How many nuclei make an embryo sac in flowering plants?

Article Abstract:

The supernumerary synergid in the megagametophyte of Amborella has raised the question of whether the Polygonum-type embryo sac is derived by duplication of a four-nucleate structure or by reduction from a multicellular structure. The synergid-like neck cells resemble neck cells of the extant genus Cycas, indicating that they give rise directly to the synergids from a single archegonium.

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Endopolyploidy in seed plants

Article Abstract:

The biological significance of endopolyploidy is provision of high DNA amounts to support high synthetic demands in certain cells and compensation for a lack of nuclear DNA in species with small genomes. The occurrence of endopolyploidy in seed plants and its genetically as well as environmentally influenced variability is summarized.

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The molecular biology of the low-temperature response in plants

Article Abstract:

The potential perception and transduction pathways included in low temperature (LT) stress signaling are summarized. Designing new strategies to improve cold tolerance in crop varieties could increase the plant productivity and also expand the area under cultivation.

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