Article Abstract:
Contingency variables affect the impact of leadership on outcomes; however, research in this areas has been equivocal or conflicting as to the nature of that influence. By breaking down moderator variables into three classes: neutralizers-enhancers, substitutes-supplements, and mediators, their impact or leader behavior-criterion relationships can be more effectively established. The three classes of moderator variables are applied to various leadership contingency theories in an attempt to define the future direction of research in this area.
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Article Abstract:
Changes in technology, employee participation in management, the growth of autonomous work groups and management's increasing use of computers and staff specialists are all changing the nature of the first-line supervisory position. However, the loss in autonomy occasioned by these developments should be offset by the need for more highly trained and human relationship-oriented supervisors, who will command both a higher salary and greater prestige within the organizational hierarchy. 10
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Article Abstract:
A comprehensive model for conceptualizing and measuring the economic effects of human resource activities drawn from work on firm-specific human capital theory, human resources accounting, and utility analysis is presented. New ways of modeling the economic value of human resource activities and issues requiring empirical investigation are discussed. (Reprinted by permission of the publisher.)
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