Article Abstract:
Research on applied evolution is reviewed focusing on socially relevant evolutionary biology, particularly artificial selection (biotechnology), phylogenetics, computation, and resistance management. Estimating evolutionary history for biomedical and other application is considered, as are roles of evolutionary models in interpreting molecular variation seen in ever-growing genome databases. Phylogenetics is the basis of disease-tracking and of species-identification in pharmacological/medial or conservation situations. This field is relevant to design of biotechnology protocols for drug discovery and inventing industrial enzymes, avoiding resistant pest and microbes, and development of new computer technology.
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Article Abstract:
The origin and early evolution of turtles are discussed. A sister-group relationship seems to exist with a clade of Mesozoic marine reptiles, Sauroperygia, within diapsids. An aquatic origin is supported by that relationship and by stratigraphic and paleoobiogeographic evidence. Primary homology is discussed with considration of dermal armor, the acromion, the hooked fifth metatarsal, the astragalo-calcaneal complex, the phylogenetic information content of morphological characters,
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Article Abstract:
To determine how character mapping using phylogenetic trees has been used for analysis of plant breeding system evolution and plant-pollinator interaction, a study has been carried out. An additional focus was determining how the macroevolutionary approaches extended understanding of plant reproductive biology farther than insights from studies of microevolutionary processes.
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