihe world's intellectuals_end oolnion-fonning groups aware of the dangers of the Communist philosophy, while at the same time furthering understanding of the traditions and_yieyjigints of JJm^ica^and^the Free World, The Doctrinal Program is the concentrated effort to balance the availability of CoraMinlst literature with objective studies which would be appealing to intellectually developed persons,
people are usually intellectually curious. They wishmore if they can have available materials whose objective value The U. Doctrinal Program should develop such materialimproved distribution methods and techniques insure that thelearns tli.it this material is readily and economicallynatural curiosity of intellectuals will be stimulated to read moreas doctrinal discussions become increasingly significant, on bothand international level. Like other humans, the educated mankeep up with his confreres; he hopes to be in on thond heto discusa new developments intelligently. It ie thi9 naturalwhich will increase the markot for doctrinal materials and whichthe market openontinued program which becomesnew'and mora stimulating ideas.
undorta!iing. Our writers concentrate on diacuaaing American problema for an American audience. More importantly, our publishers have concentrated on publishing only for the American market and have not selected items which would have much broader appeal, Tho Doctrinal Program should emphasize
the faot that many of the materials iihich uru prepared and distributed for the American market can have an Important Impact if they are made available to the International market. oncentrated publicity andeffort may have to be initiated in the overseas market to arouse interest in American publications, but in view of the success of existing promotional activities In the American book trade and in view of the great world interest in books, promotional activities are dearly feasible and
at
fruitful.
6. The Development of Basic Principles
(a) Tha Doctrinal Program isoDZ-ranpe jnta^ecftual ac-
which will appeal to intellectuals, including scholars and opinion-forming groups, aro available in all areas. octrinal program requires
- _ - - -if - , ji
time to accomplish Its desired impact on influential groups. The Doctrinal Program cannot be expected to have immediate impact nor can lt expect to ohange doctrinal thought patterna quickly oresulthort-term effort. In additionontinuous effort, the Doctrinal Program requires the development of published materials which will bo recognized by their overseas readers ae critical and abjective studies and analyses.
(b) Some doctrinal material ia already available and should be revived and Intensively re-distributed. However,a exist in 9uch analyses, particularly doctrinal muterials whlohtarget group would not claiaify as mere propaganda fomentaLions against Communism. Hence, thereeed for the production,ystematic and scientific basis, at home and
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faUotl, of new studies, handbooks and documentary reprinte which critically and objectively analyze Comnunlam. Materials are also needed presenting tho traditions, viewpoints and concepts of America and tho Free World, Thie materiel should bo producedevel of objeotivity which would beto educated persons throughout the world,
(o) In addition to such critical end objective production, additional provocative material which would appeal to the general public should also be produced. All literate paoplo throughout the world need;
to know what Communism is;
to recognize Communist Party lines in aundry issues;
to have refutation for Party dootrinal slogans.
A primer of Communism written as the overt answer to Tha Short History of the Communist Partyecessary part of the Dootrinal Program. It ia alao conceivable that some studios which might not be completely objective would bo usefularticular target audiencearticular area.ollection of cartoons might be preparedisual stimulant to dootrinal activities. Thie material definitely should be included in the doctrinal effort. However, It should be carefully separated from the objective production of dootrinal material in order that the intellectual effootlvenesa and acceptability of the objective studies and analyses will not bo weakened by materialhorter-range oharaoter. This lattermight be developed through government contractual th individuals and with publishers inay that it ia not directly connected with the long-range dootrinal production. In the same category, periodicalparticularly materials ihlch would be capable of boing published in foreign language journals, should receive special consideration.
(d) The production of dootrinal materials ia only the initial stopoctrinal Program. These matorials must be distributed on abasis so that they will reach the particular target aimed at by the
II
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S. uoctrlnal Program. Hot only should the commercial distribution of American books bo stimulated and increased by Government efforts, but all Government facilities should be regularly employed to promote, stimulate and foster greater ronder curiosity and reader interest in doctrinal production. Provision should also be made for such promotional and stimulating uctivitios to be intensifiedarticularly significant doctrinal development occura.
(e) The production of materials emphasising the various aspects of the traditions and viewpoints of American and Free World society anda should not bcovernment responsibility. Such material is constantly being produced for tha American market on an entirely free basis. Themachinery for tho doctrinal program, however, should continually pick up ths mora appropriate material of this type which would ba under-
efV
standable and acceptable to doctrinal targets and push its distribution throughout the world. Such an undertaking would In itself tend towriters to produce dootrinal works, but such distribution must avoid materials tliich unroallatically attempt to sell ,'tmerican idoas or thoway of life at* tho solo solution to world probloroo.
II
ROUTING ANDv RECORD SHEET
IHilBUCIIONii Oftkor dMiirtMtont ihouWd in in. "TO" column. Undor BKho drawn MUMond ewh comment nu.nU-od to coiroippndnumbero "TO" column. oHicor ihouldchock mark Iniufficienl) boforo fwrthor rotitinf RoullrifRowd Shoe! thovld bor.luinod lo Rofllrf.
Poyoholoffloal Strategy Board (via PP/Pl/Ln
)
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Iwi miiiHAIION
psychological strategy board Washington
Wrl3
FORi
SUBJECT:
Honorable Allen W. Dulles
Director of Central Intelligence
ANNEX "B" to the U. S. Doctrinal Program,3
attached revised draft of Annex "B" in which the clandestine service haa concurred is being circulated forin your vote slip aetion on the U. S. Doctrinal Program.
lour attention is called to the special handling and limited distribution of thle Annex "B" in accordance with the wishes of the member agenoy principally concerned.
It is requested that your copy of the prior draft of Annex "B" be returned to me for destruction.
Enclosurei
Annex3
SECURITY VoRMATION
TOP SEc{^
SICWITY INFORMATION
JOPSSECRET
gaoioonVYOlGO
JUN t$
MMOMIUM FORi The Ronoroble AUen W, Dulles
Director of Control Intelligence
"B" to the U. S. Doctrinal Program,
3
The attached revised draft of Annex "B* in vhlch the clandestine aarvioe has concurred la being circulated forin your vote slip action on the U.ootrinal program.
Tour attention la oolled to the speoial handling and United distribution of this Annex "B" in acoordanoe vlth the viphes of the member agency principally concerned.
It is requested that your copy of the prior draft of Annex "B" be returned to me for destruction.
Oeorgo A. Horgan Aotlng Director
Enclosurei Annex3
Original document.
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