Article Abstract:
Nuclear reactor development has been a major concern among some European nations. France, Germany and the UK have established a joint industrial research program for developing and funding reactors. Since governments of the concerned countries control funding, industrial research has to be managed effectively such that both individual and group goals are considered. Although initial management structures were politically motivated, participating countries have learned to remove such barriers and develop more efficient and flexible strategies.
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Article Abstract:
Theglobal environmental impact of research and development (R&D) strategies requires a need for developing related international management techniques. It is shown that the relation between R&D and environmental management has yet to reach a developed stage. Thus, a gap exists between R&D practice and theory. Itis shown that the formation of an R&D management and environment focus group may help to minimize the gap.
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Article Abstract:
Academic spin-off companies are discussed in the context of a survey concerning 48 Italian spin-off companies.
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