Evolution of the mammary gland from the innate immune system?

Article Abstract:

The purpose of the mammary gland is to provide the newborn with coplous amounts of milk, a unique body fluid that has a dual role of nutrition and immunological protection. The results postulated that mammary glands evolved from the innate immune system as xanthine oxidoreductase evolved a dual role in the mammary gland and hence provide new evidence supporting the hypothesis that the nutritional function of the milk evolved subsequent to its protective function.

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Proliferation of dinoflagellates: Blooming or bleaching

Article Abstract:

The dinoflagellates are the major agents causing harmful algal blooms and the symbiotic algae of corals. The dinoflagellates also embody several options for coupling cell cycle progression to cell growth, enabling them to make the best use of available resources and possibly preparing them for a symbiotic existence.

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Proposal of a novel diabetogenic mechanism involving the serpin PAI-1

Article Abstract:

Elevated levels of the protease inhibitor PAI-1 are well-known molecular markers of the Metabolic Syndrome. A hypothesis is presented those PAI-1 acts as a causative factor in the development of Metabolic Syndrome and its clinical sequelae.

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