Article Abstract:
Nestlings of Leach's storm petrel have three basic vocalizations. The rhythmic call was a series of narrow band notes repeated at specific intervals, occurring in the 2 to 4 kHz range. It functions as a food begging call. The short call was a short broad spectrum vocalization emitted singly or in series. It was used in apparent defense or threat situations when the source of the threat was non-tactile and was accompanied by defensive behavior. The high call was a series of notes of varying length and pitch also used in alarm or distress situations, specifically with a tactile threat.
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Article Abstract:
There are three, not two, antthrushes of the genus Chamaeza, (Formicariidae) in eastern Brazil. One is the short-tailed, speckled-throated, C. campanisona. It has a large black spot on the forehead, large, pale bills and sings a song ending in a few low grunts. The second is the long-tailed C. ruficauda. It is short-winged, has small, blackish bills and sings a song with a rising short trill. The third is medium-tailed, small, dark-billed, with a long upscale song. It is the C. meruloides. Another proportionally and vocally similar species as the C. meruloides is the C. turdina.
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Article Abstract:
There are fixed and strong allele frequency differences between the Southern House-Wren, and the Northern House-Wren and the Brown-throated Wren, that are responsible for the high degree of genetic divergence. This divergence indicates that the former belongs to a distinct evolutionary unit. The Northern House-Wren and the Brown-throated Wren are sister taxa. The findings suggest that the Southern House-Wren should be considered as a phylogenetic and biological species.
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