Certainty of paternity and paternal investment in eastern bluebirds and tree swallows

Article Abstract:

The certainty of paternity was reduced in two species, the eastern bluebird, Sialia sialis, and the tree swallow, Tachycineta bicolor, by temporarily removing fertile females on two morning during egg laying. In both species, the males tried to copulate with the female upon her return, indicating that they perceive the absence of their mate as a threat to their paternity. Results also showed that the males' confidence in their paternity returned after they were able to copulate.

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Behavioral patterns of extra-pair copulation in tree swallows

Article Abstract:

A study exploring the sexual behavior of tree swallows engaging in extra-pair coupling was conducted. Results indicate a similar ratio of couplings between within pair couplings and extra-pair couplings. Females cooperated in extra-pair couplings though they could reject advances and some actually solicit extra-pair copulations. This could assure an increase in genetic variability and reduce the risk of infanticide by other neighboring males.

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No evidence of paternal genetic contribution to nestling cell-mediated immunity in the North American barn swallow

Article Abstract:

Speculations regarding the need for extra pair mating partners in Hirundo rustica, the female barn swallow, for enhancing cell-mediated immunity during nestling, are discussed.

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