I -
72
CIA HISTORICALTitWWWOGWM RELEASE AS SANITY
THE SUPPLY AJT0F TIM lit TBE SOVIET BLCC
CIA/RR3
KOTICE
Tba data and conclusions contained lo this report do Dot necessarily represent the final position of CRRshould ba regarded as provisions! only and subject to revision. Additional data or cooaonte vbleh aay bo available to tb* user are solicited.
/
THISTTAIB6 IRFCRHATI CP AFFECTIrC THE HrSlCHAL TfiFENSE OF THE UTOTED STATtS VrXTHn? THE HEAWITO OF THE EfiPICBACS LAM,SC,HECP RBVELATIOT CF WHICH IB AnV^UWlER TO AH UHAUTHCFIZED PERSOH IS PROHIBITED
BY
CE7TRAL TJJTELLICErCE AGKrCY Office: of Research ond Reports
OOCfMEMhrj
NEXT ;Aurni
Page
Bunaary and. . 1
I. Reaources and 2
3
3
Mining, Mining, and 3
5
6
6
Mining, Milling, and Smaltlng 7
9
9
10
II
11
.
.
V.
Appendix* a
Appendix A. Liet of Tin Depoiit. in tbe 19
81
Appendix B. :
Appendix C. Gape in InteUigence
Appendix D. Sources nnd BveJ.uation of
CIA/RR FR-29
iCRR)
tgE SUPPLY ASP DI8TRIB0TICB OF TTIf Ifl 7TB SWIBT BLOC*
Summary and Conclusions
Vhe production of tin la tne Soviet Bloc Is confined to the USSH, Communist China, and Beat Ccrmany, whichombined output1 eetirrttrd at00 metric tona. Cf thla output the USSR produced aboutercent; Communist China, about fcO percent; and East GrcMny, leaserceat.
etermined effort the USSR hadin Industry producing1 anetric tons. Extravagant claims of tin ru-sources in the USSR have been made by tbe Russians. Although it lethat substantial reserves have been located, especially ia East Siberia and the Soviet^ Par Bast, the amount of conrasrlcally exploitable ores io probably limited at present. Tvo saalters are knovn to he' in operation in tba USSR) one at Podol'ck, near Moeccv, and another near Rovcoibirak. ihe Fifth Five Yearalls for en "increase ofercent in tin output. Although Soviet production of tin probably vill continue to lncroe.ee, the scbievemsnt of this goal la considered questionable.
Potentially, Cosraunlst China is tba most Important tin-producing area in tbe Soviet Bloc. Chinese reserves of tin have beenna ted to beillion metric toneof tbe same magnitude aa those of thr Federation of Malaya, which are the largest knovn reserves in tho vorld. China reached an annual peak output ofmt-tric tons9 hut foilovetric tona hylargelytb* result ofinflation, and vas producing at e. rawCOwrtrie tons annually at tbe time vbsc Conaunietccupied therea in South China (Yunnan and Kvangai provlacus). 1 output cf Communist China has been ostlBsted atetric tona. on in-provrd mining and milling practices, exyaxcod smelting facilities, an in creased laior supply, and sufficient time, it is believed that Ccesaunist China could exceed past production records.
Limited quantities of tin are produced in Beat Germany free lov-gradi ores, amounting to lassercent of the estimated Soviet Bloc output. It is not probable that substantial increases in output vlll ba achiored.
With the exception of Communist China, th* countriesbahave tmdltlonallyarei part, or MX, of their1 thu Soviot Bloc rvcwived froa the rest of thaimportarstrlc tona of tin (ln all forms),one-third of Bloc
Tbe tin requlreoents of tba Soriet Bloc at tbe pre seat tin* hove been estimated to bo00 metric tone annually, of which about'ercent is required by tba OSES. It ia pooalbla that tbsae requirements may increase oa tbe industrialization of tbo Bloo countries proceeds.
The corisuoption pattern of tba Soviet Bloc countriaa la different from that of tbe US in that the percentage of tha. total tin consumption vhlch la used in tho nanufacture Ofuch as bronze and babbitt, for essential industrial equipment and military end items is substantially higher then inbareaa tbe eeaoiints directed to tbe production of tin plate and nonessential products are substantially lower. It io estimated that1 possiblyoercent of the total consinBption vas being used in the production' of bronze and babbitt,ercent ln tin plate,oercent in ocOder,ax-cent in other uses. It la apparent that in the event of full-scale war, tbe amount of nonessential tinvbich could be diverted to additional military use la limited. '
Any estimate of tbe else of otockpiloe of tin in the Soviet Bloc ia difficult. It la believed, hcvever, tbat the USSR baa accumulated limited stock* of tin and that sufficient tin may be stored to enable Bloc var industries to operateeriodears if imports fromthe Bloc vere eliminated. V.
Domestic production and importa of tin are adequate to meet therequirements in tbe Soviot Bloc under present conditions, and thesituation within the Bloc should improve. Ccnnunist China la capable of considerably increasing its output of tin over on extended period, and Soviet production probably will continue to rise. Tbe tin requirements of the Bloc probably will also rise, however, and it is not believedelf-sufficiency in tin vlll be achieved in the near future. V
I. Resources aad Production. .
Of the total area vithln the Soviet Bloc, only three countries produce primary tin the USSR, Ccnmunist China, and East Germany. The present Bloc output is estimated at00 metric tons annually, produced approximately as follcvs: tbe USSR, aboutercent; Communist China, about ko percent; and East Germany, lessercent.
A. USSR.
ForBra tbo tDSSR vas considered to be deficient in tin resoure-a. r let eoveranent, bcvever, buetermined effort to locate domestic sources of supply. o, of the total funds for prospecting available to tbe People's Ccnlssarlat of Honferrousercent vas allocated to tne search for tinercentage exceeded only by tbe amount devoted to tbe seareb for tin reserves are believed to have been developedesult of tne extensive prospecting progran.
3 tb* knovn tin reserves of tbe USSR vere confined to Chita Oblast and vere est lna ted0 a* trie tona of contained tin. So the period before tbe outbreak of World War IX, known reserves ln Cblta Oblast vere expanded, and Important nev tin deposits vere located ln the following general areas: tb* Tetypkhe area in Prlmorskly Kray, tbe Verkhoyansk area in Yakutsk ASSR,nd tbe Kolyaa area ln Khabarovsk Kray. 3/ Less larportant occurrences vere locateda toe hao-etatakha tan, hj Tadzblk SSR, and Klrgli SSR. During World War II the Kblngan deposits in the Evreyaksya Autonocous Oblast vere discovered. Irxportant reservesaloo exist in the Chukchi Rational Cterug of Khabarovsk Kray. 5/
, .Soviet officials nada the claim tbat the tin reserves of the USSR vere exceeded only by those of Southeast Asia (presutniblySouth China) and of Bolivia. 6/ Even If this statement isit Indicates substantial ore reserves. Ic evaluating Soviet claims for tin resources, however, it should be noted tbat many of the tinof tbe USSR ar* located in inaccessible areas and tbat the grade, or tin content, of the ores has never been disclosed. It ls believed tbat many of th* deposita aay be of lov grade. Although geological data may,ndicate large/ tinrams rcially exploitable reservesat present be nucb less.
Hilling, and Sag Mining.
The firct important tin deposit to be developed in the USSR vac the Coon Mine, vhlch began production Shortly thereafter, the Kbapcheranga Minelong considered to be the most Inporta ot nine in the USSRand tha Sherlovaya Cora Mine vere opened. All three mines are ln Chita Oblast, vhlch produced practically all of the Soviet output of tin before World War II aod vhlch may still be tbe aost Important of the Soviet tin^produclng areae.
* footnote references in arable maaerala are to sources listed inrAppendix D.
he Bol'shaya Sinancaa and Stallnsk deposits in
tba Tetyukbe' area of Pnlmorftkiy Kray bad been located and probably vere ln production* if Tvo other nines in this area, the Kbrustal'noye and the Lifudze, have been reported to be aajor deposits vith excellent ores.he Mikoyan Mine, located in tbe Khingan srea of tbe Evreyskaya Autonomous Oblast, vas. discovered2 and has been developed since the var. g/
In the Verkhoyansk, Kolyma, and Chukchi areas, all mining activities are controlled by tbe Dal'stroy organisation, created2 as tbe State Trust for Construction of tbe For Korth for the purpose oftbe mineral resources of tbe area by the use of cheap slave labor-Tbe Dal'stroy organisation, since its establishment, has been under the Jurisdiction of tbe State Security Police (originally the OGPU, later tbe RXVD, and at present the MVD). It is therefore difficult to obtain accurate information about tbe organization. As earlyin mining vasin the Seymchan River Basin in the Kolymand shortlyat Ega-Khay'a in the Verkhoyansk ares. Ae to tha deposits reported in the Chukchi area, little ia knovn of tbe size or quality of the deposits or of the extent of exploitation. ajor deposit at Pyrkakal has been reported, H/ end another source reported the movement of0 penal workers to tba Chukchi area0 for the purpose of exploitingumber of small scattered deposits are being worked ln Vostoebno-KBxakhstan, Tadxhik SSR, and Kirgiz SSR.
b. Hilling. '
In general, milling faollltles are located at or near the mines. It is believed that the milling procedure generally consists of gravity concentration by vaahlng. lotation process may be used when treating complex ores whore sulfides are present.
c- Smelting.
Tvo tin smelters are known to be operating in the USSR at this time: one located at Podol'sk, near Moscow, and the other near Novosibirsk in West Siberia.
The plant at Podol'sk, the first Soviet tin smelter, began operations, treating principally the complex concentrator! from The prewar capacity of the Podol'ak smelter wasatmetric tons. lU/
onstruction vas begunin smelter atacross the Ob' River from Hovosibirsk, By the Hummer ofsmelter vas largely completed and vas in partial is
Before World War IZ the Kroonin Vyborekez. Armament Worksmall tin smelteringrnd which supplied only the needs of thebut it. ia not. believed that this smelter baa produced t*
Bine* the war. Although raports have been received of the construction, of of planned construction, of tin-smelting faculties at Tetyukhe in the Far Bast, at Epa-Shay'a in Yakutsknd at the Khapcheranga and Sher-lovaya Cora properties in Chitahe exletence of these inotal-lations has not been confirmed.
3. .
Since the limited beginnings of the Soviet tin industryhe output of tin has increased steadily to tbe present, and, on the basis of potential tin resources and the apparent dote nai nation of ths Soviet governaont to increase domestic supplies, lt is probable tbat the rate of tin production will continue to increase* It is not believed, hov-evor, that the domestic tin industry has ever met tho requirements of the Soviet industry, and lt is not considered probable that self-sufficiency in tin will be achieved in the near future. Although the USSR may havetin reserves, the exploitation of some deposits is extremelybecause of climatic conditions or inaccessibility, or may bebecause of lev tin content.
She Soviet government does not release figures on tin production and has made every effort to conceal Its tin production and resources. of Soviet reluctance to divulge information on the tin situation in the USSR ia the Soviet attitude toward tba Ccabined Tin Committee, vhlch vae formed6 as an instrument of international allocation tothe vorld tin supply in relation to tbe consumption requirements of tha various nations. Despite an inadequate domestic tin supply, the USSR refused to participate ln the program. Inasmuch as onraoershlp vould havethe USSR to reveal domestic production and requirements of
Some limited information is available on trends in Soviet tin production. Tbe only direct evidence of Soviet output hastatement made early in. Msyskly, Soviet Ambassador to tbe UK, lnvith lend-lease negotiations, that Soviet production of tinetric tons per month, lg/ vhlch vould amountetric tons per year. It has been reported that in tbehs output of tin increased bynd tbat50 output2' On tha basis of this information, if it is assumed that1 production vasetric tons, ae Mayskly's statement Implies, and that the rate of increase vas relativelyroduction of abouttons5 would ba probable.
Production Increases3 porcont61 percent in theonths7 over ths output of the same period6 have been The Fourth Five Yearequired an increase0timee5hich, cn ..
tbt buu of tbe above figures, would0 goal of0 metric tona. It li not believed tbat thla goal vas achieved. Tbe Fifth Five Tearalls for aa Increase ofercent.
On the basis of the limited information above, the reported In-creases In reserves, the difficulties of bringing some deposits Intoand the probability of lev-grade ores ln some cases, the output of Soviet tins estimated ln Tableubjectargin of error ranging fromoercent.
Table 1
Estimated Output of Tin in the
Metric Tons
Tear Output
B. Communist China.
1. Resources.
The tin reserves of Communist China generally have beenatillion metric tons of contained tintbe magnitude of tha reserves of the Federation of Malaya, vhlch are the largest knownin the vorld.
Of the total tin resources of Ccatnunist China, it Is estimated tbat more thanercent is located ln Yunnan Province in an area aur-rounding the town of Ko-Cniu. gV Ko-Chiu is locatedS and la aboutilometers frcmLao Kal on the French Indochinahe Ko-Chlu tin-bearing area ia aboutilometers long andilometers The tin ore consists of finely disseminated coasiterlt*. It contains relatively soft, clayey lioonlt* and hematite and frequentlysmall amounts of copper and tine oxides and carbonates, galena, and, on occasion, some In general, the ore occurs in crevices and pipes following tvisting Courses sod in the overburden on hillsidesn Any accurate estimate of the reserves of tbe Ko-Chiu area
- 6
in difficult because of the erratic distribution of the deposits and of tht, tin content within the various deposits; ths lack of dsvelopeent work; and the primitive miningspecially on the part of the native operators.*
A second important tin area occurs inProvince and consists of deposits occurringide area Including the following Fu-Ch'uan, Bo,ben, Cb'lng-Ch'eng, Baa'ten, Ho'ch'lh, and Ch'uan. 5g/ The beat known properties are the Teapayyvan Mine ln ths P'lng-lbDlatriet and tho Pu-Bo-Ch'uan depoaits located in the Fu-Ch'uan, Bo, and Ch*uan-Sban districtstbe latter covering an area te kiiometera long with an average width
Tin occurs le veil-scattered tungsten deposits ln Kiangsl Province. Ths tin content is usually less thanercent of ths tungcton content of the ore. Jl/ The principal areas of tin occurrence aro said to bca-lung, Bsl-hua-shac, Kong-shui, Ta-yu, Tsungyi, and Plao-tang. Tin deposits also occur ln Bunan Province, north of the Bunen-Kvangsl border, and are knovn in Kwangtung Provinc*.
2. Mining, Milling, and Snelting.
a. Tunnan Province.
There are hundred* of pits, caves, and underground workings in the Ko-Chiu area, vhlch have been exploited for several hundred/ At the time of tha Communist occupation of Tunnan Province, tvo groups vero operating In the Ko-Cblu area: the Tunnan Consolidated Tinompany owned and operated by the government,arge number of oatlva properties, consisting mainly of primitive underground workings, someln depth In goneral, the ore-dressing practices of tb? native operators couslstedof puddling and washing inith recoveries averaging onlyoercent. Because of tbemining methods and the low recoveries, ore averaging lessercent tin could not be worked profitably by the native operators. 3 there wereative properties operating in the Laochangand others working ln the Hslo-Ch'ang, K'al-Feng, and Bluahlhpo districts.
8 the Yunnan Consolidated Tin Corporation van operating tvo major underground nine a: the laochang Mine in the Ti* or hang District and tbeine ln the Holn-Ch'ang District. By Chinese standards,
Theoperators are generally referred to aa native operators as distinct from govt1and operated properties. Also spelled Malak* and Malaka.
P PTtmM/mmk
these nines vere relatively efficient mining enterpriees. the ore producedthe laochang Mine vaa allied locallyative type of mill,ecovery of aboutercent. The ore produced at the Malako Mine vaa movedvo-stage aerial tramwayore modern ore-dreeBing plant at Ko-Cbiu, joy vhlch conalatedewodorr elas-nifier, cone classifiers, and Wllfley tables. Uo/ Tolavaa reported toecovery ofercent il/ andapacity ofsMtrlc tona of ore per day. This corporation also operated placer mines at Chlu-ts 'ai-ch'ung and at Tlucblatung. These nines are operated by hydruulicking.a
In the town of Ko-0hiu there vere aboutative smelters, each with an average capacityetric ton per day,ombined output of aboutetric tone of orudopercent pure, par day. Iia/ The Yunnan ConsoUdntsd Tin Corporation alsooeltsr In Ko-Chlu, treating concentrates from Lacchang and Ko-Chiu mills anda cruda tin averagingpercent purity, hj/ Smelting losses ran overercent. The crude tin vas refined by liquetInge* and by agitation byr compressed air. The Rational Resourcesreported8 that the refining capacity vas TOO metric tons per month, bjy
b. Kvangsl Province.
As in Yunnan Province, tvo groups were operating In tbe Kvangsl tin fields1 tbe Ping Kvol Miningompany ovaod and operated by the government,uaber of native operators. Mining vas usually done hydraullcally vith monitors, and the caatltsrits vaa recovered by The Kvangsl ores are free of the copper nnd arsenic Impurities usually associated vith Yunnan tin ores and are thus more amenable to concentration by washing. The concentrates obtainedaboutercent tin. Vf/
-he larger native operators hod their ownrude tinparcont purity. WJ/ Tbe Ping Kveimelter at Pa-pu apacityetric tons of tin per month averagingporcent purity. The Administration alooefinery, using reverberatory furnncea and poling and liquating kettles. The capacity of this refineryetric tons of refined tin per month. Ug/
* Bydraulicking Is washingank of earth or gravel by playing ontream of water under high pressure.
he process ofusible substance from one lessmeans of heat.
rocess consisting of the introduction of poles of green wood into the molten metal. Cases are generated whicheducinc action on oxides. '
i Output.
Before World War II. China vac on* of tbe major producer* of tin,igh of0 metric toneQ/ Tindeclined aharply2 aad fell to anetric tons This decline ln output vas largely the result of uncontrolled inflation in China,operations by tb* native operators52/ o, tba last full year of operations under tbe lUtlocalist gcwerrxasnt, production ba* been estimated0 metric tonsjtetric
Although the Chinese Comaunlit government haa published no statistics on tin production, it is knovn that considerable effort has been aad* to expand tin production. The quota established for the Ko-Chiu area in Yunnan Province for the1 has been reported toetric tons, and lt va* alio reported that ln the early part of the year th* "Yunnan Tin Company" (vhlch may or not be the seme as the YunnanTin Corporation) bad exceeded Its quota. 5V Xn viev of tbereserves of the Ko-Chiu area, the output achieved in the peat, aad tbe smelting capacity available in tb* area, the reported achievement of an outputetric tone of tin Id Yunnan Provinc*1 Is considered probable.
The second major producing area, in Kvangsi Province,eak ofetric tons8 and averagedetric tons annually5 roduction vas halted in Kvangsiecause of thefvar vltb Japan. 8 output baa been estimated at about ky, metric! and it ia believed that tb* rate of production1 vas probablyetric tona.
Tunnan Provinc* normally produces aboutercent of the total Chine aeroduction of tin, and Kvangsi Province, fromo lfi percent. On this basis, lt is probable that the Chinese Casaunlat output1 va*etric ton*. One source ba* reported thatcompiled on2 by tb* Committee of Finance andof the Chinese Communist governmentin productiontons for theabulation of the estimated output of tin in Communist China91 is given in
C. Czechoslovakia.
Some tin production ha* been reportedine located at Zinn-vald, on the Ce roanech oslovak border, vith one abaft on each aid* of the Any production vould be processed in East Germany and vould be included in East German record*. in deposit baa beenat It ahould ba noted that9 Plan for theand allocation of metallurgical product* in Czechoslovakia made
Table2,foUov.'onp.'i0.
9-
Table 2
Estimated Output ot Tin ln Communist
Metric Tona
Tear Output .
61/
no reference to any* domestic production of prlaary tin, although imports of tin and tha recovery of aeccodary netal were
D. Bast Oeraany.
Cermany haaong history of tin production front lew-grade deposits, vith exploitation dating buck to the Middle Ages. Before World War XI the output averagedetric tons per year and vas Increased during the var, but production cam*omplete haltty 8 the output of refined tin vas reported to be less thanetric
The tin ore production of Bast Germany is largely from four mines located, in order of importance, at Altenberg, Ehrenfriedersdorf, Sad-Isdorf, and Gottesberg. All of tha concentrates produced are treated at the tin smelter (Zinnhuette) at Freiberg,etalpercent purity Is produced.
O tin production of East Germany vas reported to beetri tons of refined tin, vith an outputetric tons plannedl. The capacity of the tin smelter at Freiberg is reported toetric tons of electrolytic tin per year, and it ls planned to increase the canoe -ltyetric tona per year
XX. .Imports.
Traditionally the USSR and ths European Satellites have depended on imports for allarge part of their tin supplies. Although thsof tin In the USSR and Coorminist China has expanded, the Soviet Bloc is not presently self-sufficient in tin supplies, and the net deficit U
mt through imports. It is eetlaatedetric tona of tin in all forms vara obtained by tbe Bice through imports la iy>l. Evidence is available accounting for export* to tbv Blocetric tons of tin motelnd it ie considered poanibleetric tons were obtained through laports of the various alloystin, of tin plata,and of manufactures and through other ahipaentQ of tin, mated nott is believed, hovover, tbat the amount of imports in excess of recorded shipmentseareratrie-tonthanetric-ton figure- Habl* ?s* glvca known imports of tin by the Soviet Bloc
tit. Consuaption.
Ho attempt le made to determine tte dimind requirement* of tb? various tin-consuming industries, inasmuch aa eunb rcquiremsnta must be eetablietEd by certain! eg tho demand for end products by tha Soviet Bloc economy and the productive capacity of tho various industries. Insofar aa lohowever, the pattern of tin consumption by use Is Ind lea tad.
major part of tin consumption by tha Soviet Bloc is in th? form of various alloy* of bronze, babbitt, and Bolder, and In tin plate. In adc dltion, tin reide range of aiaeollaneoue uses, Including collapsibleoil, tinning, and type so tal, wblch ore treated hereafter ae oUwr uses*
chief eooeualog industriea forin alloy withroportions of tin runningo J6 percent, are general engineering, shipbuilding, and eleetrieal equipment. Tba addition of tin to copperibatrength, and tor resistance to corrosion and providee better casting quelo. Bronze ie effective in bFarloge when used where speed* ore relatively low and load pressure* are high. Tbe resistance to corrosion makes bronze especially eultable for marina engineering,,
Bearing mstsl alloy* gam rally contain fromoercent tin. To? properties of tin bearing metal Include the ability to withstand galling the abaft, tbe capacity to rate in an oiligh renietcncG toa low resistance to shearing,elatively longer life. Bloo; bearing metals are relatively woak mewls, tbey ere bonded to somebacking metal, end tin-base alloy* are good in thi* respsct. In all of the pro pert lee indicated above, an increase in the tin pereeotage of the alloy will Improve the phyclcal properties. eneral rule of thumb is that tha faster tb? rotation of tho obafi, the higher should be the tin coo-tent of tba bear leg. Lsad-btecan be substituted for tio-Uwcandinimum of lubrication, but tbey are not so malleable, end they tend to crack and break up whan tha load iaposcd heeomeaThe tin-baa* alloy* are tough and malleable snd also more fluid, thusthe castinguch thinmr bearing of greater atrangth.
Table 3
Known Imports cf Tin by the Soviet1
Metric Tone
Exporting
Bloc
68/
63/
68/
71/
6
Weflt 1
72/
72/
72/
66/
72/
72/
69/
70/
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alloys do require aore lubrication and attention In service, however, end th* substitution of lead-base bear ice* saountBacrifice of possible longer service. Among the uses of bearing metals ara hlgh-epeed dynamos, motors, lathes, cranes, rolling mills, and automotive main bearings.
Solderin-lead alloy used for Joining ostein. The higher the tin content of the alloy, the lover vlll be tht melting temperature, the greater the adherence to other netalo, and tha greater tha ability to flov Into Joints. Among the many uses of solder are electrical connections, manufacture of automobile radiators, automobile body ecems, Joint vlping In plumbing, and tha manufacture of tin cans and tin boxes.*
The primary use of tin plate and tcrneplate (metal coated vith anof tin and lead) Is In ths manufacture of containers. Tin plate ls particularly suitable for packaging because of its rcoiatanco to corrosion, cheapness, cane of assembly, esse of handling (not subject tond the longf tho packaged product. In go coral, tin plate Is used in tbo manufacture of consumer goods. It also is used for the packaging of field rations for allltary use.
A. USSR.
With tha expansion of industry in tbe USSR, the requirements for tin have been Increased. With the exception of tbe war years, bovever, theof tin consumption has remained fairly constant.
Tor the prevarM, Soviot consumption has beenas having risen frommtric tons to0 metrle During this period the planned davciopaont of Soviet Industrie) and talTltary equipment directed the consumption of tin supplies largely to those alloys required for ths manufacture of industrial equipment andy end items. Im contrast to th* US, tha USSBelatively small food-canning Industry, and the consumption of tin plate vas lov. Tableeported distribution of tht consumption of priacry tin in tho USSRerman end Soviet documents have indicated that.he USat usedercent of its tin supply in bronze and aboutercent in
During World War IX tha USSR, unlike the US, ves unable to cut total tin consumption by the reduction of nsttaeaontlal Deeds, Inasmuch as such uses were already largely curtailed ur.ier ths so-called peacetime economy. In ths US tbe pattern of tin conaumotion of all tin supplies, including secondary tin. shifted. The pereeotaaa used in tin plate and terneplaU-declined1 percent76 percenti, and theused ln bronse and babbitt rose fromercent7
* During World War II, solders vith lesoercent tin vereused In the manufacture of tin cons lo tbe TableV* follow* :on p. Ik.
-
Tebln b
Consumption of Tin in
of Total Consumption
Bronze
6
percent Xt alao In very probable lhat the pattern of tinin the USSR shifted, vith cost of tht tin being eooaumsd in bearlnge and other item* for essential industrial machinery and indirectly for military
In tho poitvar period? reeuaed the planned development of ite industrial and military potential. Emphasis alao baa been pitied on
allltary equipment, although the coneuaption pattern, aa given In percent-
ago of total cooauDptlon, nay not have changed much.a eatlaated that1 possiblyoercent of total Soviet tin consumption vas used ln the manufacture of bronze and babbitt,ercent ln tin plats, 12
toercent in eolder,ercent ln othar uses. It Isthat Soviet minimum requirwaaate1 rose to approximately 00 metric tons. Any estimate, however, it highly
conjactural.
Chin*.
ajor tin-producing country, China has never consumed tin in important amounts. The International Tin Study Group hasChinese consumption78 at an average of about fcOO metric tone per lo pre-Coemunlot China, the primary uses of tin vere for pevter, tin plate, tin foil, and simulated silver bullion (used in religious worship). In vlev of Communist sttempte to industrialize China, hovever, tbe requirements for tin may be rising slowly, and it is bollevnd that1 Chinese Communist requirements vereo TOO metric tons, the balance nf Chinese Communist output being exported to tbe USS<.
lovable.
The International Tin Study Group has reported that the apparent consumption of tin in Czechoslovakia in theetric tons per year. Sinceetric tons wereha nst annual apparent consumption ln Czechoslovakia was
metric too- per year. In comparlaon with thia prawmr figure, tha lpA9 PXan for tht allocation of tin provided for the consumptionetric tons. The First rive Tear Plan inalla for an annual tin consumptionetric tonsigure believed to be high. The planned consumption In tha9hown ln Table 5> Although
Table 5
Planned Consumption of Tic in
Use
of Total Consumption
fWntric Tona)
fetal a/
and"Babbitt
Mostly tin pl;*te.
the total consumption may Increase under tba present Five Tear Plaa, it is believed that tbe consumption pattern, as shown in the percentageof Tableill remain nore or less constant.
D. Eaot Geraany.
Data on prewar imports are of little use ln determining so-called normal peacetime requirements of cr consumption lo Eiet Germany, because of the present political division of Germany. Although limited amounts cf primary tin have been produced in the Erxgsblrga,art of Bast Germany, domestic production la insufficient to coct the requirements of East Germany and must be supplemented by imports of tin or tin products. 1 Plan of the East German government provided for the productionetric tona of refined tin and importsotric tons,plus Imports of substantial smounts of tin product*.
Although no precise Information is available aa to the percentages or enounte of tin distributed for the various uses, plans for Importing relatively large smounts of babbitt and bronze Indicateelatively large proportion of tin consumption ia ln the form of these alloys. Tbe planned domestic production1 providedetric tons ofetric tons of babbitt,etric tons of solder. 8j/ Bo Indication is given of the tin content of these alloys.
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E. Hungary.
Rungary la dependant upon Inporta for ita tin supplies. In the* Imports, including scrap, averagedetric tona. Little current information ie available on tin consumption in Hungary. The planned productionowever, amountedotaletrie tons, of whichetric tons, orercent of the total, were to be exported. The planned percentages of total consumption7 are shown in Table 6.
Table 6
Planned Consumption of Tin in Hungary7
Percent of Total Consumption
Amount
(Metric Tona) Including Exports Excluding Exports
Tin Alloys (Bronze, Babbitt,
Solder,
Tin
In view of the apparent tin consumption of Hungary in-the prewar period, it is probable1 reouiremants wereo 6co metric tona per year.
It has been reported that bearing metal baa been produced for ex-
*"* Other Satellites.
tooreign sources of supply
ter^ixements, and the imports of tin may be usedconsumption. Ho information haa been received asfor the various uset,^ut
JL;LP* 16 rends foUov tba eaneral pattern forEuropean countries, with the bulk of ths tin going to allovsindustrial or mUitary
Albania, being primarily en agricultural country, haa aneed for tin. It haa not bean tbe practice In Albania to use tin plate to any extent In tbe packaging of food.
During the* tin imports by Bulgaria ranged0 metric tons, the average rateetric tons per It Is believed tbat1 consumption of tin was about SCO metric tons per year.
During the prewar years, Poland Imported an average ofetric tons of tin annually. Based on apparent consumption figures of the International Tin Study Group, ln part supplied by Poland to the Combined Tin Committee and in part estimated by the International Tin 8tudy Group, the apparent consumption for tteetric tone per year.
fe. Rumania-
In tbe* Rumanian ieporta averagedetric tona of tin per year. In the postwar pariod the International Tin Study Group has estimated apparent consumption to beetric tons per year-
jV o Hequlrcpentli.
Tho minimum tin requirements of ths Soviot Bloc are estimated attons annually. This estimate is in part baaed on tba
estimate tbat available supply1 from mine production00 metric tons andetric tons were obtained in all forma through imports. The estimated requlmetenta by country are roughly apportioned aa shown ln
A trend has been established in Soviet Bloo countries ofelatively high percentage of tbe total tin supply in tbe manufacture of ai-loyo for essential industrial equipment and military items and ofelatively low percentage in tbe manufacture? of tin plate, largely used for containers and nonessential Items*
V. Stockpile.
Over and above working inventories, the USSR, despite supply shortages, is believed to haveimited tin stockpile. arge metal
ollows on P. IS.
-
Table ?
Estimated Requirements for Tin in tbo Soviet
(Shouoand Metric Sons)
Country
rechoalovekia
Qerraany
Approximate Percentage of 'lotal Bloc RequirccKntc
100
at KirovNeturning priooner of war haatho storage of tin for us* only for war Otherprisoners of war have reported the existence of tin in tho Kirov depot. Also oevcral references have baen made toec tto in the Moscow area* Tin may also be stored in other parts of the USSR, although nohao been received to substantlate thie.
In view of the sketchy evidence available, lt ls extremely difficult to estimate the extent of the Soviet stockpile of tin, but it is possible that sufficient amounts have been accumulated to enable tho Soviet Sloe to operate, under present conditions,ears without serious difficulties if all importa from outsid> of tbe Soviet-dominatedwere eliminated.
-
IST OF TUT CSP03IT3 IE THS USSR
r
llS^O'
Oblaat
major mine.
R
Oblast
major mine.
Cora
R
ObluBt
major mine.
R
ajor mine.
i
'
being exploited.
being exploited.
R
B a/
being exploited.
R
being exploited.
latandxha
being exploited.
SInuncha
If
major mine.
H
major mine.
11
s
being exploited.
Khruatal'noye
being exploited.
a/
major mine.
H
aJor =ine^
H
a
being exploited.
being exploited.
R
Okrug
ajor deposl
be exploited.
Approximate location.'
HETBODOLCGY
The estimates of tin production ar* baaed on hue figures obtained for one or more years; on official percentage figures; and cmmodified by various limiting factors, such as the extent and location of ore reserves.
Estimates of imports are based on export figures of tbe various non-Bloc exporting countries.
Tbe estimates of th* pattern of consumption an based on estimates of tin plate production, on prsvar estimated figures, and on thetrends of development of ths over-all Soviet economy. Other sources, cited in the text, vere used in estimating the consumptionof Czechoslovakia and Hungary.
The estimates of the minimum requirements are baaed on apparent(or availablen the steady growth of Soviet industry and the accompanying rise in tin requirements; on the ability of th* USSR to establish stockpiles; and, in some cases, oo flguree reported by specific countries to the Conbined Tin Committee. Tha estimates of requirements are highly conjectural.
APPBKDrX C
GAPS IB IBTBLtlGERCE
The major gaps in intelligence on the tin aituailon in the Soviet Bloc are aa foil ova:
1. Minimum Requirements for Tin.
Information is reeded on the adequacy of the tin aupply in various specific industries, ths use of substitute materials and the extent of such substitution, and tba degree of control over theof tba available tin supply.
8. Stockpiling Progran.
Information is needed on the location and extent of individual depots and tbe amount of tin being withdrawn from available auppllea for the stockpiling program.
3- Recovery of Secondary Matal.
Information is needed on the locationo and capacities of plants producing secondary tin and on the amount of tin scrap available for thla purpose.
1*. Production of Primary Tin.
Information is needed on the extent and eetal content ofdeposits; on the extent of exploitation; on Billing practices; on the amount and grade of concentrates produced; and on the location, production, and capacities of smelting plants.
OURCES AMD BVALDATIOn OP SQ0RCE3 1. Evaluation of Scurces.
lourcea for thU report Insofar as inf oraation on tha DSSR vas concerned vara as follow
Dinltrl Shimkln,ey to Soviet Power. Harvard19V7Qile book appears to beaa source material used is extracted or abstracted, and it wasfor statements cited from various Soviet publications. Ithowever, that the conclusions drawn from such data byare sometimesr
b. IAflurcen sources listed inc*AC* aIZVBatlya'n State Department OIR Report,l, 8. The etatement appearing ln Igvestlya concerning orein the USSR can be considered to be only an Indication ofresources.
Industries of the PSSft, ID C. This report
is baaed on captured German and Soviet documents and contains data1 on the Soviet tin situation. It provides good general background information, although occasional statements includingestimates are believed to be inaccurate. In view of later Information.
Other sources were used largely for single references on specific
points.
Four sources vere particularly valuable for information on thein pre-Ccimcunist
a. IA CO report on the Yunnan Consolidated Tin CorporationRational Resources Commission of China,D;^rman, "Mineral Resources oforoiEn Minerals
Survey Vol.o.B Bureau of Mines,an
TnTZvork provides excellent background
m J"Morris, Field Report on the Chinese Tungsten and Tin Mining Industries. Chungking, China MlseIon, Foreign Snomlc Aanlnl-stration. Office of Bconcnla Warfare,gke This
of Chinese tin properties and provides
excellent background
d. Department of State Despatchrom Manila, C.
-
2. Sources.
ollowing the classification entry and deelgnatedave the following algnificanoe:
of Information
ompletely reliable
sually reliable
airly reliable
ot usually reliable
ot reliable
annot be Judged.
Infomation
- Confirmed by other sources
- Probably true
- Possiblyoubtful
. Probably false
- Cannot be Judged
not otherwise designated are those appearing on the cited document; those dlsignated "RR" are by tb* author of this report. Ko "RR" evaluation ia given when th* author agrees with tbe evaluation of tbe cited document.
Shiekin,ey to Soviet Power, Harvard Univer-
79 drafts: Evol. .
Shinkin,9 draft.
CIA CO, Eval. RR 2.
ft. "World's Kon-FM-rous Saeltflro and Refotal Bulletin, Eval. RRnsofar aa tbe data oo the USSR are concerned.
7 draft.
ited in State Department OIR Report, Ho-
8. Eval. RR 3-
The Industries of the USSR, ID Eval. RR 2.
Shlfflkin,raft. 9- Ibid. "J"
S. Eval. RR 2.
op.7 draft.
ep lWJ. Eval. RR 3*
The Tin Industry of Soviet Russia,rankfurt
am Mo in, Eval. The Industrie-he USSR, op. C. Eval. RR 2.
Tbe Tin Irodgtry of Soviet Russia, op. cit.
Smelters aE? Sef Irar'.rsop. cit.
OIR Report, Ho.oviet Affairs, ST Eval. RR 2.
OIR Report,l. Evol. RR
Bolshevik,ited in OIR Report,l,ft. Eval. RR
ited in OIR Report, Ro. Hell. Eval. RR Sbl=kln, op.7 draft.
23- The Great StalTS rive Year Plan, Soviet Embassy,
Eval.
2*. Vel Chov Juan, "Mineral Resources ofconomic Geology,
Vol. XXI, Ro. Eval. RR C. Eval. RR 2.
Dickermsn, "Mineral Resources oforeign Minerals
Survey, Vol.o.S Bureau of Mloeat, Eval. PR 2.
Har shall Morris, Field Repcrt or. the Chinese Tungsten and Tin
Mining Industries,hina Mission, "Foreign Economic Administration, Office of Economic Warfare, Eval. RR p. cl*
R. Eval. RR 2.
Ibid.
CTJTSO, S. Eval. RRnsofar as the material used
in this report le Morris, op. cit.
3H. Department oTUtate Despatchrom Manila,C. Eval. RR 2.
Morris,it.
Stat* Despatchit.
CIA SO.
aO. Dickerman,it.
HI. Stat* Despatchit.
*2. CIA SO.
*3- .
*H. State Despatch, op. CIA SO.
*7. C. Eval. RR CIA
MineralsS Bureau of Mines, U.
MineralsS Bureau of Mlnaa,. U.
Dic'^ersan, op. cit.
53-
5*. Eval. RR 2.
Pro>cv, WAC Ho., Serial, citing Ching-plng
Yang, "The Tungsten, Antimony, Tin, and Mercury Industries During, Eight Yearsublished in Hat1onal Resourcee Cccmiipslon Quarterly, Vol.. U. Eval. RRnsofarroduction of tin in Kvangsl Province ls concerned.
SO.
-
C. Eval. RR AA, Eval. RR Eval.
Figures fron US Bureau of Minos, except vbcre noted.
CIA estimate.
.
63' Plan for tbe Production and Allocation of Metallurgical Producto In^Cacchoalovakic,Sv'eclfll 1rn:iglfliion, Eval. RR 2.
6*- Statisticalnternational Tin Study Croup, Tbe DT""Eval. RR 2.
CIA SO, S. Eval. RR 2.
CIA S. Eval. RR 3.
Statistical Bulletin, International Tin Study Croup,
Vol. V, Ro. 6.
Compiled from CIA International Trade Register.
CIA SO, S. if
CIA SO,
71- OJT Ccnmerce, printed flheota, Hacndatatlotleb Van de la-Uiten Doorvoer per land, Utrecht,
ttOM S.
eport, Ro. fefcll, op. SMokin, on.raft.
75- The Industries of the USSR,it.
OIR Report, Ho. fa6li, op. cit.
Statisticalp. cit.
70.
79- beiailcd Five Tear Plan forMetallurgical0 S. Eval. RR 3.
SO. Plan for Prc^uctlon and Allocation of fetallurglcal Productsp- cit-
CIA SO,. S. Eval. RR 2.
CIA SO, Eval. RR 2.
CIA 6. r. Eval. RR FDD Translation,*O. S. Eval. RR 2.
USVA6 S. Eval. RR 2.
"Mineral Rssourceo oforeign Minerala Survey,
Ro.S Bureau of Mines,, U. Eval. RR 2.
87- CIA Eval. RR 2.
Original document.
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