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Incorporating endovaginal ultrasonography into the overall gynecologic examination

Article Abstract:

Ultrasound, the use of high frequency sound to visualize internal structures, has been used in obstetrics and gynecology for 30 years. A new development in ultrasound technology is the endovaginal ultrasound probe. Despite the high magnifications produced by the higher frequencies used with endovaginal probes, high resolution images of structures not normally visible to the naked eye can be obtained. A full bladder is needed to visualize the reproductive structures when traditional abdominal ultrasound is used. The endovaginal procedure is performed during a routine pelvic examination with an empty bladder and requiring no advanced preparation. It takes one to three minutes to perform a endovaginal ultrasound once the examiner is experienced with the procedure. Endovaginal probes can detect fetal cardiac activity during a routine exam within a few seconds. However, findings not confirmed by traditional ultrasonographic methods may actually be normal, and the danger arises that these findings will be overinterpreted. Issues that need to be addressed include the cost of training practitioners, the cost to the physician and patient, and the safety of the procedure. The significance of unfamiliar findings must be established. It is anticipated that the endovaginal probe will become a routine diagnostic tool similar to the traditional stethoscope. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

Innovations, Evaluation, Ultrasound imaging, Medical examination, Gynecology, Medical imaging equipment, Reproductive organs, Female, Female genitalia

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Alterations in steroid hormone receptors in the tamoxifen-treated endometrium

Article Abstract:

The breast cancer drug tamoxifen may increase the growth of uterine polyps or cancer through an action similar to estrogen. Researchers analyzed the uterine linings of 19 postmenopausal breast cancer patients who had been treated with tamoxifen. Tamoxifen treatment was associated with an increase in progesterone receptors and a decrease in estrogen receptors in the uterine lining. Fewer estrogen receptors were found in tamoxifen-treated uterine polyps. A reduction of estrogen receptors may lead to increased estrogenic activity and an increased risk of uterine cancer. Higher doses and duration of tamoxifen increase uterine cancer risk.

Physiological aspects, Hormone receptors, Endometrium, Tamoxifen

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The endometrial echo revisited: Have we created a monster?

Article Abstract:

Transvaginal ultrasound is explored to be an inexpensive, noninvasive and convenient method to visualize the endometrial cavity indirectly. In spite of considering this method to be very useful, it is still a better idea to have formal tissue sampling done for better diagnosis.

United States, Causes of, Risk factors, Pregnancy, Pregnancy, Complications of, Pregnancy complications, Pregnancy diagnosis

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