Article Abstract:
Kin networks have been studied among rhesus monkeys on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico, to assess whether maternal transmission was the key factor, or whether the networks developed as a result of individual learning. Infants showed kin bias at between 25 to 30 weeks old that was moderately correlated with mothers' kin bias levels. There was a correlation between infants experiencing social risk and developing kin bias like that of mothers. Infant rhesus monkeys did not always develop kin bias like that of mothers, even if they were near her for a great deal of time. Independent learning appears to be important, though maternal transmission makes some contribution to kin bias.
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Article Abstract:
Brown hyaenas of the central Kalahari desert represent a separate linear dominance hierarchy in both males and females. The top-ranking male and female brown hyaena are equal in status with the female dominating the natal males while the immigrant alpha male dominates all other clan females and natal males. The immigrant alpha male shows dominance over clan females and natal males. The immigrating male hyaenas copulate with clan females and rarely with nomadic females. The adult members of the brown hyaenas are rarely seen together.
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Article Abstract:
Feather pecking on groups of laying hen chicks was examined.
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