Article Abstract:
Ownership, internalization and location variables serve as vital determinants of the subsidiary sales share in the Greek food industry for the period between 1987 and 1992. Data showed that foreign direct investment resulting to subsidiary sales arises whenever internalization and some location advantages coincide with marketing and technology advantages. Specific ownership advantages associated with technological competition serve as important components in the occurrence of licensing.
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Article Abstract:
The influence of the 2001 bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) discovery, the foot and mouth (FMD) disease outbreak in 2000, and the poisoning by Escherichia coli incidents in 1996 on Japanese retail beef prices is evaluated. The results show that the beef safety and animal health events had different negative impacts on Japanese retail beef prices, suggesting that consumers understood and differentiated among the health risks.
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Article Abstract:
Cultural linkages, trading blocs, host market size, tax considerations, exchange differentials and host market growth rates are significant determinats of US direct foreign investment (DFI) in the food industry. Although research shows that wage rate differentials are important in the position and reinvested equations, they are insignificant in the outflow equation. This suggests that cheap labor does not necessarily attract DFI.
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