Article Abstract:
Experimental studies on the energetics of bacterial growth reveal a close link between the anabolic steps of cellular biosynthesis and the free energy change associated with catabolic reactions, under restricted energy source conditions. Total energy flux is divided between maintenance and growth activities. Under nutrient restricted conditions ATP spill occurs in reactions that are related to maintenance. Futile ion cycles through the cell membrane are used by the bacteria for the hydrolysis of ATP. Fast restarting of growth or cell protection against toxic substances occurs through energy spilling.
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Article Abstract:
Phospholipases C play an important role in the pathogenesis of disease, and are produced by pathogenic bacteria which possess enzyme-like properties. Phospholipase C disturbs host cells by activating the arachidonic acid cascade or protein kinase C, and their toxicity is revealed by cytolysis in eukaryotic cell membranes. Most characterized enzymes can be categorized into four structurally related proteins, the Zn-metallophospholipases C, the sphingomyelinases, the phosphophatidylinositol-hydrolyzing enzymes and the pseudomonod phosphocipases C.
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Article Abstract:
Polyphasic taxonomy is a consensus approach to bacterial systematics that integrates phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic data. Polyphasic taxonomy does not depend on theory or rules, but uses the available data maximally. The consensus type of classification is framed in a general phylogeny derived from 16S rRNA. The classification of the Xanthomonas and Campylobacter genera, lactic acid bacteria and the Comamonadaceae family based on polyphasic taxonomy is given.
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