Article Abstract:
Biotic and the abiotic factors affect chorus behavior and mating patterns of the anurans. A male anurans' reproductive decision depends on energetic state and is conditional on age and size. Males arrive intermittently for chorusing, despite the favorable weather condition. The interaction between energetic cost of calling, density dependence in predation risk and female arrival rates generates characteristic temporal waves of male chorusing. Juvenile males arrive less often in chorusing and show satellite behavior compared to mature males.
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Article Abstract:
Risk-dependent foraging apparently regulates avian body fat reserves by limiting foraging time. This is indicated by results of a testing of the predation risk-dependent body mass hypothesis, which states that predation risk sets an upper limit on avian fat reserves. Using the tufted titmouse Baelophus bicolor, it was found that body mass increased after exposure to a sharp-shinned hawk, belying the prediction arising from the hypothesis that animals should decrease their body mass in response to increased predation risk.
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Article Abstract:
Carolina chickadees have more mass gain when in a flock with free access to food than when alone. Dominants show greater mass in the evening when they are with a flock than if they are alone.
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