Stages of municipal water protection in Vaasa during the 20th century

Article Abstract:

The city of Vaasa, Finland, is used as a case study on the social science aspects of environmental policy development and implementation. Pollution of the Baltic Sea by Vaasa's municipal wastewater discharges was not curbed until 1953, when a wastewater treatment plant was constructed. Wastewater treatment was driven not specifically by environmental awareness, but by health concerns, bad odors, and poor beach-bathing conditions.

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Protection of the Baltic Sea: the role of the Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission

Article Abstract:

The article traces the development of environmental policies for the Baltic Sea under the Helsinki Commission from the 1974 Convention to its 1992 revision, which became effective in 2000. Among other goals, the policies require a reduction of atmospheric emissions and end-of-pipe pollution loads, and a decrease in energy consumption.

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Coupling biology and oceanography in models

Article Abstract:

The article examines the development of a holistic model to describe oceanographic and marine biological processes, using the Baltic Sea as an example. It concludes that while coupling produces beneficial and usable analytical tools, a holistic model that encompasses the complexity of these processes is unrealistic.

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