Article Abstract:
Macroeconomic policies and structural adjustments undertaken in Mongolia during the 1990s transition to a market-based economy are discussed. Topics include developments during the pre-transition period (1921-1990); macroeconomic stabilization and structural changes during the transition period (1990-1998); privatization; the financial sector; budgetary reforms; price reforms; foreign trade; development strategy; planning reforms; development of a management cadre; economic performance for 1990-1998; social development; unemployment; poverty; education and health; vulnerable segments; short-term development prospects; the potential for a "white" revolution in dairy products, a "green" revolution in agriculture, and a "brown" revolution in livestock; and long-term prospects.
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Article Abstract:
Vietnam's efforts to reform its economy in 1986 spurred the establishment of an educational exchange program with the West. Since its formation, the program has allowed 2,300 students to pursue various academic endeavors in 22 countries. However, the future of the program remains bleak since Vietnam lacks the financial resources to expand its educational exchanges with other countries. In addition, most of the students who participate in the program have yet to make substantial contributions to the country's economic development.
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Article Abstract:
Privatization efforts in Mongolia since 1990 have been successful for several reasons. Although conflicts arose between conservatives and reformers in the government on how privatization should be carried out, there never was an influential and cohesive group to oppose the program. Moreover, agricultural privatization ushered in an emerging interest in private ownership. Those opposed to the privatization program also failed to present concrete evidence that the program was more of a bane than a boon to the economy.
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