Article Abstract:
Cross-level inference problems have long hampered organizational and psychological climate research, with it suggested here that organization be treated as the unit of theory for organizational climate while saving the individual as the unit of theory for psychological climate. Multilevel conceptual problems in climate research are examined, and strategies for improving the validity and assessing the reliability of measurement are discussed. Directions for further research on multilevel research on climate and related areas of organizational science are discussed, specifically research on organizational culture.
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Article Abstract:
An evaluation of organization science, using critical theory, focuses on the social and political interaction among the researcher and his organization, the practitioner, and members of the studied organization. Critical theory involves the evaluation of the epistemological underpinnings of organization theory and a critique of its practical applicability in light of its theoretical bases. The critical theory analysis suggests that future organization research should be more descriptive, and possible avenues such research could take are also suggested.
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Article Abstract:
A comprehensive model for conceptualizing and measuring the economic effects of human resource activities drawn from work on firm-specific human capital theory, human resources accounting, and utility analysis is presented. New ways of modeling the economic value of human resource activities and issues requiring empirical investigation are discussed. (Reprinted by permission of the publisher.)
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