Article Abstract:
Managers employ leadership styles that blend two elements, task behavior and relationship behavior. Task behavior concerns the extent to which a leader offers input and focus toward task accomplishment. Relationship behavior includes one or more of the following: two-way communications; the leader's active listening; explanations; supportive behaviors; facilitating behaviors; and psychological support. Four leadership behavior style types are described : high task emphasis - low relationship emphasis; high task - high relationship, low task - high relationship; and low task - low relationship. Management decisions about the proper leadership behavior to use depends on two types of employee readiness to follow, job readiness and psychological readiness.
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Article Abstract:
Thirteen principles are offered for motivating employees: (1) assuring adequate recognition of achievement, (2) providing flexibility and choice, (3) providing needed support, (4) giving responsibility as well as accountability, (5) assuring employee understanding of the tie between personal and organizational goals, (6) encouraging employee goal-setting, (7) mixing extrinsic rewards and intrinsic satisfaction, (8) individualizing supervision, (9) giving immediate and relevant feedback, (10) showing confidence in employees, (11) increasing employees' chance of experiencing accomplishment, (12) establishing a climate of trust and communication, and (13) demonstrating managerial motivation through attitude and behavior.
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Article Abstract:
The most effective technique when confronted with disagreement is to control one's own behavior. Use a 'freezing' mechanism to gain time to think, analyze what is happening, and develop and present alternatives to others. Seeing disagreement as a form of criticism tends to provoke defensive behavior. Most people employ a favored defense strategy. Defense strategies include: holding firm to a position, accepting blame, or blaming others. Defensiveness is triggered when one feels judged, controlled, manipulated, ignored, condescended to, or dogmatic. Discovering one's own 'hot buttons' is a step toward managing one's own defensive reactions.
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