Article Abstract:
Flamingo (Fmi), a seven-pass transmembrane cadherin which regulates planar cell polarity, is discussed. The regulation is under the control of Frizzled. The receptor is localized at cell-cell boundaries in the Drosophila wing. Fmi is redistributed mostly to proximal and distal cell edges before morphological polarization of wing cells along the proximal-distal (P-D) axis. Study results and phenotypes coming from ectopic expression of fz (ital) and fmi (ital) suggest that cells get P-D polarity by Fz-dependent boundary localization of Fmi.
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Article Abstract:
One of the primary integral membrane proteins of synaptic vesicles is synaptotagmin, which docks vesicles to the release sites, acts as the doubly ionized calcium sensor for the release process and fuses the protein during exocytosis. The genetic analysis of the synaptotagmin gene in Drosophila reveals the functional properties of this protein. Five lethal alleles of synaptotagmin are discovered by the analysis, and one of them has no detectable protein.
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Article Abstract:
Synaptojanin and endophilin in neurons are superimposed upon a basic mechanism of constitutive endocytosis to accelerate the synaptic-vesicle cycle. In the absence of synaptojanin and endophilin, the core machinery of classical endocytosis is shown to remain functional at the synapse, permitting a slower vesicle cycle and with no evidence of or need to invoke a fast kiss-and-run pattern.
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