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International trade - Iraqi sanctions program - letters of credit

Article Abstract:

The D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals failed to consider the independence principle in relation to letters of credit in its decision in Consarc Corp. v. Iraqi Ministry. The decision could be interpreted either as a rejection of the independence principle or as a more narrow ruling based on the distinction between an advising bank and a confirming bank. The narrower interpretation would better maintain the security of international transactions using letters of credit.

Cases, Sanctions (International law), Letters of credit, Iraq, international

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Reforming the new confirmation process: replacing "despise and resent" with "advise and consent"

Article Abstract:

The author examines recent changes in the US Senate's advise-and-consent confirmation process for cabinet-level appointees and federal judgeships. Topics include the origins of the new confirmation politics, the end of senatorial deference, and presidential circumvention of the confirmation process.

United States, Appointments, resignations and dismissals, Powers and duties, United States. Congress. Senate, Government executives

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