Abolishing 'Cruel punishments': a reappraisal of the Chinese roots and long-term efficiency of the Xinzheng legal reforms

Article Abstract:

The abolition of lingchi, the penalty provided against crimes that threatened sovereignty indicates the general perception of the Xinzheng reforms. Further, the Chinese debates on the abolition of cruel punishments are discussed to show that a large agreement resulted from previous evolution of Chinese official opinion.

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Creating 'Virtuous and Talented' officials for the twentieth century: discourse and practice in Xinzheng China

Article Abstract:

The combination of practical efficacy, positive legitimacy, and sufficient malleability linked the idea of examinations to the evolution of the modern Chinese state. The Xinzheng decade invested the definition of 'talent' with a new content and the inculcation of both moralistic 'virtue' and functional 'talent'.

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'The Redemption of the Rascals': the Xinzheng reforms and the transformation of the status of lower-level central administration personnel

Article Abstract:

The traditional metropolitan administration's personnel and its fate are presented through the Xinzheng reforms. The permanence of high levels of competition for official positions in the newly reformed central bureaucracy is highlighted.

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