Effects of muscle contraction on skeletal muscle blood flow: when is there a muscle pump?

Article Abstract:

Several different mechanisms are responsible for exercise-induced elevations of blood flow and the maintenance of sufficient blood flow to muscle for the duration of exercise. The muscle pump theory is examined and integrated into other suggested contributing factors, such as neurohumoral aspects, metabolic vasodilation, and endothelial vasodilation.

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Effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation in foot/ankle volume during standing

Article Abstract:

Research shows that neuromuscular electrical stimulation can reduce swelling in the lower limbs of individuals who do not fully activate their musculo-venous pump during motionless standing. Data indicate that the neuromuscular electrical stimulation-induced muscle contration activates the musculo-venous pump, which reduces volume of foot and ankle.

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Adaptation of blood flow during the rest to work transition in humans

Article Abstract:

Vasodilation associated with initial muscle contraction during exercise points to an adaptive pattern of blood flow. The rapid increase in blood flow due to fast vasodilation within two seconds of the first muscle contraction is due to a multitude of proposed mechanisms, including mechanical factors, adenosine and muscle metabolites.

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