Article Abstract:
Stricter laws to further reduce toxic emissions from fuels are spurring the development of new refining processes and the upgrades of refineries. Revamping refineries is a critical factor if petroleum companies hope to cope up with the forecast that the use of heavy fuels would drop while consumption of transportation fuels would rise. New processes such as thermal processing and PdVSA's Aquaconversion are helping refiners switch between various feedstock and product slates.
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Article Abstract:
The worldwide push for cleaner fuels is spurring the development of new refining processes. Refiners and producers are updating and revamping their plants to abide by legislation on toxic fuel emissions, such as reformulated gasolines (RFGs), MACT or Maximum Achievable Control Technology and Tier II. These tough regulations, particularly MACT II, have come under heavy criticism from petroleum associations because these laws are increasing gasoline costs annually.
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Article Abstract:
Mechanical seals are now widely accepted as a device for keeping things running smoothly in the chemical process industries. With the aid of these devices, liquid leakages are controlled, while process pumps, compressors and mixers are allowed to operate at rising speeds, pressures and temperatures. Rotary shaft sealing has edged out soft packing as the primary domain of mechanical seals because of its higher efficiency, finer leakage path and higher reliability.
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